OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES
A. Define current, resistance and resistivity.
B. Identify resistors through color codes.
C. Define Ohm’s law.

OBJECTIVES
D. Mathematically relate the three basic
quantities, current, voltage and resistance

OBJECTIVES
through the concept of function.
E. Recognize the common electrical symbols
used to draw circuit diagrams.

BJECTIVES F. Recognize the difference between series

and parallel connections of both circuit

BJECTIVES
components and sources of emf
G. Apply Kirchhoff’s rules to a multi-loop
circuit
 TOPICS
TOPICS I. ELECTRIC CURRENT
RESISTIVITY

TOPICS
RESISTANCE
OHM’S LAW
VOLTAGE

TOPICS
POWER
II. RESISTOR SERIES AND
PARALLEL
III. KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
ELECTRIC CURRENT · RESISTIVITY · RESISTANCE
OHM’S LAW · VOLTAGE · POWER
Reporter:
Martina Bianca O. Hadi
 Is any motion of charge from one

CURRENT region to another.

DIRECTION OF CURRENT

Follows the positive charges

 FORMULA IN FINDING ELECTRIC CURRENT
• -It is computed when a quantity of charge “Q” passes a point in a
circuit with a time “t”.

• -Formula is I=Q/t. For changing currents, we use formula I= ∆Q/∆t

• -The standard unit for electric current is ampere “A”.

 WHAT IS RESISTANCE?
• The ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current flowing
through a circuit component or device is known as electrical
resistance.
• Property of conductor which opposes the free flow of current.
• The standard unit of resistance is ohms (Ω), which are linked to
volts and amperes by 1Ω = 1 V/A.
• A conductor's resistance is determined by its length (l), cross-
sectional area (A), and resistivity ( r).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
RESISTOR COLOR CODES:
CASE 1 :
CASE 2 :
Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold Color Code

EXAMPLES
47 kΩ with a tolerance of +/- 5%.
Green-Red-Gold-Silver Color Code

EXAMPLES
5.2 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 10%.
 White-Violet-Black Color Code

EXAMPLES
97 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 20%.
Note: A three-color band on a resistor is a 4-band code
with a blank (20%) tolerance band.
 Ohm’s law states that the voltage
across a conductor is directly
OHM’S LAW proportional to the current flowing
through it, provided all physical
conditions and temperature remain
constant.
• The mathematical relationship of current and voltage is written as:
V=IR
where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

• Formulas to find current (I) and resistance ( R) can be derived with

the formula V=IR.
I=V/R and R=V/I
 Ohm's law is only applicable if the
temperature and other physical variables
stay constant.
 EXAMPLE
Use the equation ΔV = I • R to solve for the resistance.
Diagram A: Diagram B:
R = ΔV / I = (6 V) / (1 A) = 6 Ω R = ΔV/ I = (6 V) / (2 A) = 3 Ω

The resistance is greatest in the circuit with the least

current - Diagram A.
 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE
AND RESISTANCE

• Ohm's law defines the relationship between the voltage,

current, and resistance in an electric circuit: I = V/R.
• The current is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance.
 An electronic device has a resistance of 30 ohms and a
current of 25 A. What is the voltage across the device?

EXAMPLES
• resistance, current, and voltage are related
together by Ohm's law as V=IR.
Formula: V=IR
Solution: V=IR
=(25A)(30 Ω)​
=750V
A current of 0.45 A passes through a 1.2kΩ resistor. What is
the voltage across it?

EXAMPLES
• using Ohm's law, V=IR, we have:
Formula: V=IR
Solution: V=IR
=(0.45A)(1.2 × 1000 Ω)
=540V
In a circuit, the potential drop across the 4.4 kΩ -resistor is
120 V. What is the current through the resistor?

EXAMPLES
• plug all known values into the Ohm's
equation, V=IR.
Formula: I=V/R
Solution: I=V/R
I=120V/4400Ω
I=0.027A
RESISTOR SERIES AND
PARALLEL
Reporter:
Rachelle D. Gabriel
 In electronics, a circuit is a closed
path that allows electricity to flow
from one point to another. It may

CIRCUIT
include various electrical
components, such as transistors,
resistors, and capacitors. However,
to be a true circuit, charges must
continually flow through a complete
loop, returning to their original
position and cycling through again.
 Represents the electrical
system in the form of a picture

SCHEMATIC or symbols that shows the main

features or relationships but not

CIRCUIT
the details. The schematic
diagram is used to trace the

DIAGRAM
circuit and its functions without
regard to the actual physical
size, shape, or location of the
component devices or parts.
 Alternating
Connecting lead signal

SYMBOLS
Cell Speaker

Battery Cell Microphone

Earth ground
Resistor
Capacitor

Variable Inductor
Resistor
Fuse Thermistor
 TYPES OF CIRCUIT

CLOSED CIRCUIT OPEN CIRCUIT

TYPES OF CIRCUIT

SHORT CIRCUIT
 TYPES OF CIRCUIT

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

RESISTORS IN SERIES CIRCUIT
• The current I is the same in all parts of the
circuit ( 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 )
• The sum of the voltages V1, and V2is equal
to the total applied voltage
(𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 )
• The total resistance is obtained by adding
together the values of the separate
resistances. (R= 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 )
( 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝒏 )
(𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑽𝒏 ) Given the circuit. Find the following
(R= 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑹𝒏 ) a.) Total resistance
b.) Total current flowing through the whole circuit
c.) The potential difference across each resistor

TOTAL RESISTANCE
R= 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑹𝒏

R= 𝟑𝒌Ω + 10kΩ + 5k Ω
R= 𝟏𝟖𝒌 Ω
 𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
( 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝒏 ) ; 𝑰 = 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
(𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑽𝒏 )
(R= 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑹𝒏 )
Given the circuit. Find the following
a.) Total resistance
b.) Total current flowing through the whole circuit
c.) The potential difference across each resistor

TOTAL CURRENT
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑰=
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝟗𝑽
𝑰=
𝟏𝟖𝑲Ω

𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑨
 𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
( 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝒏 ) ; 𝑰 = 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
(𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑽𝒏 ) Given the circuit. Find the following
a.) Total resistance
(R= 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑹𝒏 ) b.) Total current flowing through the whole circuit
c.) The potential difference across each resistor

TOTAL CURRENT
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑰𝑹𝒏
RESISTOR 1 RESISTOR 2 RESISTOR 3
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝑹𝟏 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝟑 = 𝑰𝑹𝟑

𝑽𝟏 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝑨)(𝟑𝑲Ω) 𝑽𝟐 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝑨)(𝟏𝟎𝑲Ω) 𝑽𝟏 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝑨)(𝟓𝑲Ω)

𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟓 𝑽 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑽

𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽 + 𝟓𝑽 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝑽
𝑽 = 𝟗𝑽
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• The sum of the currents of each
resistor is equal to the total circuit
current (I=𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 )
• The volts is the same across all the
resistor (V= 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 )
• The inverse of the total resistance of
two or more resistors in a parallel
combination is equal to the sum of
the inverses of each individual
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
resistances ( = + )
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
(I=𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 +𝑰𝒏 )
(V= 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 ) Two resistors, of resistance 3 Ω and 6 Ω, are
connected in parallel across a battery having a
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( = + + ⋯ ) voltage of 12 V. Determine (a) the total circuit
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏 resistance and
(b) the current flowing in the 3 Ω resistor.
TOTAL RESISTANCE
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑹
= 𝑹 +𝑹
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝟑Ω 𝟔Ω

𝟏 𝟏
=
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 2Ω
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐Ω
(I=𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 +𝑰𝒏 )
(V= 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 ) Two resistors, of resistance 3 Ω and 6 Ω, are
connected in parallel across a battery having a
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( = + + ⋯ ) voltage of 12 V. Determine (a) the total circuit
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏 resistance and
(b) the current flowing in the 3 Ω resistor.

CURRENT
𝑽
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝑽
𝑰𝟏 =
𝟑Ω
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟒𝑨
(I=𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 +𝑰𝒏 )
(V= 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 ) For the circuit shown in Figure 5.12, find
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( = + + ⋯ ) (a) the value of the supply voltage V and
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏 (b) the value of current I in R1 and R2

VOLTAGE
V= 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐

𝑽𝟐 = 𝟑𝑨 (𝟐𝟎Ω)
𝑽 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝑽
V= 𝟔𝟎𝑽
(I=𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 +𝑰𝒏 )
(V= 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 ) For the circuit shown in Figure 5.12, find
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( = + + ⋯ ) (a) the value of the supply voltage V and
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏 (b) the value of current I in R1 and R2

CURRENT
𝑽
I= 𝑹
RESISTOR 1 RESISTOR 3
𝑽 𝑽
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟑 =
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑
𝟔𝟎𝑽 𝟔𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟑 =
𝟏𝟎Ω 𝟔𝟎Ω
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟔𝑨 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟏𝑨
• A battery is called either a source of
electromotive force or, more
commonly, a source of emf.

• The Electromotive force (emf) ℰ of a

battery is the maximum possible voltage
the battery can provide between its
terminals
• work done to drive 1 coulomb of
charge around a complete circuit .

• Potential difference is the work

done to drive a unit charge across 2
points
• Internal resistance (r) refers to the opposition to the flow of
current offered by the cells and batteries themselves resulting in
the generation of heat. Internal resistance is measured in
Ohms.
• Terminal potential difference refers to the work done to drive I
Coulomb of charge through external resistor

ℰ=𝑽𝒊 + 𝑽𝒆
ℰ=𝐈𝐫 + ∆𝑽
ℰ=𝐈𝐫 + 𝑰𝑹
∆𝑽= ℰ-𝐈𝐫
ℰ=𝐈(𝐫 + 𝐑)
 a combination of more than one
cell. The cells in a battery may be

BATTERY
connected in series or in parallel.

Battery symbol in a circuit

One-cell battery Three-cell battery

Reporter:
Angelo Leyson
CELLS CONNECTED IN
SERIES
• Total e.m.f. = sum of cell’s
e.m.f.’s
• Total internal resistance =
sum of cell’s internal
resistances
CELLS CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL
If each cell has the same
e.m.f. and internal resistance:
• Total e.m.f. = e.m.f. of one
cell
• Total internal resistance of n
cells = (𝑛1)internal resistance
of one cell
Eight cells, each with an internal resistance of 0.2 ohms and

APPLICATION
an e.m.f. of 2.2 V are connected (a) in series, (b) in parallel.
Determine the e.m.f. and the internal resistance of the
batteries

A
When connected in series, total e.m.f. = sum of cell’s
e.m.f.

= 2.2 V ( 8 )

= 17.6 V

Total internal resistance = sum of cell’s internal

resistance

=0.2 ohms ( 8 )

=1.6 ohms
Eight cells, each with an internal resistance of 0.2 ohms and

APPLICATION
an e.m.f. of 2.2 V are connected (a) in series, (b) in parallel.
Determine the e.m.f. and the internal resistance of the
batteries

B When connected in parallel,

total e.m.f. = e.m.f. of one cell

= 2.2 V
𝟏
Total internal resistance of 8 cells = (𝟖) internal
resistance of one cell
1
= (8) (0.2ohms)

= 0.025 ohms
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

Reporter:
Angelo Leyson
 COMMON DC CIRCUIT THEORY TERMS
Path – a single line of connecting elements or
sources.
Node – a node terminal within a circuit where two
or more circuit elements are connected or joined
together. A node is indicated by a dot.
Branch – a branch is a single or group of
components such as resistors or a source which
are connected between two nodes.
Loop –is a simple closed path in a circuit in which
no circuit element or node is encountered more
than once.
Mesh – a mesh is a single closed loop series path
that does not contain any other paths. There are
no loops inside a mesh.
 Kirchhoff’s law
• German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff
• developed a pair or set of rules or laws
which deal with the conservation of current
and energy within electrical circuits
• Kirchhoffs Current Law, (KCL)
• Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, (KVL)
 Kirchhoffs First Law –
The Current Law, (KCL)
• states that the “total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal
to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as
no charge is lost within the node“.
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5 or I1 + I2 I3 I4 I5 = 0
 Kirchhoffs First Law –
The Voltage Law, (KVL)
• states that In any closed loop in a network, the algebraic sum of the voltage
drops (i.e. products of current and resistance) taken around the loop is equal to
the resultant e.m.f. acting in that loop
 Multi-loop Circuits
With more than one battery, the
situation is trickier. If all the
batteries are part of one branch
they can be combined into a single
equivalent battery. Generally, the
batteries will be part of different
branches. Circuits like this are
known as multi-loop circuits.
 PROBLEM SOLVING
Use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the currents flowing in each
branch of the network.
Application Kirchhoff’s law to a multi-loop circuit
 PROBLEM SOLVING
2) Find the unknown currents marked in the Figure (a). (b)
Determine the value of e.m.f. E in Figure (b).
A) Applying Kirchhoff’s current law:
 PROBLEM SOLVING
2) Find the unknown currents marked in the Figure (a). (b)
Determine the value of e.m.f. E in Figure (b).
B) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law and moving clockwise around the loop of
Figure (b) starting at point A:
THANK YOU!