Abnormal constituent Disease

Proteins (albumin, globulin) proteinuria

Glucose Glucosuria
 &
B I t

salts
Bile Hematuria
Blood
Pyuria
Pus has no protein. The
urine virtually
Normal ignificant. But protei
Proteins:
excreted is very insign
tein that
is ome diseases. Of all the
urine in som
excretedin
may
be
is readily
e x c r e tted
ed because of its3
albumin
proteins, excretion of protein is referred as
So urinary
smaller size.
albuminuria.
of protein in urine. It is
the excretion
Proieinuria: It is albuminuria. n albuminuria
term than
the preferred
alone.
albumin is not excreted

Causes for protelnurla:

1. Violent exercise

2. Pregnancy
3. High fever

4. Renal diseases like nephritis and nephrosis.

5. Ascites and abdominal tumours.

Teut for atbumin:

the
1. Heat test: 2/3 full in a test tube. Holding
Urine is taken
bottom of the test tube, top portion of urine is heated. Then,
1or 2 drops of acetic acid is added. Turbidity or precipitatie m
the heated portion indicates the presence of albumin.
2. Sulphosalicylic acid test: 2 ml of urine is taken in a
t
tube. In this, a few drops of 25% sulphosalicylic aci
added, Awhite precipitateindinntan the presence ol au

min
 Heller's Nitric acid test: To 3 ml of nitric acid taken in a
tube, 2 ml of urine is added carcfully on the sides. A
hite ring at the junction of the two liquids indicates the
whit
presence of albumin.

ence Jones protein: It is a low molecular weight glycopro

Bence

tein. It's presence in urine is diagnostic of a disease

called multiple myeloma. It is a plasma cell tumour.
Test: On heating the urine containing Bence Jones pro
tens to 50 to boC, a precipitate appears. On heating
further to 100°C, the precipitate dissolves.

glucose. But
Glucose: Normal urine does not contain
un-

der certain circumstances, glucose is excreted in urine.

glucose is excreted in
The abnormal condition in which
urine is called as glycosuria.

Definition: Glycosuria is desined as excretion of glucose in

urine which is detectable by Benedict's qualitative test.
filtrate
Mechanism: Glucose is present in the glomerular
When
in the same concentration a s in blood plasma.
blood glucose level is increased more than 180 mg/dl
glucose. This excess
the glomerular filtrate contains more
in urine produc-
glucose is not reabsorbed. It is excrete
level of 180 mg/dl is
ing glycosuria. This blood glucose
called as renal threshold. Glucose appears in urine only
when the Fisod glucose level is 180 mg,/dl. or more.

Causes of gycosurla:
1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Renal glycosuria

3. Alimentary glycosuria
4. Glycosuria of pregnancy

5. Advanced glomerulonephritisth
 gucose.
tests Jor
Qualitattoe Benedicts
qualitative reagent
test: 5 ml of is added an
. Benedict's tube. In this,
8 drops
ol urine and
test
of red o r yellow prec
taken in a
minutes.
Appearance recipi
boiled for
two
ol a reducing sugar
like glucose
presence
indicates the
tate of Fehlinga
ml of urine and 2 ml
test: 1
2 Fehling's tube and boiled for 2 min-
test
mixed in a
solution are indicates the presence of a
precipitate
utes. A brick red
like glucose.
reducing sugar
bodies are:

Ketone bodies: Ketone

1. Acetoacetic acid

2. -Hydroxy butyrieacid

3. Acetone

ketone b o d i e s :
Causes for
1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Starvation

bodles:
Testfor ketone
Rothra's test:
is taken in a test tube and
5 ml of urine
saturated with ammonium sulphate.
To this, 2 drops of
added
prepared sodium nitroprusside solution is
freshly
ammonia solution is slowty
and mixed well. Now 2 ml of
of the two
added by the sides. Purple ring at the junction
bodies.
liquids indicates the presence of ketone
To 5 ml of urine in
2 Gerhardt 's test for aceto acetic acid: is added.
testtube, 10 drops of 10% ferric chloride
of aceto
purple colour is formed. It indicates the presence
acetic acid.
and
Blle salts: Bile salts are sodium taurocholate
dium gycocholate. The presence of bile salts in un

indicates jaundice.
 bile salts.
Tests for
fest. Urine is taken 2/3 full in a test tube.
1. Hay's sulphur
the
small amount of sulphur powder is sprinkled on
A bottom
urine. The sulphur particles sink to the
top of
This indicates the
(due to lowering of surface tension).
of bile salts.
presence
test: 5 ml of urine is taken in a test
tube. To
2. Oliver's
of 1% solution of acidified peptone
this, an equal quantity the
added. White milkiness or precipitate indicates
is
presence of bile salts.
are bilirubin and
biliver-
BIle plgments: Bile pigments
indicates jaundice.
din. Their presence in urine

Test for blle pigments:

tube.
1. Foam test: 3ml of urine is shaken in a test
indicates the
Formation of deep yellow or brown foam
presence of bilirubin.
is taken in a
22 Gmelin 's test: 3 ml of concentrated acid
equalvolume of urine is carefully layered
test tube. An
the junction of the
over this. Green, blue or violet ring at
bilirubin.
uids indicates the presence of
two
3. Fouchets's test: lt is a very sensitive test for bile pig-
ments. 10 ml of urine
is taken in a test tube. To this a
of 10%% barium chloride
few drops of acetic acid and 2 ml
a few drops of
solution a r e added and mixed well. Then,
saturated ammonium sulphate solution is added. The
solution is filtered in a filter paper. The filter paper is
is added
then opened. A few drops of Fouchett's reagent
to the precipitate on the
filter paper. Blue or green colour

indicates the presence of bile pigments. (Fouchet's

re

in 25% trichloroacetic acid).

agent is 10% FeClk
hematuria. It
Blood: Excretion of blood in urine is called
indicates hemorrhage in the urinary tract.
Causes f hematuria.

1. Injury to kidneyurinary
or tract

2. Infections of urinary tract

3. Tumours in urinary tract

4. Drugs like salicylates and anticoagulants

5. Parasites e.g. schistosomiasis
Benzidine test for blood: A pinch of benzidine is dissolved
in glacial acetic acid. To this, 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide
is added and mixed well.To this mixture, an equal volume
of urine is added. A green or blue colour within five
minutes indicates the presence of blood.