People of the Klondike Gold Rush

The Golden Staircase leading over Chilkoot Pass from the Scales in 1898
National Park Service, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, KLGO Library SS-32-10566.

By Damon Miller

AMST 301
May 14, 2021
University of Idaho

i
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

Brief History of the Klondike Gold Rush .......................................................................... 1

Robert Henderson ........................................................................................................... 4

George Carmack, friends, and family. ............................................................................. 5

Belinda Mulrooney........................................................................................................... 7

Bessie Couture .............................................................................................................. 10

Mollie Brackett ............................................................................................................... 11

Emma Kelly ................................................................................................................... 12

Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 13

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 14

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Introduction
The Klondike Gold Rush was “the Last Great Gold Rush1” in north American history.

Due to economic hard times in the late 1800s2, this gold rush represented an

opportunity for people to seek greater rewards up north3. While many would seek their

fortune, very few were successful. Through a brief history of the Klondike Gold Rush,

we will explore some of the unique participants of this mass migration and the difficulties

with discovering accurate history: Robert Henderson and George Carmack’s family,

who are credited for starting this gold rush; Belinda Mulrooney, a successful

entrepreneur several times over; Bessie Couture, a successful black restaurateur;

amateur photographer Mollie Brackett; and reporter Emma Kelly. Even author Jack

London tried his luck in the Klondike Gold Rush 4. While unsuccessful as a gold miner,

his experiences in the Klondike were documented in his first book The Son of the Wolf

in 1900 and would also contribute to many of his other books; The Call of the Wild

(1903) and White Fang (1906).

Brief History of the Klondike Gold Rush

The Klondike Gold Rush lasted from 1896 to 1899 and took place on a small patch

of land in the west-central Yukon, Canada5. It is estimated that around 100,000 people

migrated to the area in search of gold. Of these prospectors, less than 30,000 would

1 Also referred to as Yukon Gold Rush, Alaska Gold Rush – https://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-

rush, https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/klondike-gold-rush.
2 Gold circulation in the US had dropped contributing to this depression.

https://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush.
3 Panic of 1873 and Panic of 1893 both contributed to significant job losses in America.

https://www.thoughtco.com/financial-panics-of-the-19th-century-1774020. The Long Depression lasted

from 1873 to 1896. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Depression.
4 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gold-discovered-in-the-yukon
5 Klondike – a sub-region of the Yukon. https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-history/

1
reach the Klondike, many turning back due to the extreme temperatures and harsh

terrain6. Only around 4,000 prospectors found gold, but others made a living selling

goods to the miners. In 1899, word of a gold discovery in Nome, Alaska marked the

end of the Klondike Gold Rush and a mass departure took place.

While gold was found in the Yukon as early as 18787, there are several versions

of the story about who discovered the gold that led to the Klondike Gold Rush in 1896.

All stories involve interactions between Robert Henderson and George Carmack.

Henderson, an unfriendly man8, had been prospecting in a tiny creek he had named

Gold Bottom, a tributary of Hunker Creek and the Klondike River. After making a small

Figure 1: Adapted from Mysteries of Canada –

https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yuzkon/klondike-gold-rush-history/

6 It took an average of three months for a miner to pack supplies the 35 miles over the passes to the lakes
where they could float their supplies the remaining 560 miles down river to Dawson City.
https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/goldrush.htm.
7 It is estimated that in 1880, some 200 gold miners were already panning gold on the Yukon River.

https://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush.
8 Henderson is described as unfriendly (https://yukonnuggets.com/stories/robert-henderson-prospector)

and racist towards Tagish Indians (https://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush).

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strike with three other men in August of 1896, Henderson went down river to resupply in

Dawson City. On his way, he ran into George Carmack fishing along the Klondike River

with his Tagish Indian wife Kate and daughter, Skookum9 Jim Mason, and ‘Tagish’

Charley10. Carmack, like his Indian friends believed in visions, and had decided to take

up fishing after recently having a vision of two salmon with golden scales and golden

nuggets for eyes11. According to the prospector’s code12, Henderson told the fishing

party about gold he had found but warned them he did not want any Indians staking

claims there. Carmack originally ignored the information, heading up Rabbit Creek to in

search of timber look to cut and sell downstream in Fortymile. A few weeks later, after

Carmack’s party visited to Henderson’s claim, someone in Carmack’s party found a

gold13 nugget in Rabbit Creek while washing dishes. After panning and finding more

gold, Carmack headed downstream to Fortymile to register the claim, spreading word

along the way. There is speculation as to why Carmack did not return to Henderson’s

claim to inform him of their discovery14 and the original credit for the start of the

Klondike Gold Rush was given to George Carmack and his party.

9 Unusually large for an Indian, Jim gained the nickname ‘Skookum’ (meaning burly) after packing 156-
pound load of bacon over Chilkoot Pass. https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-
discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/
10 Carmack was the only white member of the party. Jim and Kate were siblings; Charley was Jim’s

nephew. Not every account contained all five members during the first interaction between Carmack and
Henderson. https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-
creek/amp/
11 Carmack had moved to the Yukon as a trader, trapper, and fisherman. Content with solitude and to live

off the land, he cared little for gold. https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-

discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/
12 The code implies that prospectors share information about strikes with other prospectors.

https://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush, https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-
part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/
13 It is thought that Skookum Jim found the gold but the credit was given to Carmack as he was the only

white person in the party, and therefore the only member who could register the claim after it was staked.
14 Historians believe that Henderson refused to sell any of his tobacco to Skookum Jim or Tagish Charlie

during their second encounter at Henderson’s claim which may have led to Carmack ignoring the
prospector’s code. https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-
creek/amp/

3
Robert Henderson
Originally from Nova Scotia, Robert Henderson

had traveled the world prospecting for gold. He had

tried his luck in goldfields of Australia, Tasmania,

and New Zealand15 without success. Henderson

then ventured to the Pike’s Peak area of Colorado

in search of gold. Over the years, he panned his

way up the Rocky Mountains until he reached the

Yukon and panned for gold on Yukon River

tributaries without success. On the advice of a local

trading post owner, Joseph Ladue, shifted his focus

Figure 2: Robert Henderson
to the Klondike River and its tributaries with little https://www.canadianmysteries.ca

success, never finding enough gold to warrant further investigation. While panning

these tributary streams south of the Klondike River, Henderson noticed that they all

flowed down from King Solomon’s Dome (figure 1). After climbing the dome to satisfy

his curiosity, Henderson started to pan a tributary of Hunker Creek, which was closest

to the dome’s peak. His intuition had paid off, finding coarse gold in the creek he

named Gold Bottom. As was Sourdough16 custom, he shared the information with

Ladue and his partners. This later included George Carmack during a resupply trip 17.

15 https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/
16 Prospectors who spent the winter in the Yukon were referred to as “Sourdoughs” due to their
meticulous care of their sourdough starter during the winter months. Sourdough was a staple for these
hearty settlers. https://thegreattrail.ca/news/five-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-yukon/.
17 There are conflicting stories as to when Henderson and Carmack met. Some claim Henderson was

headed downstream to resupply while others claim he was headed upstream, back to his claim.
https://yukonnuggets.com/stories/robert-henderson-prospector,
https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/.

4
 Henderson never got rich from his strike on Gold Bottom Creek. By the time he

realized a gold rush was happening over the ridge at Rabbit Creek, all the claims were

staked. Although Carmack never shared information about his strike on Rabbit Creek

with Henderson, he never held a grudge against Carmack and was satisfied in knowing

that he had almost struck it rich in the Klondike18.

George Carmack, friends, and family.

Born in California, George Carmack traveled

north to Alaska as an enlisted member of the US

Marine Corps in 188219. George would later travel

further north to Juneau and over the Chilkoot Pass

into the Yukon in search of gold. There he learned

the Chilkat Tlingit and Tagish native dialects and

married Kate in 1885, a Tagish’s chief’s daughter.

Figure 3: George Carmack
University of Washington Libraries, Asahel
Seven years later, they had a daughter together Curtis Collection, A. Curtis 62086.

named Gracey. George was “largely despised by fellow Sourdoughs” for his

association with the natives and his tendency to stretch the truth 20. Many old-timers

scoffed at George’s initial claims of a gold strike on Rabbit Creek due to previous

exaggerations about striking it rich.

Kate Carmack, known to her people as Shaaw TlAa, was one of eight children

whose first husband and infant daughter died during an influenza epidemic21. She later

18 Henderson eventually sought compensation for his discovery through the Canadian government,
receiving a small pension and recognition as “co-discover” of Klondike gold.
https://notyourgrandfathersmining.ca/robert-henderson.
19 Carmack enlisted United States Marine Corps in February 1882, after his 21 st birthday.

https://www.nps.gov/people/george-carmack.htm.
20 https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/.
21 https://www.nps.gov/people/kate-carmack.htm

5
married George on the advice of her mother. Her

life changed little after their gold strike as she

continued to provide meals for her family and sell

moccasins and winter clothing to other miners

which she had sewn. After two successful years

working their mining claim, the family went to

Seattle with plans to celebrate their riches in the

fall of 1898. Kate did not adapt well to big city life

and after her marriage with George fell apart22,

Figure 4: Shaaw Tláa (Kate Carmack) in
1898. Yukon Archives, James Albert Johnson
moved back to the Yukon. Kate never received her fonds, 82/341, 21 #.

share of the Rabbit Creek mining riches and was supported by the government until her

death of influenza in 1920.

Jim “Skookum” Mason, known as Keish to his

people, was a brother of Kate. An anomaly among

his people, Jim was not content with hunting or

fishing and hauled prospectors’ supplies over

Chilkoot pass for money. Jim met George on the

Chilkoot Trail and together with his nephew23

Charley, the three began prospecting together in

1888. Prior to their meeting, Jim was part of the Figure 5: Keish ("Skookum" Jim Mason)
NPS, KLGO, Candy Waugaman Collection,
KLGO Library DP-116-10570.

22 Kate attempted to file for divorce but there was no official record of her marriage to George Carmack.
George remarried in Seattle in 1900, claiming he was never married to Kate.
https://www.nps.gov/people/kate-carmack.htm.
23 Conflicting information was found about Charley’s relationship to Jim. Some accounts say they were

cousins while other accounts say Charley was Jim’s nephew. https://www.nps.gov/people/keish-skookum-
jim.htm, https://mysteriesofcanada.com/yukon/klondike-gold-rush-part-2-discovery-on-rabbit-creek/amp/.

6
survey team that scouted the White Pass Route which later competed with the Chilkoot

Trail as a major route to the Klondike. Jim never left the Klondike after striking gold in

Rabbit Creek, building a house for his wife and daughter, and later his sister, in the

Yukon Territory after selling his claim in 190424. He would eventually create a trust,

using the gold he had found, that went to the Tagish people. As such, Jim was

considered a generous man of historic significance25.

Belinda Mulrooney
Born in Ireland in 1872, Belinda and her family

immigrated to America to work the coal mines in

Pennsylvania when she was thirteen26. Her first

business success was at the 1893 Chicago

Exposition where she set up a sandwich stand27.

Using the money earned at the Exposition, Belinda

traveled to San Francisco and set up an ice cream

Parlor. Initially successful, the uninsured parlor was Figure 6: Belinda Mulrooney
http://anklondike.com/the-history/

lost in a fire and she lost everything28. Undeterred by her misfortune, Belinda found

work as a stewardess for the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. During this time, she

24 https://yukonnuggets.com/stories/skookum-jim-mason.
25 https://www.nps.gov/people/keish-skookum-jim.htm.
26 There is an account of Belinda being sent to America alone at age 13, to make a better life for herself.

(http://anklondike.com/the-history/) However, other accounts say she immigrated with her family to
Pennsylvania. (https://irishamerica.com/2020/07/queen-of-the-klondike/,
http://www.explorenorth.com/library/yafeatures/klondike_women.html,
https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/as-precious-as-gold-stories-from-the-gold-rush-extraordinary-
women/belinda-mulrooney-the.
27 Most accounts refer to it as a sandwich stand but some accounts call her stand a “restaurant business”.
28 There is one account of the fire being started by a neighbor trying to collect insurance money.

https://mylesdungan.com/2018/07/27/on-this-day-27-7-1897-belinda-mulrooney-opens-fairview-hotel-in-
dawson/

7
traded hats and dresses to native women in exchange for

furs, reselling the furs to passengers at a profit. When the

news of the Klondike Gold Rush had reached her in

California, she had saved $5,000. Anticipating what the gold

miners might need in the Yukon, Belinda bought hot water

bottles, bolts of fabric, and silk underwear, transporting them

to Dawson City over Chilkoot Pass. Her bet paid off, selling

the merchandise for $30,000. Belinda would use the capital

to open a restaurant in Dawson, and later The Magnet

Roadhouse thirty miles away in Grand Forks. This

establishment was built of logs and mud, providing miner Figure 7: Belinda Mulrooney on
the Chilkoot Pass Trail.
Alaska State Library, Winter &
with “a convenient place to get rid of their newfound gold”29. Pond, PCA 87-682

The roadhouse catered to the miners being much closer to the gold fields 30.

As Grand Forks rapidly grew, Belinda set her sights on a more upscale

establishment, building the Grand Forks Hotel31. The hotel and restaurant were an

immediate success. Belinda was also able to gain profitable information from miner

conversations in her restaurant, in addition to profits that fell from their pockets 32. Using

this information, she was able to procure five mining claims by the end of 1897. Belinda

29 https://irishamerica.com/2020/07/queen-of-the-klondike/
30 Miners risked losing their claim if they were gone for more than three days.
31 Conflicting information was found about whether the roadhouse was built into the hotel or the hotel was

built separately at a later date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Forks_Hotel,

https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/as-precious-as-gold-stories-from-the-gold-rush-extraordinary-
women/belinda-mulrooney-the
32 “Always one to recognize opportunity, Belinda ordered that sweepings from the floors be run through a

sluice—bringing her as much as $100 a day from the gold dust that fell from miner's pockets and
clothing.” https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/as-precious-as-gold-stories-from-the-gold-rush-
extraordinary-women/belinda-mulrooney-the

8
would sell the Grand Forks Hotel

to build the Fair View Hotel in

Dawson City. This new hotel

opened in 1898 and was the

most impressive building in

Dawson city, boasting three

stories, cut-glass chandeliers,

steam-heated rooms, and electric

Figure 8: Belinda Mulrooney’s Fair View Hotel, Dawson, 1899
lights which were powered by a Photo courtesy of Special Collections Division, University of
Washington Libraries, Lars & Duclos
yacht anchored in the harbor. Belinda ordered the “best building supplies and fanciest

furnishings33” from outside the Yukon, adding to the feat of this successful endeavor.

All the materials had to be shipped by boat to Skagway, then hauled over White Pass

by mule team. The Fairview took in over $6,000 during its first day of operation.

Belinda was a shrewd businesswoman. After getting the sour end of a ship salvage

partnership with Alex McDonald34, she later got her revenge by selling him the gum

boots she recovered from the salvage for $100 a pair. As the Klondike Gold Rush

neared its end and miners left the area for Nome, Alaska creating less need for a first-

class hotel, Belinda would run the biggest mining company in the territory, Gold Run

Mining Company. The company was in sad shape due to the miners stealing gold from

the claims to gamble at the roulette table. Belinda successfully put the company in the

black after 18 months through employee policy changes.

33 https://irishamerica.com/2020/07/queen-of-the-klondike/
34 McDonald took the food from the ship and left Belinda only the whisky and a load of gum boots.
https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/05/12/belinda-mulrooney-the-richest-woman-in-the-klondike/

9
 Belinda would make a second fortune in Fairbanks, Alaska by establishing the Dome

City Bank35. When the Gold Rush ended, she moved near Yakima, Washington and

built a large house to celebrate her success, regularly supporting her family until her

money ran out. Belinda spent the last years of her life in Seattle, occasionally giving

interviews about her time in the Klondike. She was considered “the richest woman of

the Klondike”36. However, like so many who had gotten rich in the Klondike Gold Rush,

Belinda died with very little to show for the fortunes she had found in the gold fields.

Bessie Couture
Although less documentation exists, Bessie

Couture is another important figure of this era.

While African American women were restricted

primarily to domestic service jobs in the 1890’s,

Bessie37 opened at least two restaurants38 in

Skagway, Alaska. The Kitchen was her first

restaurant in which she was owner and operator.

It was open between 1897 and 1900 and took

Figure 9: Unconfirmed photo of Bessie Corture
advantage of the mass migration to the area Bessie Couture Collection, Anchorage
Museum
during the Klondike Gold Rush. Her second

restaurant, named Broadway Restaurant and Bakery, was co-owned with her third

35 There is evidence that Belinda lost her Klondike fortune to fraudster Charles Eugene Carbonneau, a
barber from Quebec, claiming to be a French Count and winning her hand in marriage in 1900. He may
have squandered her money on fraudulent enterprises which led to her being sued and leaving the
Klondike for Alaska. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/as-precious-as-gold-stories-from-the-gold-
rush-extraordinary-women/belinda-mulrooney-the
36 Most resources make this claim, some calling her “The Queen of the Klondike”.
37 Bessie was a United States citizen, but her country of origin is unknown.
38 It is unknown if The Black and White Restaurant, also owned by Bessie, was a third restaurant or a

nickname for The Kitchen. https://www.nps.gov/people/klgo-bessie-couture.htm

10
husband in 192039. In the 1930 and 1940 Skagway census, “Bessie is listed as the

head of household and owning her own home, an achievement for a woman at this

time”40 and unusual for a Black woman. She spent the later years of her life dividing her

time between Seattle and Skagway, passing away in Seattle in 1959, at the age of

ninety. Bessie is considered to be the first Black business owner in Alaska with the

opening of The Kitchen in 1897.

Mollie Brackett
Mollie was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1870. A singer, pianist, and

music teacher, she married Tom Brackett in 1897 and the couple later moved to

Skagway where Tom worked for his father, building a toll rode over White Trail Pass.

Many of the photographs from the Klondike Gold Rush that we see today are credited to

Mollie and her Kodak Hawkeye Junior pocket camera, one of the first portable cameras

to use film roll. An amateur photographer,

her photos show a more candid side of life in

the Klondike and the Alaskan Natives, the

building of her father-in-law’s Brackett Toll

Road, and people traversing a snowbound

White Pass Trail 41. In a bizarre twist of fate,

her story and photos were almost lost to

history. Saved by a used car salesman who

Figure 10: Mollie Brackett (left).
Cover of Cynthia Brackett Driscoll’s book

39 Bessie’s first marriage ended in divorce and she became a widow when her second husband died
alone with 360 others when steamboat The Princess Sophia sank near Juneau in 1918.
https://www.nps.gov/people/klgo-bessie-couture.htm
40 https://www.nps.gov/people/klgo-bessie-couture.htm
41 https://archive.attn.com/stories/19209/pioneering-women-alaskas-parks

11
found her album in a repossessed car in California42, they were eventually published in

1996 in a book entitled One Woman’s Gold Rush43. Because they were kept in the dark

in her original photo album, the color was remarkably preserved, and these snapshots

are of great historical value.

Emma Kelly
Emma was a reporter for the Kansas City Star, sent to the Klondike to cover the gold

rush. She was adventurous and lived life on her own terms rather than following the

conventional idea of women at that time. Leaving for the Klondike in early September

1897, she was determined to make it to Dawson by years end, despite the late start,

facing blizzards and frozen rivers during her journey. Unable to find experienced

packers so late in the season, she hired deckhands to haul her gear and supplies to

Lake Lindeman, the starting point of the water route of the Chilkoot Trail. Convincing a

group of twenty-two men, who were headed to Dawson City the next day, to allow her,

her Newfoundland dog, and her thousand pounds of good to tag along, she set off down

the treacherous Yukon River to Dawson City. Refusing to just be a passenger, Emma

grabbed an oar and assisted the men through the dangerous rapids 44. Winter was

closing in and the shorter days were slowing their progress, but Emma convinced them

to continue, and they arrived in Dawson City on November 1st, 1897. The Yukon River

completely froze over the next day for the winter.

42 https://www.nps.gov/people/klgo-mollie-brackett.htm
43 https://www.nps.gov/articles/klgo-camera-club.htm
44 Miles Canyon and White Horse Rapids were known for destroying boats. She later recounted the

experience in an article written for Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine. https://www.nps.gov/people/emma-

kelly.htm

12
 Emma would make trips via sled that first winter to mining camps and gather

information about the working conditions. She would end up owning two mines in the

Klondike and became a member of the Arctic Press Club45. Returning to Kansas the

following October, she would give lectures and write many articles about her adventures

in the Klondike. Emma returned to the Klondike the following summer of 1899, to check

on her gold mines, remarking how much Dawson City had grown since her arrival in

1897. Despite the lack of female reporters during this era, Emma was one of the

women who chose to break the Victorian mold and create her own path in life.

Conclusion
The Klondike Gold Rush was the last great gold rush in North American history with

many interesting characters and stories. Less than five percent of the people who

began a journey to the Klondike ended up finding gold, many returning home penniless.

The research for this document found that much of the history of these extraordinary

people was missing or contradictory due to numerous versions of the same story. In the

case of Bessie Corture, it was simply not recorded or lost due to her race and has been

lost to time; facts about her were difficult to find. For Belinda Mulrooney, there were

conflicting stories about her marriage and her restaurant hotels. It was similar with

Skookum Jim, some resources claiming him a philanthropist to his people while others

portraying him in a more negative light. Historical facts can be hard to establish and

verify. It is important that we keep researching and discovering the stories of the

amazing and extraordinary individuals that make up our history.

45 The club consisted of 14 men and Emma. https://www.nps.gov/people/emma-kelly.htm

13
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