Name: Hasnain Haider

Roll no: F2020206012

Date: 16-Jan-2020

Q1: Briefly discuss the applications and us of refrigeration process in aircraft and aviation
industry.

ANS: Application Of Refrigeration Process:

 External heat gains due to solar radiations.
 Heat released by the occupants.
 Internal heat gains due to electrical and mechanical equipment used.

External Heat Gain Due to Solar Radiations:

In the simple system shown in figure the compressed air after cooling in air cooler is passed
through a cooling turbine.
 The work of this turbine is to drive a fan which draws cooling air through the heat
exchanger.
 The air is discharge from turbine at a pressure slightly above the cabin pressure.
 The fan is put on the downstream side thus avoid the additional temperature rise of the
cooling air.
 This system is good for ground cooling since the fan driven by the turbine is a source of
providing cooling air for the heat exchanger.
 However, the turbine work is not available for the compressor.

Heat Released By The Occupants:

In an aircraft cooling system required to maintain cabin temperature at comfortable level for
occupants in aircraft. Despite outside temperature is low refrigeration is required in inside the
occupant cabin because:
1. large internal heat is generated due to occupant and equipment inside the cabin.
2.Heat generation due to skin friction caused by the fast-moving aircraft.
3. At high altitude, the outside pressure will be sub-automatic.
Internal Heat Gain Due To Electrical And Mechanical
Equipment Used:
Another issue that aerodynamic heating causes for aircraft design is the effect of high
temperatures on common material properties. Common materials used in aircraft wing design,
such as aluminum and steel, experience a decrease in strength as temperatures get extremely
high. The Young's Modulus of the material, defined as the ratio between stress and strain
experienced by the material, decreases as the temperature increases. Young's Modulus is critical
in the selection of materials for wing, as a higher value lets the material resist the yield and shear
stress caused by the lift and thermal loads. This is because Young's Modulus is an important
factor in the equations for calculating the critical buckling load for axial members and the critical
buckling shear stress for skin panels. If the Young's Modulus of the material decreases at high
temperatures caused by aerodynamic heating, then the wing design will call for larger spars and
thicker skin segments in order to account for this decrease in strength as the aircraft goes
supersonic. There are some materials that retain their strength at the high temperatures that
aerodynamic heating induces. For example, Inconel X-750 was used on parts of the airframe of
the X-15, a North American aircraft that flew at hypersonic speeds in 1958.

Use Of Refrigeration In Aviation Industry:

Refrigeration systems used for Aeroplan Air-conditioning: an air-cycle or vapor cycle
refrigeration system can be used for Aeroplan air-conditioning. The main advantage of air-cycle
refrigeration system is its light weight, while the main disadvantages are low C.O.P. and poorer
ground cooling.
Q2: Discuss Environmental impacts of refrigeration process. How much of this impact is
contributed by aviation industry.

ANS: Environmental Impact Of Refrigeration:

Aviation affects the environment in many ways: people living near airports are exposed to noise
from aircraft; streams, rivers, and wetlands may be exposed to pollutants discharged in storm
water runoff from airports; and aircraft engines emit pollutants to the atmosphere.
[1] Like other emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion, aircraft engines produce gases,
noise, and particulates, rising environmental concerns over their global impact and their local air
quality effect.
[2] Jet airliners contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide (CO 2), the best
understood greenhouse gas, and, with less scientific understanding, Nitrogen oxides, contrails
and particulates. Their radiative forcing is estimated at 1.3–1.4 that of CO2 alone, excluding
induced cirrus cloud with a very low level of scientific understanding. In 2018, global
commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO2 emissions. Jet airliners have become 70%
more fuel efficient between 1967 and 2007, and CO2 emissions per Revenue Ton-kilometer
(RTK) in 2018 were 47% of those in 1990. In 2018, CO₂ emissions averaged 88 grams of CO₂
per revenue passenger per km. While the aviation industry is more fuel efficient, overall
emissions have risen as the volume of air travel has increased. By 2020, aviation emissions were
70% higher than in 2005, and they could grow by 300% by 2050.
Q3: Describe the new elements that can be potential substitutes to the refrigerants available
currently.
ANS: Since determining that the common hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant R-22, which has
been in use for decades, is not as healthy for the environment as experts once thought, the
Environmental Protection Agency has been working to phase out the refrigerant and will
eventually ban it altogether. The phasing out of R-22 began in 2010, and further phasing out took
place in 2015. By 2020, use of the refrigerant will be severely limited, and by 2030, it will be
completely illegal.
As more consumers work to ensure their refrigerant-based machinery and equipment will still
work in their residences, businesses and industrial worksites, they are looking for
environmentally-friendly, efficient and cost-effective freon alternatives. To help those looking to
help phase out R-22, we have created this list of suitable replacements.
Below, you will find four popular refrigerants that are safe and suitable alternatives to freon.
Please note, each of these refrigerants have their own list of pros and cons, as well as many uses
and safety precautions that should be taken into consideration.
An alternative, and one of the future solutions might be 'natural' refrigerants, but this may
require some design changes to air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. The most common
natural refrigerants and their characteristics are shown below:
  Isobutane (R600A)
 Propane (R290)
 AMMONIA (R171)

Referances:
1: https://www.slideshare.net/Pwpwpwpwpw/air-refrigeration-system-used-in-aircraft
2: https://allaboutrefrigeration.blogspot.com/2018/12/4-aircraft-refrigeration-system.html
3: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_heating
4: https://www.ques10.com/p/15593/what-are-the-advantages-of-air-refrigeration-for-
1/#:~:text=Refrigeration%20systems%20used%20for%20Aeroplane,C.O.P.%20and%20poorer%
20ground%20cooling.
5: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation
6: https://learn.compactappliance.com/freon-alternatives/