Klabbers, Chapter 13 The Seas, the Air, and Outer Space

(NOTE: Items in Red will be covered by the Professor’s lecture)

Merlin M. Magallona, ‘A Framework for the Study of the National Territory: A Statement of the
Problem,’ IBP Journal (1998)

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

Romel R. Bagares, ‘Notes on the Teaching of the Philippine National Territorial Imaginations’
Postcolonial Discontents (forthcoming, British Institute of International and Comparative Law)

(Cister, Bigol, Besa, Ongsiako)

Article 1, National Territory, 1935 Charter

Article 1, National Territory, 1973 Charter
Article 1, National Territory, 1987 Charter
RA 3096 (Old baselines Law, 1961)
RA 5446 (Amending the RA 3096, 1968)
PP 370 (Territorial Sea, 20 March 1968)
PD 1599 (EEZ 11 June 1979)
PD 1596 (KIG regime)
RA 9522 (new baselines law)
Benham Rise, infra)

Territorial Sovereignty

Cases:
 Island of Palmas Case (US v. Netherlands), 2 RIAA 829
 Palmas Arbitration Revisited, H. Harry L. Roque, Jr.
 Eastern Greenland Case, PCIJ Ser. A/B, No. 53
 SS Lotus Case, PCIJ Ser. A, No. 10

Thematic Lighthouses:

 Minquiers & Ecrehos Case, ICJ Reports, 1951

 Case Concerning Sovereignty Over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia)
 Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration, ICJ Reports, 1998

Map Cases:

 Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration, ICJ Reports, 1998

 Preah Vihear Temple Case, ICJ Reports, 1962
 Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso v. Mali), ICJ Reports, 1986
 Libya v. Chad, ICJ Reports 1994
 Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case, ICJ Reports, 1951
 Western Sahara Case, ICJ Reports, 1975
 El Salvador v. Honduras, with Nicaragua intervening, ICJ Reports,1992
  Clipperton Island Arbitration (France v. Mexico), January 28, 1931

UNCLOS

 International Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), ILM 21, 1982
 Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the UNCLOS, ILM 33, 1994
 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UNCLOS Relating to the
Conservation & Management of Straddling Fish Stocks & Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
 Magallona Baselines Petition

Cases:
a. Internal Waters
 Military & Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. US), ICJ Reports, 1986
 Saudi Arabia v. Arabian American Oil Company, 27 ILR 117

b. Territorial Sea
 Arts. 27-32, UNCLOS
 The Gulf of Sidra Incidents, 5 Italian Yearbook of International Law
 Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case, ICJ Reports, 1951
 El Salvador v. Honduras, with Nicaragua Intervening, ICJ Reports, 1992
 US v. California, 382 US, 1966
 US v. Louisiana, 382 US 11, 1969

c. Straits

 Corfu Channel Case, ICJ Reports, 1949

d. Archipelagos

 Arts. 49, 52-53, UNCLOS

 Coquia, Analysis of the Archipelago Doctrine in the Law of the Sea, 8 PYIL 30
 Corfu Channel Case, ICJ Reports, 1949

e. The Contiguous Zone

f. The Continental Shelf

 North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports, 1969
 Libya v. Malta, ICJ Reports, 1985
 Tunisia v. Libya, ICJ Reports, 1982
 Guinea v. Guinea Bissau, ILR 77, 1985
 Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v. Turkey), ICJ Reports, 1978
 Anglo-French, ICJ Reports, 1979
 Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation in the area between Greenland and Jan
Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), 1993
 Canada & France, St. Pierre
 The Philippines’ Benham Rise Continental Shelf
 The Arigo v. Executive Secretary case
 La Bugal case (Panganiban ponencia, on applicability of FTAAs to offshore oil and
 gas exploration, and the limits of Presidential power to enter into such agreements
with foreign corporations)

The Exclusive Economic Zone

Arts. 55-58, 70-73, UNCLOS

 Spain v. Canada (facts only), ICJ Reports, 1966
 M/V Saiga (St. Vincent & Grenadines v. Guinea), ITLOS Judgment, July 1, 1999
 Camouco Case (Panama v. France), Judgment, 7 Feb 2000,
www.un.org/depts/ios/itlos/jud-camouco.htm)
Russia v. Greenpeace (ITLOS case)

h. Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries

Gulf of Maine Case (Canada v. US), ICJ Reports, 1994

i. The High Seas

Arts. 86-97, 105-111, UNCLOS

j. Conservation & Management of Living Resources of the High Seas

 Southern Blue Fin Tuna Cases (NZ & Australia v. Japan), Order on Request for
Provisional Measures, ITLOS Order, August 27, 1999

SCS Arbitral Proceedings (Philippines v China)

- Philippine Notification and Statement of Claims (22 January 2013) (googledrive folder)

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

- SCS Admissibility Award (googledrive UNCLOS folder)

 Kompetenz-Kompetenz, paras. 152-178 pp. 59-70; paras 365-396, pp. 130-140

 Tribunal ruling, paras. 397-412; Chapter IX (Decision) pp. 135-149

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

- SCS Arbitral Award (ITLOS 16 July 2016) (googledrive UNCLOS folder)

 The nature of the Chinese Nine-dash line claim, paras. 207-278; pp 86-117

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

 Definitions: low tide elevations (LTE), high tide elevations (HET), rocks/islands, para 280;
p. 119

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

 Maritime Features at issue (submissions no. 4-6) : paras. 284-291; pp. 120-123; cf Annex
97 of the Philippine Memorial (googledrive UNCLOS folder)

 Determination of the Status of Maritime Features in the South China Sea

** Scarborough Shoal (HTE) paras. 333-334, pp. 140-141

** Cuarteron Reef (HTE), paras. 335-339, pp. 141-145
**Fiery Cross Reef (HTE), paras. 340-343; pp. 145-146
** Johnson Reef (HTE) ), paras. 344-351; pp.146-148
** Mckennan Reef (HTE), paras.352-354 pp. 148-155
**Hughes Reef (LTE ), paras. 355-368, pp. 156-157
** Gaven Reefs(LTE) paras. 359-366, pp. 157-164
** Subi Reef (LTE) paras. 367-373, pp .164-166
** Mischief Reef (LTE) paras. 374- 378, pp. 167-173
** Second Thomas Shoal (LTE) paras. 379-381, pp. 173-174
** CONCLUSION: paras. 382-384,p. 174

 Status of Features as Rocks/Islands (Submissions, 3,5, and 7)

** nature of further claims (Art, 121, UNCLOS), paras. 395-407, pp. 175-181; paras, 473-74,
p.204
** Tribunal’s interpretation of Art. 121, paras. 475-478, pp. 204-205
** Rocks, paras. 479- 484, pp. 205-207
** Sustain, paras. 485-487 , pp. 207-208
**Human Habitation, paras. 488-492, pp. 208-209
** Or, paras. 493-497, pp. 209-211
** Economic Life of their Own, paras. 498-503 , pp. 211-212
** CONCLUSION

 on Art. 121 (3) paras.504-506, pp. 212-213

 on the Context of Article 121(3) and the Object and Purpose of the
 Convention, paras. 507-511, pp. 213-215
 The Link between Article 121(3) and the Purpose of the Exclusive
Economic Zone, paras. 512-520, pp. 215-218
 Conclusions drawn, paras. 513-553, pp. 218-232

(Cister, Bigol, Besa, Ongsiako)

** Application of Article 121(3) to Scarborough Shoal, Johnson

Reef, Cuarteron Reef, Fiery Cross Reef, Gaven Reef (North), and
McKennan Reef

 Scarborough Shoal, paras. 554-556 p. 232

 Johnson Reef, paras. 557-559, p. 232
 Cuarteron Reef, paras. 560-562, p.232-233
 Fiery Cross Reef, paras. 563-565, pp. 233-234
 Gaven Reef (North), paras. 566-568, pp. 234-235
 Mckennan Reef, paras. 569-570, p. 235
 Article 121 Applied to the entire Spratly Islands, paras. 571-626, pp. 235-254
 Jurisdiction on Submission No. 5, paras. 627- 642., pp. 254-259
 Gaven Reef (North) and Mckennan Reef as rocks generating only a territorial sea, para.
645, p. 259
 Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal as LTEs part of the Philippine EEZ and
 Continental Shelf with no overlap with any Chinese maritime entitlement, para. 646-647,
pp. 259-260

(Cister, Bigol, Besa, Ongsiako)

 Chinese activities in the SCS (Submissions 8-13)

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

** see map of petroleum blocks in p. 269

** Considerations of jurisdiction, paras. 690-701, pp. 277-280
** Acts in relation to non-living resources, paras. 702-708, pp. 280-282
** Acts in relation to living resources, paras. 709-716, pp. 283-286

 Chinese failure to prevent exploitation by Chinese nationals of Philippines’ Living

Resources

** Considerations of Tribunal’s Jurisdiction, paras. 733-744 pp. 291-294.

** Chinese fishing vessels at Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal, paras. 745-757, pp.
294-297

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

 Fishing regimes under the UNCLOS

** Considerations of Tribunals’ Jurisdiction, paras. 792-803, pp. 310-314

** Traditional Fishing Rights in different maritime jurisdictions, para. 804, pp. 314-315

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

 Traditional Fishing at Scarborough Shoal, paras. 805-814, pp. 315-317

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

 Protection and Preservation of Marine Environment, Submissions No.11 and 12(b)

** Factual background, paras. 823-890, pp.321-355

** Considerations of the Tribunal’s Jurisdiction, paras. 925-949, pp. 369-378
** Harvesting of Vulnerable, Threatened and Endangered Species, paras. 950-960, pp. 378-
384
** Use of Cyanide and Dynamite, paras. 967-975, pp. 378-388
** China’s Construction Activities and the Obligation to Protect and Preserve
the Marine Environment, paras. 976-983, pp. 388-394
** China’s Construction Activities and the Obligation to Cooperate, paras. 984-986, pp. 394-
385
** China’s Construction Activities and the Obligation to Monitor and Assess, paras. 987-993,
pp. 385-397

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

  Occupation and Construction Activities on Mischief Reef (Submission No. 12)

** Factual Background, paras. 996-1009, pp. 399-403

** Considerations of the Tribunal’s Jurisdiction, paras. 1024-1028, pp. 411-413
** Ruling on Acts in Relation to the Installations and the Construction of Islands at Mischief
Reef, paras. 1031-1043, pp. 413-415

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

 Operation of Law Enforcement Vessels in a Dangerous Manner

** Factual Background, paras. 1046-1058, pp. 415-420

** Considerations of the Tribunal’s Jurisdiction, paras. 1081-1108, pp. 428-436
Conclusion, para. 109, p. 436

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

 Aggravation or Extension of Dispute between Parties

** Factual background, paras. 1113- 1129, pp. 438-445

** Considerations of Tribunal’s Jurisdiction, paras. 1150-1152, pp. 452-453
** China’s actions in and around Second Thomas Shoal, paras. 1152- 1162 pp. 453-456
** China’s Dredging and Construction Activities, paras. 1163-1165 pp. 456-457
** The Law Applicable to Conduct in the Course of Dispute Resolution Proceedings, paras.
1166-1173 pp. 457-461
** The Effect of China’s Dredging and Construction Activities on the Parties’ Disputes, paras.
1174-1180, pp. 461-464
** Conclusion, para. 1181, p. 464

 Future Conduct of the Parties (Submission No. 5), paras. 1182-1184, p. 465
** Considerations of Tribunal’s Jurisdiction, paras. 1191-1201, pp. 465-469

(Zapanta, Sullivan, Rouello, Ongsiako, Lacambra)

 Dispositif, paras. 1202-1203 pp. 471-477

Gilbert Gillaume, Rocks in the Law of the Sea: Some Comments on the South China Sea
Arbitration Award, Opinio Juris 25 February 2021

On the Kalayaan Island Group /Philippine Continental Shelf (offshore archipelago)

 PD 1596 (1978), supra
 Magallona v Executive Secretary, supra (offshore archipelago question)
 Republic v Palawan (Consolidated CasesOn Motion for Reconsideration)
 Philippine Supplemental Memorial to the SCS Arbitration, Answer to Question No. 16 (15
March 2015) pp. 89-107
 Melissa Loja and Romel Bagares, ‘Should we now slay the elephant in the room?’ (Philippine
Daily Inquirer, 2 May 2021)

(Cister, Bigol, Besa, Ongsiako)

On the Julian Felipe Reef

 Annex 97 Philippine Memorial (Whitsun Reef claimants, coordinates)
 Robert Beckman
  Melissa Loja, ‘The SCS Arbitral Award and Julian Felipe Reef’ (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 21
April 2021)

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

Benham Rise
 Relevant articles of UNCLOS: 76(9), 84(2)
  Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf made on 8 April 2009 - in
the Benham Rise region
 Chart
  “Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in regard to the
Submission made by the Philippines in respect of the Benham Rise Region on 8 April 2009 ”,
adopted by the Commission on 12 April 2012
 M.Z.N.88.2012.LOS.Add.1 of 8 March 2018: Deposit of an amended chart and relevant
information, including geodetic data, concerning an amendment to a chart deposited by the
Philippines on 2 July 2012 changing the name “Benham Rise” to “Philippine Rise”, as
contained in Executive Order No. 25 Changing the Name of “Benham Rise to Philippine Rise”
and for Other Purposes of 16 May 2017.
 Executive Order No. 25 of 16 May 2017. Changing the Name of "Bentham Rise" to "Philippine
Rise" and for Other Purposes

(Arevalo,Arcilla, Alegre, Magarzo)

Maritime Boundary Delimitation

Philippines and Indonesia

 Roque, Revisiting Palmas Arbitration, supra
 Bagares, Notes on Teaching the Philippine National Territorial
Imaginary, supra
  Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and
the Government of the Republic of the Philippines concerning the
delimitation of the exclusive economic zone boundary 23 May 2014
(entry into force: 1 August 2019; registration # 55946; registration date:
27 September 2019; link to UNTS)

(Cister, Bigol, Besa, Ongsiako)