ASHISH BHARADWAJ M CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT CSE

UNIT III
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality – Every product, system, or process has a set of inherent characteristics that
determines the quality – poor, good, or excellent.

Quality Management – Quality management stands for coordinated activities to

direct and control an organisation with regard to quality.

Quality Control – Quality control is part of quality management and is focused on

fulfilling quality requirements to attain predetermined qualitative characteristics related to
materials, processes and services.

Quality Assurance – Quality assurance is part of quality management focused on

providing confidence in fulfilling the quality requirements.

Quality improvement – Quality improvement is part of quality management

focused on increasing the ability to fulfil quality requirements.

Quality safety – Safety depends on human attitude. In healthcare, is reducing the risk
of unnecessary harm to an acceptable minimum level. It can also refer to the control of
recognized hazards in order to achieve an acceptable level of risk.

Quality Management System – QMS is responsible for directing and controlling an

organization with regard to quality.

ISO 9000 Quality System

ISO 9001:2000 – a formal set of standards that are internationally recognized is always more
preferable to standards of customers or contractors.
 ISO 9001 standards have been devised by an international committee, and are a formal
set of quality management system.
 ISO 9001 does not deal with any particular product but rather assesses the system as a
whole.
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An organization accredited by ISO used to be audited on the basis of 20 clauses contained is
ISO 9001:1994.
The 20 clauses were as follows:

Clause 4.1: Management responsibility

 Quality policy – to ensure the organization’s commitment to quality
 Organization – to establish who is responsible for what
 Management review – to establish that the quality system is working

Clause 4.2: Quality system

 General – to have a ‘quality manual’
 Quality system procedures – to set procedures and to ensure that they are followed
 Quality planning – to establish plans of the organization in order to achieve quality

Clause 4.3: Contract review

 Purpose – to ensure that the firm understands and meets its customers’ requirements

Clause 4.4: Design control

 Purpose – to translate customers’ needs into specifications – design and development
planning, identification and allocation of resources, organizational and technical
interfaces, design verification and validation

Clause 4.5: Document control

 Purpose – to provide precisely the document or information needed – review and
approval of documents by authorized persons

Clause 4.6: Purchasing

 Purpose – to avoid problems caused by purchased materials

Clause 4.7: Control of customer-supplied product

 Purpose – to ensure that the customer-supplied products remain fit for use.

Clause 4.8: Product identification and traceability

 Purpose – to enable the organization in keeping track of supplies

Clause 4.9: Process control

 Core requirement – identify and plan processes, use suitable equipment and set up an
adequate processing environment
Clause 4.10: Inspection and testing
 Purpose – to check that incoming goods, processes, etc., meet the established
requirements

Clause 4.11: Control of inspection, measuring, and test equipment

 Purpose – to ensure that the correct measuring/testing equipment is used to check
work

Clause 4.12: Inspection and test status

 Purpose – to identify products that are ready to proceed to the subsequent stages of
processing or dispatch

Clause 4.13: Control of non-conforming product

 Purpose – to establish ways of identifying and dealing with non-conformity

Clause 4.14: Corrective and preventive action

 Purpose – to ensure that problems are solved and to prevent their recurrence

Clause 4.15: Handling, storage, packaging, preservation and delivery

 Purpose – to establish that goods are appropriately handled

Clause 4.16: Control of quality records

 Purpose – to establish proofs (records) of actions taken

Clause 4.17: Internal quality audit

 Purpose – to establish that the organization is performing what it had promised

Clause 4.18: Training

 Purpose – to ensure that all concerned personnel are adequately trained

Clause 4.19: Servicing

 Purpose – to establish procedures for after-sales services

Clause 4.20: Statistical techniques

 Purpose – to establish whether the organization requires sampling and statistical
techniques.
Principles on safety
Safety is inherent in right attitude. Individual safety depends on one’s attitude and sense of
overriding priority attached on safety.
One with the proper attitude would always return home safely on completion of a day’s
work.

The management should follow ‘cradle to grave’ approach on the safety issue by:
 Ensuring that safety is inherent in design – the basis of design work is ‘safety first’
 Selecting proper people
 Motivating them by imparting training
 Ensuring that on one is overworked
 Avoid as much as possible to contact between two different points in a circuit
 Special insulated shoes are made to protect persons but they must be clean and dry
 Must power off first and remove all connected wires from an electrical equipment
 Do not overload a single-phase outlet, otherwise excess power will be drawn.

Personal Safety
A useful safety motto for those involved in piling work is the ‘5W’:
 Wear hard helmets as protection against falling objects from heights
 Wear ear plugs as noise level may exceed 90 dB
 Wear goggles or safety glasses to protect eyes
 Wear safety shoes or boots as protection against falling objects from heights
 Wear hand gloves
 Even with safety gears provided, one should continue to remain alert and vigilant
about personal safety
 Concentration of hazardous dust and fume at sites should be within permissible limits
 Access to and exit from the work place should be hazard-free at all levels
 Work permit is needed for entry or working in danger-prone zones like blasting site
stacks, wells, etc.
 Safety guards and safety devices of equipment and machinery should be maintained
properly.

Apart from piling, all these safety gears and safety belts are required for personal safety at
the construction sites for different kinds of construction activities.
Fire Protection
Fire safety can be ensured if flammable materials are kept away from heat and oxygen. The
three ingredients of fire are fuel, oxygen, and a source or ignition (heat).
Precautionary measures, therefore, should be planned before initiating any construction
work:
 Use of less flammable materials like timber, bamboos, coal, paints etc.
 Quantities of flammable materials should be kept to the minimum
 Flammable solids, liquids, and gas should be separately stored away from oxygen and
oxidizing materials.
 Cigarette butt or match stick should be the cause of ignition: smoking, therefore,
should be prohibited.

Prohibited should be taken in transporting, storing, handling, and using flammable materials.
 Most electrical fire can be attributed to defects such as insulation failure, overloaded
conductors, and poor connections.
 Fire extinguishers should be located at strategically convenient points and the
personnel trained to use them.
 The fire detection alarm system for the protection of life and property detects a fire at
the earliest and raises an alarm for immediate fire-fighting.
 Types of detectors:
 Heat detectors  Smoke detectors  Flame detectors

Electrical safety
Electrical safety assumes high importance as the ratio of fatalities to injuries is higher for
electrical accidents compared to most other categories of injury.
Electrical hazards are mainly of two types:
 Persons accidentally or due to negligence come in contact with live parts
 Heat is generated due to loose contacts, improper installation
Measures
 Protection against both direct and indirect contact
 Protection against thermal effects in normal service
 Protection against both over currents or fault currents
 Protection against overvoltage
Environment Protection
Environmental protection benefits include reduced damage to the environment by
controlling emissions and adverse impacts on the ecosystems, and reduced demand on
natural resources.

The short-term objectives for the reduction of environmental impact of any process are:
 Reduced consumption of resources
 Reduction of emissions and other by-products of the process to air, water and land
 Reduction of production (of waste) and increased recycling of waste

In the longer-term, a contractor should examine their activities to minimize the

consumption of energy resources and water onsite or offsite including offices by assessing
actual consumption as accurately as possible and setting targets to be reached.

Concept of Green Building

A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or
eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural
environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality
of life.

There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’. These include:
 Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
 Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
 Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
 Good indoor environmental air quality
 Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
 Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation
 Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation
 A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment
 Any building can be a green building, whether it’s a home, an office, a school, a hospital, a
community centre, or any other type of structure, provided it includes features listed
above.
 However, it is worth noting that not all green buildings are – and need to be - the
same. Different countries and regions have a variety of characteristics such as distinctive
climatic conditions, unique cultures and traditions, diverse building types and ages, or
wide-ranging environmental, economic and social priorities – all of which shape their
approach to green building.
 This is why World GBC supports its member Green Building Councils and their member
companies in individual countries and across regions, to pursue green buildings that are
best suited to their own markets.
 To get involved in your own country’s transformation to green building, please contact or
join your local Green Building Council.