Agricultural development (unit: 7)

Topic: Small Scale Subsistence Farming.

Q What is subsistence farming? (1) N 2006
Ans: It is small scale farming. Farm size is less than five hectares. Subsistence farmers mostly
grow food crops to fulfill family needs by using traditional farming methods.
Q Why does the output of a small scale subsistence farm vary from year to year? (4)
Ans: Early, late or dry spells of monsoon can affect crops. Supply of cow dung may increase
production. Insect attack and diseases can reduce production. Water supply and climate also
affect production.
Q Why so many farms are small in size? [3]
Ans: Due to law of inheritance farms are divided and sub-divided after death of owner, some
farms are small due to sale of parts of holdings; some farms are divided in scattered plots.
Q Why modernization of small farms is difficult? [2]
Ans: Farmers have little money to buy HYV, chemical fertilizer and insecticides. Irrigation is
difficult because water channels passes through land of other. Small farmers cannot afford
tractors, tube wells and other farm machinery. Use of farm machinery in scattered plots is
difficult.
Q What are factors other than size of farms have contributed to the slow rate of modernization
in agriculture? (5)
Ans: Lack of knowledge of farmers is an important factor. Small farmers have lack of scientific
knowledge, they use inherited knowledge. They do not use good quality seeds (HYV), chemical
fertilizer and pesticides due to lack of resources (finance). Small farmers have mostly lack of
skills and education to use modern machinery.
Q Describe three processes that may carries out before a crop is harvesting. [3]
Ans: Ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and fertilizing.
Q How small scale farmer can supplement (increase) its income?
Ans: Small scale farmers can increase income by keeping livestock like cow, goat, sheep,
poultry, basket making, carpet weaving, embroidery and planting trees around farm.
Q If subsistence farmer has good crop how he may use money to improve his field next year?
Ans: He may buy good quality seeds, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, hire machinery and labor.
Q How can education and training help a small scale farmer to increase his output? (4)
Ans: Education and trained farmers can replace traditional (old) methods by scientific methods
of farming. He can operate farm machinery. He can make use of loan facilities given by
government; he can get guidance (help) from pamphlets published by agriculture department.
He can realize importance of HYV, chemical fertilizer and insecticides.
Q Describe two ways in which agriculture is important to the economy of Pakistan? (4)
Ans: Agriculture provides food to growing population. Foreign exchange is earned through
exports of rice and cotton. Provide raw material to industry like cotton textile industry. Provide
employment to large part of population.
Q Explain why 65% of Pakistan is not used for agriculture?
Ans: Rugged (rocky) relief and aridity (water shortage) are main reasons. Northern and north-
western areas of Pakistan are covered with high mountain ranges with unsuitable climate like
severe cold and high snowfall. Large part Balochistan is rugged (rocky) in relief and arid. Large
deserts like Cholistan, Thal, Thar and Kharan has covered large area. Water logging and
salinity has affected vast land. 5% land is covered with forest. Large Urban centers are also
spread over large land.
Q What is meant by cash crop farming?
Ans: Cash crop farming means growing of a crop mainly for sale and to earn profit.
Q How do the human inputs of cash crop farm differ from those of a subsistence farm? [6]
Ans: Subsistence farmers use traditional (old) methods and inherited knowledge. Wooden
plough, desi seeds and old ways of irrigation like Persian wheel and karez. Cow dung is used as
fertilizer. A cash crop farmer use tractor, thresher and farm machinery for farming. Tube well is
used to overcome water shortage, high yielding varieties (HYV), chemical fertilizer, insecticides
and scientific methods of farming are used.
Q What are advantages of land consolidation?
Ans: Land consolidation means that land belonging to one farmer should be located at one
place in one block. Irrigation and use of farm machinery is difficult in scattered plots than
compact farm at one place. Lot of time and energy is saved. Government advice farmers to
exchange their scattered plots with other farmers their farm land should be located at one place.
Q What is meant by market and profit?
Ans: Market means whole-sale market where agriculture goods are sold. Profit means earned
by farmer by sale of agricultural products minus expenses.
Topic: Wheat.
Q Why wheat is a Rabi crop?
Ans: Wheat is sown in October and November is harvested in April and May so included in Rabi
crops.
Q Name one HYV of wheat.
Ans: Maxipak, shah khan 95 and kohson 95.
Q Name the areas of wheat cultivation.
Ans: Indus plain, some parts of K.P.K, and Potwar.
Q Why is an increase in wheat production important? [3]
Ans: Population is increasing rapidly, wheat is staple food and Pakistan does not grow enough
wheat. Good wheat crop save foreign exchange, even can be exported, there are chance of
increase in per acre production of wheat.
Q Explain how human inputs are necessary for wheat production. [6]
Ans: Tractors is used for ploughing quickly, tube well and perennial canals provide water for
irrigation, HYV increase yield, insecticides protect from pest and disease, fertilizer increase
production, thresher can separate grain from chaff.
Q Describe the methods of wheat cultivation on barani areas. [5] 2010
Ans: First terraces are repaired and land is leveled. Ploughing is done and seed is sown on rain
in October and November water of rain is also collected in ponds. Processes like weeding, bird
scaring are carried out fertilizer and insecticides are used. Crop is harvesting is done when ripe
after 90 to 120 days.
Q Explain how output of wheat some time affected by natural hazards? [2]
Ans: Wind storm and rain at the time of ripening, pest or disease attack, frost and little winter
rain can reduce wheat production.
Q Explain how natural inputs favor wheat?
Ans: Flat and undulating (wavy) land is suitable for use of machinery, drained land is suitable.
Fertile alluvial soil, loamy and clayey soils are suitable. 10°C to 20°C temperature at sowing
time 25°C to 30°C at ripening time. Warm and dry climate is needed at ripening time.
Topic: Rice.
Q Name a variety that has double rice production. [1]
Ans: Irripak/ IR8.
Q Why rice is not grown is Barani areas? [2]
Ans: Rice needs plenty of water, flooded fields and flat land, while rain is not enough. Water
channels cannot be set up in Barani areas because land is not flat.
Q Why Rice is Kharif crop? [2]
Ans: Sowing in May/June and harvesting in Sep/October. Rice is included in Kharif crops.
Q Name the types of machines used in rice cultivation.
Ans: Tractor, harvester, mechanical irrigator and tube well.
Q What are the advantages and disadvantages of using machines in farming? [6]
Ans: Advantages: Machines are quicker, efficient, less tiring. Farmers learn mechanical skills,
less labor is needed. Disadvantages: Machines are expensive; repair is difficult, causes
unemployment, and needs skilled workers, needs large fields.
Q Name the areas where rice cultivated. (2)
Ans: Sialkot, Gujrawala, Sheikupura in Punjab. Larkana, Shikarpur and Nawab shah in Sindh.
Q Why rice is cultivated in these areas?
Ans: Good network of perennial canals is available; monsoon rain helps to provide water.
Loamy or clayey soil, flat land, impervious sub-soil reduces loss of water suitable summer
temperature 25°C to 30°C is available. Dry October is suitable for harvesting.
Q Name type of rice exported and also name of countries to which it is exported. N 2004
Ans: Irripak known as Basmati is exported to Saud-i-Arabia, Japan, Bangladesh and Gulf states.
Q Explain why cultivation of rice labor intensive refers work done from planting to harvest?
Ans: First nursery is prepared then bunds (embankment) of field are repaired. Field is prepared
by ploughing; 9 inch rice plants are moved from nursery to flooded field 30 to 37 cm. This
Process is known as transplantation. Weeding is done, fertilizer and insecticides are used.
Water is also provided to fill loss of water. Then field is drained and harvesting is done in
Sep/Oct.
Q Choose two physical factors, how these increase rice field-- rain, soil, sun shine, drainage,
fertilizer, irrigation, pesticide, seeds and knowledge.(6,6)
Ans: (1) Soil: Clayey, loamy soil provide nutrient. Impervious sub soil reduces loss of water. (2)
Rain: 1270 mm to 2000mm rain in light shower is needed at correct time and dry season at
harvest. (3) Sunshine: For ripening warmth is needed. Photosynthesis process carried out in
day light which prepares food for plants. (4) Drainage: impervious sub-soil reduce loss of water,
drained field is needed for harvesting. (5) Fertilizer: provide nutrients to rice, soil exhausts by
regular cultivation so fertilizer is needed. (6) Irrigation: is needed because rain is not enough. (7)
Pesticide: kills insects. (8) HYV: grows fast, produce more yield, resist diseases. (9) Knowledge:
for use of modern methods and management.
Topic: Cotton.
Q Name HYV of Cotton.
Ans: Nayab 78, B-557 and 149-F are HYV of cotton.
Q Name the natural hazards for cotton crop. [3]
Ans: Leaf curl virus, fruit shedding, rise and fall in day and night temperature.
Q Why cotton is a Kharif crop?
Ans: Cotton is sown in April/May and harvested in Oct/November.
Q Name a crop known as king of fiber.
Ans: cotton.
Q Name cotton cultivation areas of Pakistan. [3]
Ans: Multan, Bahawalpur, and Sahiwal in Punjab. NawabShah, Sanghar in Sindh. Lasbela in
Balochistan.
Q Why cotton is grown in these areas?
Ans: Inputs are Level land, loamy soil, suitable temperature 25°C to 35°C, sunny days and dry
season at picking time, 1000 mm rain is not available but network of perennial canals are
available.
Q What process is carried out in cotton cultivation?
Ans: Field is prepared by ploughing; sowing is done in April/May. Cotton seeds are sown at
distance of 135mm to 150mm. First irrigation is done after one month of sowing and second
after further two months. Fertilizer and insecticides are used. Picking is done in Oct/Nov.
Q Why Pakistan export large quantity of cotton? [3]
Ans: Pakistan produce surplus raw cotton, Pakistani cotton have large demand in international
market due to good quality and competitive prices, cotton is used in textile industry in making
variety of products in other countries.
Q Why ginning mills are located close to cotton fields?
Ans: Raw cotton is light but very bulky; to save transportation charges ginning mills are located
close to fields.
Q State process carried out at this factory before sending to ghee or weaving mills.
Ans: In ginning mill cotton seed is separated from cotton fiber then pressed in bails which are
covered with jute cloth tied with iron strips and sent to weaving mill or spinning unit or for export.
Cotton seed is sent to oil mills for making ghee, cooking oil or soap.
Q Why cotton is not grown further north? (2) J 2011
Ans: Cotton is not grown further north in Pakistan because these areas are too cold and cotton
is sensitive to frost. Rain in northern areas is more than needed especially in harvesting season.
Flat land is not available and soil is poor and infertile. Northern areas are at long distance from
cotton textile mills.
Q Why cotton is not grown further west?
Ans: Cotton is not grown further west because these areas are too dry. There is lack of rain and
canal network. Soil is poor and infertile. Flat land is not available, areas are remote from
factories.
Q Explain three factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare? [6]
Ans: (1) Fertilizer: Pakistan's soil deficient in nitrogen so fertilizer Provides nutrients. (2)
Irrigation: To makeup rainfall deficiency, canal network or tube well provide water throughout the
year. (3) Pesticide: Pest reduces crop production. Pesticide control pest. (4) HYV: Provide
better crop production. Nyab78 also resist pest. (5) Capital: for buying inputs like HYV,
pesticides and fertilizer. (6) Land reforms: proper farm management is possible through it. (7)
Education: create awareness of better farming methods.
 Topic: Sugar cane.
Q Name HYV of sugarcane.
Ans: Thatta 10 and Jn-88- 1 to 3 are HYV of sugarcane.
Q Describe the appearance of sugarcane crop.
Ans: Sugarcane is tall and covered in thin leaves, sugarcane crop is dense.
Q Name the areas of high sugarcane production. [2]
Ans: Faisalabad, Sargodha in Punjab. Peshawar and Charsadda in K.P.K. Badin and
Nawabshah in Sindh.
Q Why these areas are suitable for sugarcane cultivation? [4] J 2006.
Ans: Flat land helps in use of farm machinery, alluvial, loamy and clayey soil is suitable for
sugarcane growth, and 25°C to 35°C temperature is suitable. Needs 1520 mm rain which is not
available gap is bridged by network of perennial canals.
Q State cultivation period of sugarcane. [2]
Ans: Sowing in April and harvesting starts in Oct/Nov continues till March.
Q Describe the process of sugarcane cultivation.
Ans: 30cm piece of sugarcane stalk is planted at distance of 30cm in April/May. Fertilizer
especially potash is provided. Crop is irrigated 25 to 30 times till ripening. Harvesting is done
manually. Crop can be rattooned for next two to three years.
Q What happens to sugarcane from the time it is fully grown to when sugarcane juice extracted?
Ans: Sugarcane is harvested manually. Leaves at top are removed and stalk of sugarcane are
tied in bundles and transported to sugar mills by trucks or tractors trolleys then washed with
chalk and crushed into pieces then passed through rollers to extract juice.
Q What are uses of waste products of crops? [3]
Ans: Bagasses: Paper, card board, chip board, packing, animal feed, And fuel for thermal
power. It is used as fuel to heat boiler in sugarcane. Molasses: Citric acid, cattle feed, baker’s
yeast and synthetic rubber. Straws of wheat: animal feed, straw board mixed in soil for
construction, fuel for power station.
Topic: Tobacco.
Q What does cash crop means? [1]
Ans: Cash crop are mainly grown to sell and earn profit i.e. cotton and tobacco.
Q Name the main the main areas of tobacco cultivation. [2] J 2000
Ans: Mardan, Peshawar, Sialkot and Multan.
Q Describe three human inputs for tobacco crop.
Ans: Improved varieties of Virginia tobacco, fertilizer and proper irrigation.
Q Maize Pulses Millet Oilseed Tobacco
Name two crops on the list that are used mainly for animal feed. [2]
Ans: Maize, millet and oil seeds.
Q Name one crop on the list that is not food crop. [1]
Ans: Tobacco.
Q Name one type of oilseeds. [1]
Ans: Rape, mustard, ground nut, sesame, sun flower and soya bean.
Q Name one crop that is rich in protein. [1]
Ans: Pulses.
Q What are uses of oilseed?
Ans: For making ghee, cooking oil and fodder.
Q Name pulses grown in Pakistan.
Ans: Khoshab, Mian wali, Bhakkar, Sialkot in Punjab. Shikarpur in Sindh.
Q Name the areas where oilseeds are grown.
Ans: Chakwal, Bahawalpur, BahawalNagar in Punjab. Sanghar, Khairpur and Nawabshah in
Sindh.
Topic: Maize and Millet.
Q What are uses of maize crop?
Ans: It is used to manufacture corn flour, custard powder and processed food. It is also used as
fodder and poultry feed. It is used as staple food for poor food.
Q Why maize is Kharif crop?
Ans: sown in June/July and harvested in Oct/Nov.
Q Name the areas where maize is cultivated.
Ans: Faisalabad, Sargodha, Sahiwal in Punjab. Mardan, Mansehra, Bunair, Swabi in K.P.K.
Q What are natural inputs for maize?
Ans: Temperature 35°C, rain 50 mm to 500 mm, maize can grow in porous soil.
Q What are uses of millet?
Ans: Fodder, poultry and food crop.
Q What are conditions necessary for cultivation of millet?
Ans: 30°C to 35°C can grow in dry place and poor soil.
Q Name the places where millet are found.
Ans: Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal in Punjab. Tharparkar in Sindh. Kohat in K.P.K.
Topic: Fruit.
Q Name the fruits and crops grow in oases. [2]
Ans: Wheat, maize, millet, pulses, vegetables, mangoes and dates.
Q Name the fruit crops grown in south east of Pakistan. [2]
Ans: Date, mango and banana.
Q Why these crops are grown here? [2]
Ans: Date needs dry desert climate, mango and banana needs hot tropical climate. Banana
needs humidity so grown in Thatta and Badin.
Q Why most of the fruit production grown for local use? [1]
Ans: Fruits are perishable product so large part is spoiled before reaching market because there
is lack of storage facility, processing and transport facilities. Exports are limited due to poor
quality and less quantity.
Q How crops are improved by date palm nearby? [2]
Ans: Date trees break wind, provide shade and reduce evaporation.
Q Name the fruits grown in northern areas.
Ans: Apple, Apricot in Swat and Hunza.
Q Name the areas of citrus cultivation.
Ans: Okara, Sahiwal, Sargodha and Bahawalnagar.
Q Names the areas of date cultivation.
Ans: Ketch in Balochistan, Khairpur in Sindh.
Q Why fruit crops are grown in valleys? J 2007
Ans: Valleys are warmer than mountains; valleys have better soil and are protected from
storms.
Topic: Goats.
Q Why goats rearing discouraged by government? (2)
Ans: In outside grazing goat over graze vegetation cause deforestation and soil erosion.
Government encourages keeping goats in enclosure and stall feeding is encouraged.
Q Why number of goats has increased? (2) J 2000
Ans: Due to increase in population and living standard demand of mutton is also increased.
Goats are easily kept in hilly and plain areas. Skin of goat is used in manufacturing leather
products. Goats are exported to Arab countries.
Q Name three processes carried out by farmers while keeping goats. [3]
Ans: Feeding, breeding, milking, shearing wool and slaughtering.
Q Why goats are so important?
Ans: Provide milk, meat and skin. Goat hair is used in woolen clothes.
Q Name areas of goat rearing.
Ans: Zhob, Loralai, Khlu, Khuzdar and kalat in Balochistan. Sangar and Tharparkar in Sindh.
Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar in Punjab.
Q Name the areas of Sheep rearing (keeping).
Ans: Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar in Punjab. Khuzdar, Zhob and Loralai in Balochistan.
Topic: Buffalo.
Q Name types of Buffaloes.
Ans: Ravi, Kundi and Nilibar.
Q Name the areas where buffalo kept and why?
Ans: In canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh. Buffalo farming is done in these areas due to
fodder crops, demand of milk due to high population of Punjab and Sindh. Water is available
due to network of canals used for washing, bathing and drinking. Buffalo can't tolerate cold and
climate of Sindh and Punjab is perfect for buffalo.
Q Why buffalo is not reared in Balochistan? [3]
Ans: There is lack of water for cultivation of fodder crops. Buffaloes need water for washing,
bathing, drinking also known as water loving animal while water is not available and there is little
demand of milk.
Q Explain the importance of buffaloes?
Ans: Buffaloes are source of milk, cow dung. Old buffaloes are slaughtered for meat and hides.
Q Suggest why buffalo farm can after be found around urban areas? [2]
Ans: There is huge demand of milk, meat, and butter in urban areas reduce transport charges
and confirm regular supplies. Milk deteriorates (spoils) quick so quick marketing is necessary.
Milk is also processed in ghee.
Q Fodder is not cultivated in some farms how it is provide to them? [2]
Ans: Fodder is cultivated in nearby canal irrigated areas and transported by tractor trolleys.
Q What are advantages and disadvantages of developing livestock farming? [6] N 2010.
Ans: Advantages: Livestock farming is source of food, milk is processed in butter, ghee and
cheese. Animals are slaughtered for meat and hides are used in leather industry. Provide cow
dung used as fuel and fertilizer. Cattle are used for transportation, ploughing and Persian wheel.
Live stock reproduce is sustainable and provide employment.
Disadvantages: Lot of water and land is consumed for fodder crops, livestock causes
overgrazing, some diseases are transfer from livestock to human. Some product of Pakistan
related to livestock is banned in western countries. Livestock farming cause less investment in
crop farming. Disposal of animal waste and difficult.
Q Why do farmer wants to have a pair of bullock? [3]
Ans: Bullock is used in farming processes like ploughing, harrowing, threshing, water lifting by
Persian wheel and transportation. Farmers take pride in pair of bullock and they do not afford to
buy farm machinery.
Q What are similar uses of buffalo and cattle? [4]
Ans: Both cattle (bullock and cow) and buffalo provide milk, meat, hides, manure, used as draft
animal for Persian wheel, transportation and ploughing.
Q Name breed of milk providing breeds of cattle.
Ans: Red Sindh and Sahiwal.
Q Name the breeds of draft animals of cattle.
Ans: Dhani and Bhangari.
Q What are problems of livestock farming?
Ans: Poor breeds, lack of grazing grounds and veterinary facilities. There is lack of facilities of
milk and meat storage.
Topic: Nomadic and Transhumance ways of livestock farming.
Q Describe nomadic way of livestock farming?
Ans: Nomadic people moves with livestock from one place to other in search of food and water
have poor breeds of animals. There life is unsettled.
Q Name two animals kept by nomads. (2)
Ans: Sheep, goat and camel.
Q Explain the importance of livestock for nomads.
Ans: Provide milk, meat, hides, wool, dung for fuel, transportation facility, animals is also sold.
Q What are disadvantages of keeping animals in a nomadic way? (2)
Ans: Nomadic way of livestock cause overgrazing, resulted in soil erosion and desertification.
Income are low, animal are of poor breed and lack of veterinary care.
Q Suggest alternative ways of keeping animals. (1)
Ans: stall feeding, transhumance, in fields and fenced areas animals are kept.
Q Explain why these animals are reared in nomadic way in arid areas? [3]
Ans: There is lack of food and water in arid areas so nomadic way of live stock is adopted.
People move with animal in search of food and water. People move according to weather. More
over no infrastructure for settled farming is available.
Q What is meant by transhumance? [1]
Ans: Transhumance means seasonal movement of people and livestock.
Q What are advantages of nomadic and transhumance livestock farming terms?
Ans: Give access to good pasture which is free, source of income in poor soil land, provide food
and dung used as fertilizer, camel can adapt to desert, sheep and goat can eat poor quality
grass.
Q Explain why many farmers use HYV? [4] J 2009
Ans: High yielding varieties increase crop production, have more resistance towards diseases
and pest, HYV have stronger stem so can withstand high wind, fulfill needs of growing
population, HYV grow fast so multi-cropping is possible, government encourage their use. I.e.
Irripak of rice, Maxipak of wheat.
Q What is alluvial soil? [2]
Ans: It is mixture of silt, loam and sediments deposited by flooding in rivers. It is rich in nutrients
and minerals.
Q Why alluvial soil is good for crop growth? [2]
Ans: It is mixture of nutrients like nitrate, potash and phosphate so suitable for crop cultivation.
Alluvial soil is fine textured for drainage so not prone to water logging, keep hold of moisture, its
layer is deep.
Q What is meant by yield, natural and human inputs? N 97
Ans: Human inputs are those factors which are provided man for crop cultivation. I.e. fertilizer,
good seeds, irrigation and machines. Natural inputs are provided by nature for crop growing.
Land, soil and climate. Yield: means per hectare production of any crop.
Q How government encourage chemical fertilizer? N 2000
Ans: Government subsidizes prices of chemical fertilizer and encourages its use through TV,
Radio and news paper. Model farms exhibit use of chemical fertilizer.
Q What are reasons of low income in barani areas?
Ans: Fertility of land is reduced due to soil erosion, over grazing and desertification.
(ii) Suggest reasons why so many districts of Pakistan have a cultivated area of less than 5%.
(1) Too far from R. Indus and major rivers (2) Hilly, mountainous areas are rugged have
Thin,poor, infertile soil considered as badland topography (3) Deserts are too dry have low
rainfall and high evaporation rate (4) Delta region is too marshy, flooding is common.
Q Explain why agricultural land is no longer producing crops in many regions of Pakistan. [4]
Water logging – over-irrigation or unlined canals which cause seepage of water into the ground
causing a rise in water table to the surface making land uncultivable. Salinity – salts rise with
water table and are left on the surface when water evaporates making land barren and
uncultivable. Overgrazing – too many livestock animals in too small an area has caused soil
erosion. Over cultivation – crops are not rotated or too little fertilizer and soil becomes infertile.
Exhausted Floods – top soil washed away by floods make it unfit for crops. Drought – land
becomes too dry to support crops. Alternative use Large part of land is used for housing and
industrial projects. Land fragmentation – farming becomes inefficient Zamindari system of
Landlords – no incentive for farmers Workforce migrates to urban areas/lack of skilled or
unskilled workers – no one to work the land. Siltation in reservoirs therefore reduces availability
of irrigation water.
Q What is meant by the term ‘sustainable agriculture’? [1]
Ans: Supplying the food and agricultural product needs of the present generation while
minimizing environmental damage.
Q To what extent can agriculture be sustainable in Pakistan? [6]
Ans: Possibilities – Less over cropping will consume less nutrients. Canals should be lined and
over watering should be avoided, method of soil preserving like terraces, counter ploughing and
keeping vegetation cover should be used. Problems: there is high food demand and lack of
knowledge of sustainable methods of farming,