¹Hkkx IIµ[k.M 3(i)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.

k 245
(2) If the operations in respect of which notice is given under sub-regulation (1) are not commenced
within sixty days from the expiry of the said notice period of fourteen days, the notice shall be deemed to
have lapsed and the provision of the sub-regulation (1) shall apply as if no such notice had been given.
152. Construction of reservoir, water dam, etc.– (1) Where in any mine, it is intended to construct a
reservoir, dam or other structure to withstand a pressure of water or other material which will flow when
wet, or to control an inrush of water, the owner, agent or manager shall give in writing not less than
fourteen days notice of such intention to the Regional Inspector, which shall be accompanied by two copies
of plans and sections showing the design and other details of the proposed construction:
Provided that where the safety of the mine or of the persons employed therein is seriously
threatened, the provisions of this regulation shall be deemed to have been complied with if the said notice is
given to the Regional Inspector as soon as the work of construction is commenced.
(2) The Regional Inspector may, by an order in writing, require such modification or alternation to be
made in the design of any such reservoir, dam or structure, as he may specify therein.
CHAPTER XII
VENTILATION
153. Standard of ventilation.– (1) It shall be the duty of the owner, agent or manager of every mine to
take such steps as are necessary to constantly provide in all parts of the mine belowground which are not
sealed off, adequate ventilation to clear away smoke, steam and dust, to dilute gases that are inflammable or
noxious so as to render them harmless, to provide air containing sufficient oxygen and to prevent such
excessive rise of temperature or humidity which may be harmful to the health of persons.
(2) For the purposes of securing adequate ventilation as specified in sub-regulation (1), the owner,
agent and manager shall ensure that-
(a) in every ventilating district, not less than six cubic meters per minute of air per person employed in the
district on the largest shift or not less than 2.5 cubic meters per minute of air per tonne of daily
output, whichever is larger, passes along the last ventilation connection in the district which means
the in-bye most gallery in the district along which the air passes;
(b) at every place in the mine where persons are required to work or pass, the air does not contain less than
19 per cent. of oxygen or more than 0.5 per cent. of carbon dioxide or any noxious gas in quantity
likely to affect the health of any person;
(c) the percentage of inflammable gas does not exceed 0.75 in the general body of the return air of any
ventilating district and 1.25 in any place in the mine;
(d) the wet bulb temperature in any working place does not exceed 33.5 degrees centigrade, and where
the wet bulb temperature exceeds 30.5 degrees centigrade, arrangements are made to ventilate the
same with a current of air moving at a speed of not less than one meter per second; and
(e) for ensuring compliance with the provisions of clauses (b), (c) and (d) of this sub-regulation, air
samples and temperature readings shall be taken at least once in every thirty days and the results
shall be recorded in a bound paged book kept for the purpose:
Provided that at any mine or part, where special conditions exist, the Chief Inspector may, by an order
in writing and subject to such conditions as he may specify therein, approve a ventilation scheme in
variance with the aforesaid provisions.
(3) In every mine, ventilation as specified in sub-regulation (2) shall be produced by a suitable
mechanical ventilator.
(4) If with respect to any mine or part thereof the Regional Inspector is of the opinion that the ventilation
is not adequate, he may by an order in writing, require the installation and maintenance of such mechanical
ventilator as is capable of producing adequate ventilation in the mine or part.
154. Main mechanical ventilator, its drive and fittings.– (1) Every main mechanical ventilator in a
mine shall be capable of producing adequate ventilation in the mine or part thereof, and shall be installed
on the surface at a distance of not less than 10 meters from the opening of the shaft or incline at any point.
262 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(i)]

Provided that in case of special difficulties, the Chief Inspector may exempt any stone drift or sinking
shaft from the provisions of this sub-regulation subject to such conditions as he may specify therein.
199. Precautions in the use of permitted explosives.– (1) No detonator shall be used, unless it is of a
type approved by the Chief Inspector.
(2) Where more than one shots are charged for firing, the shots shall be fired simultaneously.
(3) The aggregate charge in any shot to be fired in coal shall not exceed such permissible maximum
charge, as the Chief Inspector may, by a general or special order, specify for the kind of permitted
explosives used.
200. Approved shot-firing apparatus.– No shot shall be fired in a mine except by means of a shot-firing
apparatus of a type approved by the Chief Inspector and subject to such conditions as he may, from time to
time, specify by a general or special order:
Provided that where special conditions exist, the Chief Inspector may, by an order in writing and
subject to such conditions as he may specify therein, permit the use of any other shot-firing apparatus.
201. Additional precautions in belowground mines.- (1) If in a ventilating district, presence of
inflammable gas is detected in any place, no shot-hole shall be charged, stemmed or fired in that place or in
any other place situated on its return side till such place has been cleared of gas and declared safe.
(2) Immediately before charging a shot-hole or a round of shot-holes, and again before firing the shots
the shot-firer shall carefully test for inflammable gas at all places within a radius of eighteen meters of the
place of firing.
(3) No shot-hole shall be charged if any break is found therein, or if inflammable gas is found issuing
therefrom.
(4) If after charging a shot-hole, inflammable gas is found in any place within the radius specified in
sub-regulation (2), no shot shall be fired until the place has been cleared of gas and declared safe.
(5) No delay-action detonator shall be used, except with the previous permission in writing of the
Chief Inspector and subject to such conditions as he may specify therein.
202. Blasting in fire areas in opencast mines.- Conditions for conduct of blasting in fire areas in
opencast mines shall be specified by the Chief Inspector in a general order.
203. Inspections after shot-firing.– (1) After a shot has been fired, the shot-firer shall not enter or allow
any other person to enter the place until the atmosphere in the area is free from dust, smoke or fumes:
Provided that the shot-firer shall before any other person enters the place, make a careful
examination and with his assistants, if any, make the place safe.
(2) No other person shall enter the place, and where guards have been posted they shall not be
withdrawn, until the examination has been made and the place has been declared safe in all respects.
(3) In the case of opencast working, after shots have been fired, an all-clear signal shall be given
except in the case of a misfire.
204. Misfires.– (1) After firing the shots electrically, no person shall re-enter or be permitted to re-enter
the place until five minutes after the source of electricity has been disconnected from the cable.
(2) In the event of a misfire, the entrance or entrances to the working place shall be fenced so as to prevent
inadvertent access and no work other than that of locating or relieving the misfire shall be done therein until
the misfire has been located and relieved.
(3) In opencast working, it shall be sufficient to mark the place of the misfire with a red flag.
(4) In the event of a misfire, a second charge shall not be placed in the same hole.
(5) If the misfire contains a detonator, the leads thereof shall be attached by a string to the shot-firing cable
or some distinctive marker.
(6) Except where the misfire is due to faulty cable or a faulty connection, and the shot is fired as soon as
practicable after the defect is remedied, another shot shall be fired in a relieving hole which shall be so
placed and drilled in such a direction that at no point shall it be nearer than thirty centimeters from the
misfired hole:
Provided that the new hole shall be bored in the presence of a shot-firer, preferably the same person
who fired the shot.
¹Hkkx IIµ[k.M 3(i)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 263
(7) After a relieving shot has been fired, a careful search for cartridges and detonators, if any, shall be made
in the presence of the shot-firer, amongst the material brought down by the shot:
Provided that in the case of working belowground if such cartridge or detonator is not recovered,
the tubs into which the material is loaded shall be marked and further search made on the surface, and as far
as possible, the search for the detonators and cartridges and the loading of any coal, stone or debris which
may contain a detonator, shall be carried out without the aid of tools.
(8) If a misfired hole is not dislodged by a relieving shot, the procedure laid down in sub-regulations (6)
and (7) shall be repeated.
(9) A misfired hole which cannot be dealt with in the manner so provided, shall be securely plugged with a
wooden plug, and no person other than a shot-firer, an official or a person authorised for the purpose shall
remove or attempt to remove any such plug.
(10) When a misfired shot is not found, or when a misfired shot is not relieved, the shot-firer shall, before
leaving the mine,-
(a) give information of the failure to such shot-firer or official as may relieve or take over charge from him;
(b) record, in a bound paged book kept for the purpose, a report on every misfire, whether suspected, and
whether the shot-hole is relieved or not relieved;
(c) sign the report and, to record in the said book the action taken for relieving the misfired shot-hole.
(11) The shot-firer of the next shift shall locate and blast the misfired hole, but if after a thorough
examination of the place, the place where the misfire was reported to have occurred he is satisfied that no
misfire has actually occurred, he may permit drilling in the place.
(12) In case of opencast mines, the owner, agent and manager of a mine shall draw up a plan which shall
instruct all shot-firers the detailed procedure to be followed in the event of a misfired shot.
205. Special precautions in stone drifts.– In stone drifts,-
(a) after shots have been fired, all loose rock shall be removed from the face, and the area lying within
a distance of 1.2 meters from the face shall be thoroughly cleaned or washed down with water and
carefully examined for presence of misfires or sockets, and without taking such precautions, the
next round of shots shall not be fired; and
(b) if any socket is found, it shall be dealt with in the manner provided in regulation 204.
206. Duties of shot-firer at the end of his shift.- Immediately after the end of his shift, the shot-firer-
(a) shall return all unused explosive to the magazine, or where a store or premises is provided under
regulation 184, to such store or premises;
(b) shall record, in a bound paged book kept for the purpose, the quantity or explosive taken, used and
returned, the places where shots were fired and the number of shots fired by him, and misfires, if
any, which shall be signed and dated by him.
207. General precautions regarding explosives.- (1) No person, whilst handling explosives or engaged or
assisting in the preparation of charges or in the charging of holes, shall smoke or carry or use a mobile
phone or light other than an enclosed light, electric torch or lamp.
(2) No person shall take any mobile phone or light other than an electric torch or an enclosed electric
lamp into any explosive magazine or store or premises.
(3) The owner, agent or manager shall take adequate steps to prevent pilferage of explosives during its
storage, transport and use in the mine.
(4) No person shall have explosives in his possession except as provided for in these regulations or
hide or keep explosives in a dwelling house.
(5) Any person finding any explosives in or about a mine shall deposit the same in the magazine or
store or premises and every such occurrence shall be reported to the manager in writing.
(6) Shot-firers and their helpers shall-
(a) not use battery operated watches, mobile phone, synthetic clothes and socks;
(b) use only conductive type of foot-wears; and
(c) in case of leather shoes or boots, the sole shall also be of leather and without hobnails.
¹Hkkx IIµ[k.M 3(i)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 271
(i) clearance and whether free from any obstruction;
(ii) the state of roof and sides;
(iii) ventilation; and
(iv) general safety
(7) The competent person making the examination under sub-regulation (6) shall record the results thereof
in a bound paged book kept for the purpose duly signed by the competent person and countersigned by the
manger.
225. Drilling operation.- In connection with methane exploration or extraction activities in a
belowground mine or part thereof, the conditions and other details for the conduct of drilling operation
shall be specified by the Chief Inspector, by a general or special order.
226. Production drilling and extraction of methane from boreholes.- (1) While drilling for exploration
or extraction of methane through boreholes, all precautions and arrangements shall be made to ensure that
no frictional or open spark occurs inside the borehole containing methane gas or likely to contain methane
which may cause explosion or blow out in the borehole.
(2) Before commencement of degasification from a hole, necessary arrangements shall be made to
control the release of the methane through the degasification hole.
(3) Arrangements shall be made and kept functional to ensure that there is no leakage of gas from the
borehole.
(4) Automatic gas and leakage detectors fitted with audio-visual alarm shall be provided at the collar
of the borehole to give warning in the event of any leakage of inflammable gas or any other noxious gas
from the borehole into the atmosphere.
(5) In addition to the automatic detector mentioned in sub-regulation (4), a competent person shall
check for the leakage of inflammable or noxious gases using hand-held gas detector at regular interval
during the shift and a record thereof shall be maintained in a bound-paged book kept for the purpose, duly
signed and dated by him and countersigned and dated by the assistant manager in-charge of the drilling
operations and the manager.
227. Ventilation plan for methane exploration or extraction belowground.- (1) A ventilation plan as
required under clause (d) of sub-regulation (1) of regulation 65 shall be maintained, showing in addition,
the position of each exploration and production borehole and gas transportation pipe lines.
(2) Ventilation planning of the mine shall be done in consultation with the scientific body of repute,
and quantity as well as quality of air reaching in each split and gallery through which gas transportation
pipe line passes, shall be fixed.
(3) Air measurement stations shall be fixed at each split through which gas transportation pipe line
passes in belowground working and air measurement at all such stations shall be taken in each shift and the
record thereof maintained in a bound paged book kept for the purpose, duly signed by the ventilation
officer and Assistant manager in-charge of the methane exploration or extraction operations and counter
signed and dated by the manager of the mine.
(4) Whenever the normal ventilation of the mine is disturbed, all methane exploration or extraction
activities shall be stopped forthwith and work shall not be resumed till the normal ventilation of the mine is
restored.
(5) A coal barrier of not less than 150 meter in thickness shall be maintained in the same seam from
old boreholes and present working of the mine from where exploration or extraction of methane is in
progress.
(6) The ventilation plan and section required to be kept maintained under sub-regulation (1) shall be
kept updated at specified intervals and shall be signed by the ventilation officer and assistant manager-in-
charge of methane exploration or extraction operations, and countersigned and dated by the manager.
228. Water and gas separation.- Water separation and removal equipment shall be installed at each
degasification hole, at lower points in the main gas pipe line.
 ffi
trdp
' firGT ESfi'It / Government of India
,rq qd ftrfi d'arfiq / Ministry of Labour & Employment
,{em
i' . YcAns oF utd gTIHT rerfrilnrq/Directorate General of Mines Safety
ifib'sffil+f^

No. DGMS (Tech) circular No. O 6 of 2020 Dhanbad dated 2"7 .02.2020

To

The Owner/Agent/Manager of Coal and Metalliferous Mines & OEM

Subject: Minimum Design requirements for various Safety Features to be

incdrporated for use in Heavy Eafth Moving Machinery (HEMM) & Heavy/Light
vehicles in Open Cast Mines.

1. With increasing dependence on opencast mines for all the production demands in the
Coal and Metalliferous sector, there has been a steep rise in the population of HEMMs and
heavy/light vehicles in mines, distributed between both departmental and contractual
corponents. The recent statistics on alarming rise in cases of incidences/accidents in
opencast mines singularly point to the basic cause as intricately connected to such
deployment in mines. Though, several statutory provisions have already been made under
the Coal Mines Regulation s, ZOtl and the Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961, and
various statutory permissions issued thereunder apart from DGMS Circulars having been
issued from time to time, the issue of their safe operations with pafticular reference to
provisioning and satisfactory operation of various safety features, continues to be a major
cause of concern to all.

2. Inspections by officers of this Directorate in the recent past have revealed highly
unacceptable levels of compliance in nrines, with mere provisioning of such safety
features gaining the upper hand rather than effective and sustained functionality. Even on
provisioning, it-has been observed that there are wide variations on design aspects, with
availability of multiple but unverified types/models, mostly without adherence to any
acceptable Indian/International standards wherever are available already. In nut shell, the
very purpose of provisioning and effective functioning of such safety features with HEMMs
deployed in opencast minei, appears to be largely defeated as could be appreciated by
the alarming rising trends of connected incidences/accidents;

3. Therefore, with a view to harmonizing the entire gamut of safety features to be

provided with any HEMM and heavy/tight vehicles for deployment in an opencast mine, in
iespect of the minimum required design/functionality, a one day technical workshop was
organized at DGMS(HQ) on the occasion of the 119th Foundation Day Celebrations on the
7ttrof .January,2020 inwhich, a total of 260 senior level representatives from coal mines,
metalliferous mines, manufacturers and educational/other institutions respectively,
pafticipated, including officers from this Directorate.

4. Arising out of wide, extensive and successful deliberations, a broad

consensus was arrived at amongst all stake holders into maintaining the
minimum design requirements of such safety features as per the Guidelines
enclosed with this Circular. It may please be borne in mind that the enclosed
guidelines are only the minimum recommended levels and may be altered from
!i-_" to time as per evolving needs and that there is no bar on adherence to any
higher/superior levels of design and functionality in the interest of safety, It
also fufther be appreciated that adherence to this circular will go a long way in
drastically minimizing hazards due to operation of both HEMM and light/heavy
vehicles in opencast mines, thus commensurately enhancing safety in mines.

5. Accordingly, the owner/agent/manager of every opencast mine in operation and the

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) are requested to ensure compliance with this
circular4
I

%,,w
(R. Subramanian)
Director General of Mines Safety (Off.)

Encl: As above.
 Enclosure to DGMS (Tech) Circular No. of 2020

GUIDELINES IN RESPECT OF PROVISIONING OF SAFETY FEATURES OF HEMMS &

HEAVY/LrGHT VEHTCLES FOR SAFE DEPLOYMENT rN OPENCAST MTNES.
************x********************x*********x************************
1.0. Rear Vision Camera:
of Blind Area), Camera
A system that consists of a Monitor (component that provides visual image
(component that transmits the images detected by it to the monitor) and other components
iapable of detecting objects including people within the Blind area unambiguously with an
uninterrupted sequence or signal or information appropriate to detection Zone I
Field of View
(Blind Area).

Applicability: All Heavy Earth Moving Machinery

1.1. The Rear vision camera shall meet the following minimum requirements and
standards:

/
1.1.1. The system shall boot automatically along with starting of Engine Power source of
Machine, shail perform an initial system check and shall give readiness indication. The system shall
/
shutdown along with shutting down of Engine Power source. The system shall have system
readiness, standby and system malfunction indication to indicate its status.

1.1.2. The system shall remain in stand-by mode (operation mode whereby the system is.active,
but no information is transmitted by the camera Or monitor) and shall wake up automatically upon
selection/engagement of appropriate control(s) (such as reverse gear, etc) by Machine Operator
for negotiating etinA Area'(Killing Zone) to provide uninterrupted vision of Blind Area(s) to the
operat-or. The-system shall ieturn to Stand-by mode upon release the appropriate controls by the
operatof.

1.1.2. The monitor shall be so positioned that it can easily be seen by the Operator sitting in
his/her seat in either Day light or Darkness without strain. Appropriate shielding shall be used to
reduce the effect of direct sunlight onto the Monitor.

1.1.3. The system shall be provided with auto mode tail light with adequate illumination for better
visibility during darkness, The system shall be capable of operating in dark and shall automatically
switch to infrared / any other suitable technique /mode when the brightness of field of view is too
low or in case of failure of the tail light.

1.1.4. Components of the system shall in no way restrict any function or operation of the machine.
The components shall be so designed and mounted to the machine in such a way to limit
exposure to, or amplification of, dynamic loads, temperature, shock or vibration and dust that
could prematurely damage the device and to deter unauthorized disablement or their removal.
Components of system shall be adequately protected from external damage.

1.1.5. The system shall have field of vision in accordance with ISO 16001 (Earth-moving
machinery-Object detection systems and visibility aids-Performance requirements and tests) (or
equivalent Indian standard when formed), shall satisfy test requirements of ISO 16001 and shall
have Ingress protection of Ip 69K in accordance with IEC 60529 (Degrees of Protection Provided
by Enclosures (IP Code)) and test Certificates to these effects shall be obtained from any
Government / NABL Accredited institutionsffest Houses having adequale test facilities.
I
*%t'l--
0J.
 captured with time
1.1.6. The System may be provided with provisions for recording the images
stamp to enable easy retrieval and analysis of the immediate past 24 deployment operating hours'

2.0. Warninq System for Operator Fatique:

A system capable of analyzing various symptoms associated with Operator fatigue to detect
loud audio and
drowsiness of Operator from iegular driving'/ operating behaviour and sound
and others in the
visual warnings immediately upon detection of drowsiness to aleft the Operator
vicinity by incorporating one or more technique(s)'

Applicability: All Heavy Earth Moving Machinery

2.1. The Warning System for Operator Fatigue shall meet the following minimum
requirements and standards:

2.2.1. The system shall boot automatically along with starting of Engine /
Power source of
The system shall
Machine, shali perform an initial system check and itratt give readiness indication.
shall be provided with
shutdown along with shutting down of Engine / Power source. The system
its status'
system.'ON,,, iiitialization, trlcking and system malfunction indication to indicate
behavior and
2.2. Z.The system shall detect state of drowsiness of Operator from regular driving
/
shall provide loud verbal warnings to him her and simultaneously flash externally
the
mounted
vicinity to pay
warning light easily visible to oth-ers for alerting the Operator and others in
is worn by the
attention. It shall also be capable of detecting thl drowsiness even when spectacle
Operator.

2.2.3. The system shall have following four stages:

(a) Initialization - Every time the ryr-t.* is started, it needs to be.set up and optimized
a quick one,
for current user (Operatoi) and conditions. The initialization process shall be
(b) Tracking - continuous monitoring of the Operator within a dynamically specified
tracking area in real-time,
(c) Drowsiness Detection and
the driver/operator appears to be in an
iOi Warning - Once it has been determined that that can arise'
abnormal Oriiing state, the system shall alert the driver of potential dangers
attention and raise
Combination of audio and visual alerts is used to attract the operator's
their alertness level. Alerting has to be implemented in such a way as not to
cause the
an accident'
opposite effect of intended and startle the driver / operator into causing
sight hindering his /
2.2.4. Components of the system shall in no way obstruct Operator's line of
shall be so
her visibility and restrict any function or operation of the machine. The components
designed and mounted to the machine in such a way to limit exposure
to, or amplification of,
prematurely damage the
dynamic loads, temperature, shock or vibration and dust that could
device and to deter unauthorized disablement or their removal.
generated with time
Z.Z.s.The System may be provided with provisions for recording the warning
past 96 deployment operating hours'
stamp to enable easy ietrieval and analysis of the immediate
of external
2.2.6. For determining type, duration and sound level of audio warning and intensity
standards issued in this regard may be
Visual warning, DGMS Circulars, Indian and International
referred to.
3.0. Auto Diopinq System:

Applicability: Dumpers /Tippers / Light and Heavy Vehicles plying in the Mine.

A System comprising sensor(s) and a Control Unit capable of automatically switching high beam
lamp to low beam as soon as it senses a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction at a
distance of about 150 meters and switches it back to high beam when the vehicles pass each
other to avoid glare and blinding of Operator so as to relieve the operator from frequent switching
between high and low beam of head light.

3.1. The Auto Dipping System shall meet the following minimum requirements and
standards:

3,1.1. The system shall boot automatically along with switching "ON" of head light of the
vehicle/machine, shall perform an initial system check and shall give readiness indication. The
system shall shutdown along with switching "OFF" of the head light. The system shall be provided
with system "ON" and system malfunction indication to indicate its status.

3.L.2. System sensor shall be capable detecting high beam light of incoming vehicle
of
approaching from opposite direction at a distance of about 150 meters or at much closer proximity
in case of vehicles approaching from branch roads and send signal to Control unit. Suitable filters
shall be incorporated in the system to avoid nuisance/false reaction to Pole lights, spot lights and
haul road general lightings. The sensor shall send appropriate signal immediately to control unit
upon cessation of high beam light falling on it.

3.1.3. System control unit shall automatically activate Low beam or high beam upon receipt of
appropriate signal from the sensor without the intervention of the Operator.

3.1.4. Components of the system shall in no way obstruct Operator's line of sight hindering his /
her visibility. The system shall be equipped with Operator Override to comply with authorized
override to meet eventualities.

3.1.5. Test Certiflcates to these effects shall be obtained from any Government / NABL Accredited
institutionsflest Houses having adequate test facilities.

4.0. Mechanical Device to avoid Head to Tail Collision of Dumpers:

A mechanical system / device(s) adequately designed to protect operator of Dumper in the event
of Head to Tail collision even in mixed capacity dumpers operating environment. The device(s) /
system shall be of standalone mechanical structure or combination of mechanical structures
wherein maximum impact energy generated by collision is absorbed by the device / system or
diverted away from the operator to protect the operator when the operator is adequately
constrained in his / her seat by seat bel|-

Applicability: Dumpers AA
fl"\*
5
4.1. The Mechanical Device to avoid Head to Tail Collision of Dumpers shall meet the
following minimum requirements and standards:

The system / device(s) shall be of standalone Mechanical structure or combination of Mechanical

structures, viz, combination of Operator cabin protective structure and protection arrangement at
Tail end of the Dumper or bumper extension or any other suitable arrangements. Hydraulic system
or any other suitable system may be included as add-on. As far as possible, in new Dumpers, the
Device(s) / System strail be part of original design of the Dumpers to avoid retro fitting difficulties.

4.L.t.The system / device(s) shall protect the Dumper Operator during head to tail collision when
the operatoi is constrained by operator seat belt even in mixed capacity dumper operating
environment.

4.L.2. Components of the system / device(s) shall not affect visibility of Operator, stability of the
Durnper and intended use for which the Dumper is designed.

4.1.3. The system / device(s) shall absorb most of impact energy generated by collision or divert
most of the'impact energy'away from the Operator so as to ensure protection from direct hit or
crushing of Operator

4.L.4. Components of the system / device(s) shall not hinder with loading operation or foul with
components of Loader / Shovel / Excavators.

5.0. Automatic Fire Detection and Suppression System (AFDSS) for HEMM:

An automatic system to detect and suppress fire in hot zones of machine and is capable of
sensing, activating and delivering the fire suppressi.on agent(s) without human interuention in the
event of Rre with additional provision for manual actuation and appropriate indication and warning
to Operator by incorporating one or more kinds of heat sensing system and suitable fire
suppressant agents.

Applicability: All Heavy Earth Moving Machinery

5.1. The Automatic Fire Detection and Suppression System (AFDSS) shall meet the
following minimum requirements and standardsl

5.1.1The system shall meet requirements of DGMS (Approvat) Circular No. 2 dated 08.07.2013. In
addition, it shall meet following additional requirements:

5.1.2. The system shall have system healthy and system malfunction indication to indicate its
status. The system shalt be provided with Manual actuation control(s) inside Operator cabin and t
outside of operator cabin preferably away from hot zones. Components of the system shall in no
way obstruct Operator's line of sight hindering his / her visibility.

5.1.3. The system shall cover all fire susceptible areas including engine, diesel tan( battery box,
transmission, exhaust pipe and other hot zones having potential to cause fire.

S.t. .The system shall be fully automatic, robust and shall not be damaged / made inoperative
during routine maintenance activities. Components of system, in particular, sensing elements, shall
be aiequately protected from external damage. Nuisance heat sensing shall be avoided by the
system.
 adequate quantity
5.i.5. The system, as far as practical, shall be designed in such a way to supply
suppressed on need
of fire suppressing agent to the zone where the fire is detected and to be
of fire instead of blind discharge through all
basis for effective nre"Rgtrting and to avoid re-ignition
discharge nozzles,

A system or a device capable of sensing non-return of dump body to completely

retracted &
engaged, up to
transportation mode, restricting transmis$on of Dumpers / Tipper trucks,.when
an audible
first gear while the drrp body is not completely lowered and simultaneously triggering
and/6r visual warning tili such time the dump body is completely lowered'

Applicability: Dumpers / Tipper trucks

6.1. The Dump Body raised position indicator with warning shall meet the
following
minimum requirements and standards:

6.1.1, The system shall trigger visual warning sooner Dump body is raised
from its retracted cum
body is not completely
transport mode. The warning shall remain "ON" till such the time the Dump
indicator to show that the dump
retracted/lowered. The syst6m may have additional mechanical
body is not in fully retracted position. The visual warning shall be so located as to be readily visible
and recognizable in the daylight and distinguishable from other alerts at night time
by the
shall be integral
operator when seated in operalor seat. As fai as possible, the warning indicator
part of Operator console / Display Panel.

6.l.Z.The system shall sound Audio warning in addition to Visual Warning when Dumper / Truck
is attempted to move from its stationary p-osition with dump body not in completelygear
retracted
position. The system shall not allow engagement of transmission system beyond first when
the dump body is in raised position.

6,1.3. Sensors of the system shall have Ingress Protection of IP 68 in accordance

with IEC 60529
and test Certificates to this effect shall be obtained from any Government NABL / Accredited
institutionsfl-est Houses having adequate test facilities'

7. 0. Exhaust Brake:

ApplicabiliW: Dumpers / Tipper trucks / Heavy Vehicles'

l.L. The Exhaust Brake shall meet the following minimum requirements and
standards:

7.L.2. The brake shall be an Auxiliary Braking System and shall be compliment but
not a

replacement to service Brake.

shall be
7.L.3. Control forces of the braking system controls and other brake testing requirement
inli.oiounce with ts L647g (peiormance requirements and test procedures of braking systems
for wheeled high-speed rubber-tracked Earth Moving Machines and construction equipment
vehictes) stipulaled for Retarder. For Heavy vehicles, it shall be in accordance
with relevant
Automotive Industry StanOarl (ruS).

ir\4*
7.1.4. The Brake control shall be provided in the Operator's cabin within the Zone of Reach and
distinctly marked.

8. 0. Load Indicators:

An automatic Load sensing, measuring and data logging system to monitor load, to sound warning
when loaded beyond its designed safe carrying load and to record the payload during machine
operation. The system shall have signaling provision on both sides of the Dumpers / Tlpper trucks
to indicate the loading status along with indication to the Operator.

Applicabilitv: Dumpers / Tipper trucks

8.1. The Load Indicators for Dumpers and Tippers shall meet the following minimum
requirements and standards:

8.1.1. The system shall comprise of onboard automatically load sensing/measuring device,
indicating arrangement and warning system.

8.1.2. The system shall have exterior load indicating device(s) (in the form of different light
indicators) so that the loader Operator is aware of under load, safe load and Over Loading of the
Dumpers / Tippers. The indication shall also be extended to Dumper / Tipper Operator and the
indication shall be suitably placed in Operator cabin as easily seen by the Operator without strain
and without affecting his outside visibility, The Exterior load indicator shall be provided on both
sides of Dumper / Tipper.

8.1.3. The system shall sound Audio warning when safe carrying capacity of Dumper / Tipper is
reached. The Warning shall be continuous when the Dumper/truck is overloaded. The system shall
not have manual override.

8.1.4. The system shall have Ingress Protection of IP 68 in accordance with IEC 60529 and test
Certificates to this effect shall be obtained any Government / NABL Accredited institutions/Test
Houses having adequate test facilities.

8.1.5, Light intensity of the Indicator shall be as per the requirements of AVA stipulated by DGMS,
Intensity of Audio Warning shall be as per the requirements of AVA stipulated by DGMS.

8.1.6. The System may be provided with provisions for recording the warning generated with time
stamp to enable easy retrieval and analysis of the immediate past 96 deployment operating hours.

9.0. Dump Bodv Stabilizers for Tippers:

The Dump Body Stabilizers for Tippers shall meet the following minimum requirements
and standards:

Adequate and suitable mechanical arrangement(s) in the form of stabiliser to prevent toppling of
Tipper / separation of dump body of the Tipper from lift cylinder(s) during dumping operation of
the Tipper shall be provided in all Tippers. As far as possible, the dump body shall be designed
during design phase of Tippers.
10.0. Seat belt and Seat Belt Reminder:

Applicability: Dumpers / Tipper trucks / Light and Heavy Vehicles.

lo.l. The Seat belt and Seat Belt Reminder shall meet the following minimum
requirements and standards:

10.1.1. Seat Belt

(a) Seat Belt shall be an arrangement of strap(s), 3 point contact type with a securing buckle with
quick release, adjusting devices and attachments which are capable of being anchored in
Operator's cabin of HEMM.

(b) Seat Belt shall be designed to minimize the risk of injury to its wearer (Operator), in the event
of-collision or of abrupt deceleration of the vehicle, by limiting the mobility of the wearer's body. It
shall be capable of returning to normal operating position sooner the condition(s) causing the risk
is/are diminished and shall not hinder normal operations of the Operator.

(c) A cutting arrangement shall be provided in Operator cabin at a place which is easily
ipproachabte ny tne operator/person for cutting the strap in case of jamming of securing buckle
during escape / rescue operations in case of any eventualities.

10.1.2, Seat Belt Reminder sYstem

(a) The system shall detect an unfastened safety-belt and initiate two stages of both Visual and
Audible alerts, namely, First Level Warning and Second Level Warning.

(b) The visual warning shall be so located as to be readily visible and recognizable in the daylight
and distinguishable from other alerts at night time by the Operator when seated in Operator Seat.
As far as fossible, the warning indicator shall be integral part of Operator console / Display Panel.
The Visual Warning shall be flashing tell-tale.

Note 1: "First Level Warning" means a visual warning activated when the ignition switch is
engaged (engine running or not) and the Operator's safety-belt is not fastened. An audible
warning can be added as an option.

Note 2: "second Level Warning" means a visual and audible warning activated when a Operator
operates a vehicle without fastening of Operator safety-belt.

Note 3: Reference for Test requirements: AIS 145 (for appropriate N type vehicle) or any other
acceptable i nternational a utomotive sta nda rds

11. O. No Bump Circuit for Drills:

The No Bump Circuit shall meet the following minimum requirements and standards:

A system capable of automatically bringing down and maintaining speed of vertical travel and
rotary motion of rotary mechanism automatically to predetermined safe level(s) during drill rod
connection between rotary and drill rod and between drill rods irrespective of speed selection by
Operator of Drill machine. The No Bump Circuit shall provide for such speed(s) during the above
mentioned connections so as to damage to threads of pipe(s) and rotary heads'
Toid
AI
"&>
"' lnd,
",GPt' e
12. O. Breakout Wrench for Drills:

The Breakout Wrench shall meet the following minimum requirements and standards:

12.1. The wrench shall be of adequate design and construction and shall be capable of breaking
out tighly threaded Drill Rod Connections safely and operated from Operator cabin of the Drill.
Break oui wrench shall be mounted in the machine and is in addition to normal arrangement
provided to break out threaded drill rod connections. For smaller diameter Drill pipes and
machines intended for drilling holes for secondary blasting, a portable Break out wrench
arrangement may be used.

lZ.2.The wrench shall have provision to automatically adjust its jaws to diameter of Drill rod to
compensate for any drill pipe wear and shall be provided with mechanical locking arrangement to
secure the wrench at its resting position. The wrench shall be so installed as not to affect
Operator's visibility to Drill Rods / Drill Platform.

12.3. Adequate safeguard shall be provided to prevent accidental / inadvertent actuation of

controls in Operator's Cabin,

13. propel iovstick-sprino loaded Woe to return to neutral (Dead-man safeW) for
Drills:

The propel joystick-spring loaded type to return to neutral (Dead man safety) shall
meet the following minimum requirements and standards:

It shall be capable of returning to deactivated (Neutral) position automatically upon release of

lever by Operator and shall immediately bring propel / tramming operation of the Machine to Halt
and safe state.

14.0. ProximiW Warninq Device:

A system designed for early detection of static and moving objects, vehicles, .hymln beings
encountered wittrin virtual target area during movement of Dumper / Tipper and for triggering
warning the operator to prevent collision orlun over. The system shall comprise sensors which
may employ one or more or combination of technology I methodology (for detection of objects,
vehicles, and lluman beings), control unit(s) (for receiving input from senso(s), processing it and
forwarding necessary input to Warning Unit) and warning unit to trigger Audio visual warning to
the operjtor. The system shall have lariable target area during fonruard movement depending
upon speed of the Dumper / Tipper and predetermined target area during rearward movement.

Applicabitity: Dumpers / Tipper trucks

14,1. The Proximity Warning Device shalt meet the fotlowing minimum requirements
and standards:

14.1.1. Proximity warning device / system shall be provided for detecting static and moving
objects including human beings on its own during the vehicle movement for a specified range, and
warn the operator in the operator's station.

At least one object detection sensor, accessible and not interfering with the Dumper's /
L4.L.Z.
Trucks operation shall be provided both in the front and at rear of the Dumper / Truck at suitable
locations, The system shall be ergonomically designed and mounted for operator and maintenance
personnel.

14.1.3. The system shall be reliable and be able to provide an adjustable audio visual warning
when it detects static and moving objects including human beings, least height light motor vehicle
used in the mine, etc., within the virtual target area of respective Dumper/Truck.

t4.L.4. The sensor shall detect static and moving objects in a virtual target area as defined below.
The manufacturer shall ensure maximum possible detection coverage in the viftual target area
depending on the available fitment area and proximity detection technology defined as below:

14.1.5. Virtual Target Area in Front of Dumper/Truck:

(a) Width of the virtual target area shall be equal to the width of the Dumper/Truck plus 0.5m on
both sides,

(b) The inner edges (base line) that represent the width of the virtual target area shall pass
through the inner edge of bumper of Dumper/Truck. The centerline of the virtual target area and
the Dumper/Truck centerline shall coincide.

(c) Length of the virtual target area shall conform to maximum stopping distance as mentioned in
the IS: L6479 (Performance requirements and test procedures of braking systems for wheeled
high-speed rubber-tracked Earth Moving Machines and constructlon equipment vehicles) and the
length of virtual target area shall be calculated by the Control Unit of the system dynamically and
automatically with relation to vehicle's speed at any given point of time while covering the blind
spot distance observed within the width of virtual target area when the Dumper / Tipper was in
static pre-start (ignition - on) condition. While calculating stopping distance in accordance with IS
16479, the test slope percentage may be taken as 6.25 o/o (i.e. 1 in 16, which is maximum
permissible slope of haul road under normal operating conditions). Fufther, Brake response time
and operator response time shall also be considered while calculating the stopping distance.

L4.t.6. Viftual Target Area in Rear of Dumper/Truck:

(a) Width of the virtual target area shall be equal to the width of the Dumper/Truck plus 0.5 m on
both sides.

(b) Length of the virLual target area shall be more than or equal to the length of the
Dumper/Truck.

(c) The inner edges (base line) that represent the width of the virtual target area shall pass
through the centerline of the rear axle of the Dumper/Truck.

(d) The centerline of the virtual target area and the Dumper's/Truck's centerline shall coincide.

14.1.7. The system shall not detect any obstacles beyond the width of the virtual target area and
its detection area shall be restricted along the vehicle's pathway for minimizing false alarm. The
system shall have intelligent alert generating mechanisms like indication of obstacle in the
vehicle's pathway, whether left, right or center and triggering audio alefts after detection of
obstacles of auto-cut off type, to avoid operator inconvenience/distraction. The System shall be
provided with provisions for recording of details of warning generated with time stamp with

1.1.
 .l

location details (if feasible) to enable easy retrieval and analysis of the immediate past 96
deployment operating hours.

14.1.g. The system shall be tested at any Government approved laboratories

or Test houses
conforming to
accredited by NABL subject to confirmation of its ability to conduct such tests
part of Manufacturer's
following Standards (or ifs revised versions) and the test house shall not be
testing facility.

(a)IEC 61000-4-5:20L4 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Testing and measurement

techniques - Surge immunitY test.

(b) IEC 61000-4-6: 2013 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Test]ng and measurement
techniques-ImmunitytoconducteJdisturbanceS,inducedbyradiofrequenryflelds.

(c) JSS 55555:2000(Rev-2) - Sinusoidal Vibration Test, Frequency: 8 to 500 Hz, Acceleration: i

4Omlsz, Duration 2 hrs in each axis.

(d) IS-9000: part-V/Sec 1 - 1981 Reaffirmed 2OO7 - Damp Heat Test (at 40o C & 95olo RH for
16 Hrs).

(e) IS-9000: Part-II/Se c 3 - L977 reaffirmed 2oo4 - cold Test (-10"c).

(0 IS-9000: Part-IIVSec 3 - 7977 reaffffmed 2004 - Dry Heat Test (+70oc).

(g) IS-9000: Part-XN/S ec 2 - 1998- Rapid Temperature cycle Test.

(h) Ingress Protection Test, IP-66 required;

Technology
14.1.9. Rules/guide lines framed by Ministry of Communications and Information
(Wireless elanning and Co-ordination Wing), wherever applicable, shall be complied. The
iechnology teclinologies of the system shall also comply with other_ applicable statutory
/
guidelin;iramed under various Rules /Regulations / Acts by Government of India.
I
nl
?a"4@
(R, Subramainian)
Director General of Mines Safety (Off.)

12
AIM:- Determination of Wet Oxidation Potential of Coal Samples .
Apparatus Requred :
Wet Oxidation Potential analysis apparatus
Digital Balance
Stop Watch
Objective: Related to Study of the Susceptibility of Coal for Spontaneous
Combustion
Wet oxidation potential of coal :

The coal molecule may be considered as consisting of two parts: the

aliphatic or hydroaromatic structure that are more prone to oxidation
and condensed aromatic structure, which are resistant to oxidation.
Presence of hydroxyl group in the aromatic structure part gives a very
high degree of reactivity to coal structure and they get oxidized
faster. Thus, low rank coals are rather easily oxidized due to the
above and also due to smaller degree of condensation of aromatic
structures in them. Lower rank coals on oxidation produce large
amounts of aliphatic acids compared to higher rank coals, because
low rank coals contain more branched aliphatic hydro-carbons. Since
the high rank coals have structure close to that of graphite, it is less
liable to oxidation and the products contain more aromatics than
aliphatics.

Principle of Wet oxidation :

In wet oxidation process strongly alkaline solution of potassium

permanganate (KMnO4) is taken. The permanganate ion undergoes
one electron reduction to manganate ion. The standard electrode
potential of this redox couple (E0) is 0.56V. The electrode potential
(E) is related to the concentrations of manganate and permanganate
ions present in the solution. When coal is added to alkaline
 permanganate, oxidation takes place and the concentration of
manganate ion in solution increases relative to permanganate and
there will be resultant change in the potential till all the oxidation
possible in coal molecule is complete. Therefore, addition of coal to
alkaline permanganate solution results in a change of potential of
carbon electrode dipped in the solution. The electrode can be
represented as carbon/ MnO 2 , MnO 22 .

Experimental Procedure:

The beaker along with the electrodes is placed over a magnetic stirrer such that a
homogeneous mixture of coal and alkali solution is maintained. The
Teflon coated fish of the magnetic stirrer is placed inside the beaker.
0.5 g of coal sample of –212 micron size was mixed with 100 ml of
decinormal solution of potassium permanganate(KMnO 4) in 1N
potassium hydroxide(KOH) solution in a beaker and the coal sample
was subjected to wet oxidation process. The coal-oxidant suspension
was continuously stirred using the magnetic stirrer. The potential
difference (EMF) was recorded between the calomel and carbon
electrodes over a period of time by using a milli voltmeter till the
potential difference attained a nearly constant value. The graphs
between Time vs. EMF (milli volt) for all the samples are plotted.
Different samples require different time duration for attaining a
nearly constant potential difference (E). Therefore, the duration of
experiment in each case is different. In order to compare the
oxidation rate of different samples a constant time frame is chosen
based on the analysis of the plot
Observation Table:

Time in Potential Difference Time in Potential Difference

minutes (EMF) in Milli volt minutes (EMF) in Milli volt
0 383.8 16 237.2
1 341.4 17 236.2
2 310.0 18 235.3
3 287.3 19 234.5
4 274.4 20 233.7
5 263.1 21 232.9
6 257.1 22 232.2
7 252.9 23 231.6
8 249.8 24 231.0
9 247.3 25 230.4
10 245.3 26 229.8
11 243.6 27 229.3
12 242.1 28 228.8
13 240.7 29 228.4
14 239.4 30 228.0
15 238.2

Conclusion : Comparing the graph of number of coal samples, the time taken for
attaining the constant potential is considered. The coal sample which has the least
time is highly prone to spontaneous heating and accordingly the other coal
samples with time constants.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study the working principle of Smoke Detector and
Wireless Alarm Control Panel

Smoke detector: These are automatic smoke (indirectly fire) detectors with integral audible
signal for open area protection designed to sense smoke (not gas, heat or flame) and fitted with
power code type UHF transmitter.
The smoke detector provides early warning of developing fire by sounding an alarm with its built
in alarm horn and by transmitting a coded alarm signal to a compatible wireless alarm control
panel.

Principle of work: Principle of work of smoke detector is based on Ionization. The vital
ingredient of house hold smoke detector is a very small quantity radioactive mineral, i.e. Am-241
as americium dioxide (AmO2) which is placed between two electrically charged plates
(electrodes). Both plates are connected with a battery, which applies voltage to the plates.
Consequently, one plate is charged positively (+) and the other one negatively (-). The Am-241
emits alpha particles and low energy gamma rays. The alpha particles emitted by the Am-241
collide with the oxygen and nitrogen in air in the detector’s ionization chamber to produce
charged particles (ions). The positively-charged ions are attracted to the negative plate whereas
the negatively-charged ions are attracted to the positive plate, thus creating the flow of a small,
continuous electric current.

When smoke enters the space between the electrodes, the smoke particle attached to the charged
ions neutralizes them consequently; the total number of ionized particles in the chamber is
reduced. This reduction yields a decrease in the chamber current that is sensed by the electronic
circuitry. The drop of current between the plates triggers an alarm. An externally visible red LED
lights up, its buzzer sounds and sends signal to the control panel.

Specifications:

Model: MCT-425 (Visonic,Israel)

Alarm sound level: 85 dB at 3mts.
Operating Frequency: 433.92 MHz.
Transmitter Indicator: Yellow LED lights up on transmission
Alert Report: Every 20 sec for first 3minutes
Every 3 minutes for next 27 minutes
Alarm stops reporting after 30 minutes

Definition of LED :

A. When the red LED blinks every 30 sec this means power is on i.e. the detector is in energized
state
B. When the red LED flashes and Buzzer beeps intermittently, this means there is a
Potential hazard.(smoke/fire)
C. When the red LED flashes together with Buzzer beeps every 30 seconds ,this this means
battery power is low.
D. The yellow light turns on each time a RF signal is transmitted to the control panel.
Electrical Data : 9 volt alkaline flat battery is used for power supply.
Operating voltage: 7.2-9 V

Audible Visual low battery warning: Built in horn beeps every 30 seconds simultaneously with
Red LED flashing up to 30 days until voltage drops.

Cover Range: 50 cubic meters

Battery supervision: Automatic transmission of battery status as part of any transmitted data.

Operating Temperature: 0 0Cto 50 0C

Relative Humidity: 10% to 85 %

Weight: 272 g (including battery)

Battery connection and the Initial Test: The smoke detector battery cover is fitted with a red
button that prevents the detector from locking into the bracket if there is no battery inside.

Function Test: Press the test button (Red button) until the built in horn sounds. Verify that the
transmitted signal has been received at the control panel and the control panel responds
accordingly by activating the fire alarm siren or any other warning device.

Where to install Smoke Detectors: Smoke Detectors should be installed in accordance with the
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (BIS) 2008.
For complete coverage in residential units, smoke detectors should be installed in all rooms,
halls, storage areas, basements etc. Minimum coverage of one detector on each floor and one in
each sleeping area.

Where not to install Smoke Detectors: Do not install smoke detectors in or near areas where
combustion particles are present like kitchen with few windows or poor ventilation, garages
where there may be vehicle exhaust, near furnaces, space heaters and hot water heaters.

Wireless Alarm Control Panel: (Model-Power max+):

It is a Wireless alarm control system that provides protection against burglary, Fire and
tampering. It can be used to control lights and electrical Appliances within the house Holds or to
monitor the activity of disabled or elderly people left at home. Status information is presented
visually and verbally and in most cases a recorded voice prompts the concern to take correct
action.
Power max+ is governed by a control panel, designed to collect data from various sensors that
are strategically located within and along the perimeter of the protected site. The control panel is
a cabinet that incorporates the electronic circuitry and microprocessor that control the alarm
system. The control panel collects information from sensors, processes it & responds in various
ways. It also includes the user-interface-control key, numerical key pad, display, sounder and
loud speaker.
Power max+ uses the power of Lithium Battery through AC main supply for its functions.
Luminous Indicator Signals:

LED Behavior Significance

ARM Lights Steadily The system is in the armed state (AWAY MODE)
Flashes The system is in the armed state (HOME MODE)
No Light The system is presently in the disarmed
TROUBLE Lights Steadily A state of trouble is presently being detected
No Light No trouble at all
CHIME Lights Steadily The chime function is active-chime zones will chime when
distributed
No Light The chime function is inactive-chime zones will not chime when
distributed
POWER Lights Steadily AC power is supplied to control panel
No Light The system is operating on backup battery power

Control Push Buttons:

NEXT: Advancement from item to item within a given menu

SHOW/OK: Review status messages one by one and also select a displayed option.
With the keypad uncovered the special function key are visible. The tasks of these key are
mentioned against these keys.

System Features: The Power max+ offers a large number of unique features.

Zone: A zone is an area within the protected site under supervision of a specified detector. The
Power max+ panel can accommodate 30 zones. During programming, the installer allows the
control panel to learn the detectors identity code and links it to the desired zone. Since the zone
is distinguished by number and name, the control panel can report the zone status to the user and
register in its memory all the events reported.

Liquid crystal display(LCD): Plain language status information and prompts are displayed on
the front panel in large & clear letter.
Real time clock: The present time is visible on the right side of the display.

Various reporting destination: Events are reported automatically to central monitoring

systems, private telephones of your choice.

Spoken announcement and instructions: Pre recorded verbal messages are heard over the
built- in loud speaker.

Battery supervision: The Power max+ displays a low battery message whenever a battery in a
wireless device is found to be near the end of its useful life.

Alarm: There are two kinds of Alarms.

Loud alarm : Loud internal and external sirens blare out constantly and the control panel reports
the event by telephone.

Silent alarm : The siren remains silent, but the control panel reports the event over telephone.

How to React after receiving Fire alarm call with voice message in your phone:
 Receive the call as the normal call. Now you will heard the Fire alarm recorded voice
over your phone, then press “6 “.Now it connects your phone to the control panel for
two way communication. Then you can talk and direct to the person near-by the control
panel what to do. The actions may be to take corrective action against cause of
 alarm/ to press the off button on the control panel to silent the alarm. The radius of
activation is 5 mts., within which a person near the panel can communicate.
 To end the call Press “2” or use the call end button.

A state of alarm is caused by:

1. Detection of smoke by a smoke detector
2. Tampering with anyone of the detector
3. Pressing the two emergency buttons simultaneously (Panic), immediately there will
be a verbal message and then the message as recorded will be sent to concerned
telephone number that has been set by the user.
4. For Testing press fire button for 2 sec. There will be verbal message on the control
panel & subsequently alarm sounds and the verbal message will be sent to the 1st
telephone number that has been set by the user as a call. The verbal message is the
recorded voice on the control panel. The message is transmitted to the 1 st responder as
many time within 45 sec. If 1st one fails to receive then it is transmitted to the 2nd
responder and likewise.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of MSA Type Self Rescuer
(Model: IW-65).
Utility: The Self Rescuer Respirator provides emergency respiratory protection against carbon
monoxide gas resulting from underground fires or explosions. It is used to escape from a
poisonous atmosphere containing mainly CO provided that the % of CO < 2 & O2 > 16 in the
atmospheric air. The Apparatus offers respiratory protection for limited periods. These are called
emergency Gas Respirators. Test shows that the self rescuer will still afford protection at 2 %
C++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++O but excess heat is generated due
to oxidation reaction.
Components & Purposes: (Ref. Fig) The MSA IW-65 Self Rescuer is essentially a gas mask in
a simplest form without a corrugated hose tubing and the mouth piece is attached directly to the
canister. It is protected in a deep drawn stainless steel case.The entire assembly weighs
approx.1000g. It has a positive seal. The self rescuer is placed in a container having quick release
lock.
It consists of :
Course dust filter bag: To remove large dust particles.
Fine dust filter: To remove fine dust particles. The filter materials are separated by
screens+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ and baffles.(It is
a fine cloth)
Drying agent: Drying agent is charcoal, impregnated with a mixture of calcium bromide and
lithium chloride {53% CaBr2 + 5% LiCl (approx.)}.
 Hopcalite: It is the CO catalyst.).It converts toxic CO to non toxic CO 2 which is
accompanied by generation of heat. (Exothermic)
Heat exchanger: Inspirited air is cooled by the heat exchanger. At 1.5% CO concentration it
reduces inhaled air temperature. from 150º to 65º (approx.).It reduces the discomfort caused
by the high concentration of CO. Excess saliva is also expelled through it. To protect the
filter beds from moisture contamination, exhaled air is passed out through the heat exchanger
and spring loaded mica-disc exhalation valve.
Mouth-piece: Breathing is made through it . It is completely surrounded by the lips giving a
very reliable seal.
Nose clip: The nose clip prevents contaminants from entering through the nasopharyngeal
cavity.
Exhalation Valve: It is a spring loaded mica disc through which Exhaled air passes .
Head Strap: It supports the mouth -piece against the mouth securely.
Shelf Rescuer life: 5 years (Sealed). It should be discarded after one use only.
Duration: One hour at 1% co concentration, reduced as the co concentration increases..
Weight: 1kg including the carrying container.
When Shelf Rescuer to be used: Immediately at the first sign of fire or explosion, even if no
smoke is visible e.i. signs of clouds of smoke, smell of combustion gases,
headaches giddiness, unexpected dust eddies and sudden pressure surge.
Maintenance:
i) These are stored on the surface in the lamp-room or in a self-rescuer room
adjacent to the lamp-room.
ii) Visually examined each day to ascertain their safe working condition.

Use, Supply and maintenance of self –rescuer: (Chapter xvii ,Miscellaneous, CMR 1957
amended in 2017)
1. No person shall go into, work or be permitted go into work below ground in any mine unless
he is provided with and carries with him a self-rescuer of such type as may be approved by the
Chief inspector by general or special order in writing.
2. If such a self rescuer is accidentally damaged during use or goes out of order or becomes
unserviceable or having exceeded its specified life ,or has been used ,the owner ,agent or
manager shall immediately replace such rescuer.
3. The owner ,agent or manager or every mine where self rescuer are to be used ,shall :-
 (a) at all times keep such self rescuers so that they are really available whenever needed.
(b) Provided, at the mine, adequate arrangements for cleaning, maintenance and inspection of
self-rescuers.
(c) ensure that every person who may be required to use self-rescuer under sub-regulation(1)
undergoes a course of training in the use of self –rescuer, as may be specified by the Chief
inspector by general or special order in writing.
 Where do Dräger Oxys actually get their oxygen from?
The oxygen is provided by a chemical reaction that takes place in the device when the wearer
breathes in and out: Oxy models contain a cartridge filled with potassium superoxide (KO 2). This
substance reacts with the moisture in the air exhaled by the user and initiates a thermal process in
which KO2 is reduced to produce potassium hydroxide (KOH) and oxygen (O 2). The user
breathes in the oxygen. The carbon dioxide (CO2) breathed out by the user is then absorbed by
the potassium hydroxide, which is chemically changed to potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in a
reaction that produces water and heat. The heat generated by the chemical reaction is regulated
by a heat exchanger to prevent the air inhaled from the breathing bag becoming too hot.
KO2 – the little chemical helper for lifesaving oxygen
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of Shelf-contained Oxygen Breathing Apparatus
(Make: Drager , Model: BG 174 & Travox-120)

Applications: For Rescue & recovery work after an disaster like explosion, fire etc. inside the
mine. It is a Long duration apparatus up-to 4 hours use. It is approved by DGMS for use in
Indian mines.

Principle of working: The BG –174 Oxygen Self-contained Breathing Apparatus is a closed

circuit type, fully automatic respiratory set which renders the wearer entirely independent of the
ambient atmosphere. It supplies all the requirements for the respiration itself. It offers a supply of
compressed oxygen from an oxygen reserve, the unwanted carbon dioxide in the exhaled air
being absorbed with regeneration of expired air by a regenerating chemical absorbent to enhance
the usage period. The respiratory system is controlled by respiratory valves & the breathing air
flows through the apparatus in a closed circuit.

Components& their functions: (Ref. Fig)

BG – 174 comprises of the following main components:

Light metal protecting casing: The protecting casing provides overall protection for the entire
apparatus.

Carrying frame with carrying Harness: All the components of the apparatus are mounted on
the carrying frame. It is also designed that the apparatus can be worn comfortably on the back,
the breathing bag is protected all over, the regenerating cartridge is cooled by adequate
circulation of air and the transmission of heat to the wearer’s body is minimized.

The carrying Harness: It is designed for rapid fitting and removal of the apparatus.

Oxygen valve group: The purpose of the valve group is to supply the oxygen in a specified
manner to the breathing circuit. The group consists of:

i. Pressure Reducer: It reduces the cylinder pressure to a working pressure of

approx. 4 kg/cm2 .
ii. Pre-flushing device: Opposite the pressure reducer is so dimensioned that when
the cylinder valve is opened, the breathing bag is filled, flushed with approx. 7
liters of oxygen.
iii. By-pass valve: It is designed as a self closing push button valve and used at
emergency for oxygen over boost. It is independent of pressure reducer, the
demand valve and the constant flow control. It is opened with a very slight
pressure of the thumb.
iv. Pressure gauge line with Pressure gauge & Shut-off valve: It is a diaphragm
valve which is lead – sealed in the open position. It is provided to block the
pressure gauge line in the event of failure and operated at the time of emergency.
The pressure gauge is provided to indicate the pressure inside the oxygen
 cylinder, ultimately to calculate the oxygen quantity inside the cylinder for the
period of use.
Valve assembly: The Valve assembly comprises of the control valves of the breathing circuit.
(a)Lung demand valve: It is simple rocker-arm valve which is operated by a
diaphragm responding to slide differences in pressure. When the requirement of
oxygen for the wearer is more than the normal supply it acts automatically.
(b)Pressure relief valve: The same diaphragm actuates as the pressure relief
valve, downstream of which a rubber non-return valve incorporated for safety
reasons. it acts automatically when the requirement of the oxygen is less than the
normal supply.
(c)Inhalation valve: For inhalation purpose
(d) Exhalation valve: For Exhalation purpose
(d)Warning signal system: The system is actuated by the pressure inside the
oxygen line, which leads from the pressure reducer to the lung demand valve. When the
line is depressurized, the outlet of the breathing bag is sealed-off by a flap with acoustic
reeds and simultaneously oxygen flows through two slits in the warning signal flap that
causes the warning signal. The warning sound indicates that the oxygen cylinder is likely
to be empty or the cylinder valve is closed.
Breathing bag: It is made of tear resistant fabric rubberized on both sides.It contains the
connection for the inlet and outlet of the breathing air and a reserve of the oxygen.
Breathing tubes with saliva trap: Twin breathing tubes, highly flexible, deeply corrugated
fitted with a central connection to the breathing mask or face piece.
Oxygen cylinder: Alloy steel cylinder, volumetric capacity, charged at a pressure of 200
bars and a total oxygen supply of 400 litres
Regenerating cartridge: It is a standard Alkali cartridge to absorb the co2 in the exhaled air..
Facemask with Head traps : Facemask a respiratory connection which puts the users
airways reliably and in a gas-tight manner in communication with the respirable air supply
unit. The Head straps support the face piece against the face securely.
Specification:
Oxygen flow rate constant dosage =1.5 litres / minute
Long generated dosage = as required by the wearer
Advantage: The fully automatic method of operation and the overall protection of the working
parts enable the wearer to fully concentrate on his difficult rescue work. After opening the
cylinder valve the BG 174 functions entirely automatic.
Travox 120: The oxygen breathing apparatus Travox 120 is functionally same as BG 174.It is
designed for duration of use of one and half hours plus a reserve time of 30 minutes. It is
approved for use above ground in mines and by Fire Brigades.
Comparison between BG 174 & Travox 120 :
BG 174 Travox 120
Oxygen supply 2-litre compressed –gas cylinder, 1-litre compressed –gas cylinder,
charging pressure 200 bar charging pressure 200 bar
Oxygen volume 400 litres 200 litres
Oxygen dosage Constant 1.5 l/min additional dosage Constant 1.5 l/min additional dosage
via lung demand regulator via lung demand regulator
CO2 bonding Alkali cartridge Dragger oxy soda lime
(NaOH) (CaOH+ NaOH)
Breathing Bag connection Lateral connection(6 lts capacity) Central connection(6 lts capacity)
Weight 12.8 kg with all fittings 10.9 kg with all fittings

Use of breathing apparatus: Before use leak test should be made with an appropriate test set.
(Drager Universal Test Set)
 Put the Apparatus on and adjust the carrying straps until a comfortable fit is achieved.
Fasten the waist belt. Suspend the twin breathing hose from the right hand spring hook of
the carrying strap. Connect the breathing hose to the face mask.
 Open the valve of the oxygen cylinder.
 Put on the breathing face mask. first place chin into the chin cup. then pull mask upwards
and the straps over the head .Tighten the neck strap first the adjust the temple straps for
the proper fit so that there would be no air leakage..
 Now the breathing apparatus is ready for rescue work.
 If the pressure gauge fail during use, close the shut-off valve of the pressure gauge.
 The oxygen supply must occasionally be checked by reading the pressure gauge.
 In case of weakness or exhaustion, oxygen over boost can be applied by pressing the by-pass
valve.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of flammability temperature & Relative
Inflammability Index (RI Index) of coal by using Flammability Temperature Apparatus.
Theory: Flammability or explosiveness of a dust is defined as its ability, when in the form of a
cloud, to spread or propagate ignition to all points where dust air mixtures of corresponding
concentration are present. The possibility of coal dust explosion is not confined not only to
working areas underground, but exists over ground as well, such as in industrial plants where
coal is prepared and handled.
The quantity of inert material (Burn- shell or limestone fine powder) that would be sufficient to
render roadway coal dust for dust in working places harmless should be found out before each
dust application. To determine the efficiency of dusting and the quantity of material required to
be dusted in roadways, it is necessary to carry out tests with this apparatus. The apparatus is
based upon the principle of Dr. Godbert. Besides determination of R.I. Index of coal substance,
the apparatus can be well used for determination of inflammability limits (upper and lower by
weight) of various other inflammable substances in air.
Description of Apparatus: The apparatus consists of an electrically operated vertical tubular
furnace of internal diameter 50mm , length 300mm, open at both ends ( Temp. range 0-1000º
centigrade), a glass dust dispersing unit, a mercury manometer, a drying tower and an
aspirator bulb. The coal sample is kept inside the helical dust disperser. A weight amount of
coal dust is projected downwards as a uniform dust cloud which passes through the furnace by a
control blast of air directed at the dust sample placed inside the helical unit. The minimum
temperature at which the coal catches fire, which indicated by the tubular furnace is the
Flammability temperature of the coal sample.
Procedure:
 The furnace is switched on and the temperature is set near the flammability temperature
of the coal sample if it is a known one by the Thermistor based PID. If it is an unknown
sample it can be started from 2000C.
200 mg of coal dust of –200 mesh size (75micron) is put inside the helical portion of the
dust dispersing unit.
 Keeping stop-cock V1 in closed position , stop-cock V2 and stop-cock V3in opened
position, air is pumped into the reservoir (of 400 liters capacity) through the drying tower
using the aspirator bulb until the pressure inside the reservoir reaches 8 cm Hg.
  Now Stop-cock V3 is closed.
 Once the furnace reaches the pre-set temperature, the Stop-cock (V1) & the solenoid
valve is opened. The solenoid valve is opened by operating the valve switch. Due to the
air pressure the coal sample is projected downwards to form a dust cloud which passes
through the tubular furnace and simultaneously it is observed that whether the coal
sample catches fire or not when it passes through the heated furnace.
A sample is tried at various temperatures raising from 200º centigrade in steps of 10º
centigrade if it is an unknown sample The minimum temperature at which the flame just
appears or coal catches fire that temperature is taken as the flammability temperature of the
observed coal .The trial is made in triplicate, and the mean is taken as flammability
temperature of the particular coal sample.

Significance: Coal which is more susceptible towards aerial oxidation burns at low temperature
as compared to less susceptible coals.
Observation:
Name of the coal sample:
Sample weight: 200mg
Sample size: -200 mesh (BSS)
Sl. No. Observed Temp. Remarks (whether Flammability Temp.
o
c Observed/Not observed)
1 490 Not observed
2 500 Not observed
3 510 Not observed
4 520 Observed
5 515 Observed
6 515 Observed
7 515 Observed

Conclusion: It is found that the flammability temperature of the supplied coal sample is 515 oc.
Drawback of the apparatus: The Godbert-Greenwald furnace suffers from the drawbacks that
the dust cloud is not completely confined within the furnace and its concentration is not
accurately known, short exposure time of the dust cloud in the high temperature region, and
uncertainty to the vertical temperature uniformity.
Determination of Relative Inflammability Index (RI Index) Application :

Determination of RI Index helps in application of inert dust material in under-ground coal

mines to reduce the hazard of coal dust explosion. To determine the efficiency of dusting and the
quantity of material required to be dusted on road ways.

Theory: Increasing mechanization of coal mines generates much coal dust which leads towards
the risk of coal dust explosion. The possibility of coal dust explosion is not confined only to
working areas under ground ,but exists over ground as well, such as in industrial plants where
coal is prepared and handled.
The present knowledge to prevent the risk of coal dust explosion is to render coal dust non-
inflammable by addition of inert material to it. The material may be burnt shale, lime stone,
gypsum or any other non-inflammable, non siliceous inert material that are finely ground and
spread regularly in various parts of the mine. The quantity of inert material that would be
sufficient to render road way coal dust or dust in work places harmless should be found out
before each dust application.

Sample: Coal sample , size: -100+200 mesh (BSS)

Inert material (Gypsum powder) : -100+200 mesh (BSS)
The mixture of coal dust and gypsum is mixed thoroughly with different ratios. The total weight
of the mixture =1 gm
The mixing ratios are as follows:
Sl.No . Coal Gypsum/inert material

1. 500mg 500 mg
2. 400mg 600mg
3 300mg 700mg
4. 200mg 800mg

Procedure: The furnace is switched on and the temperature is set at 800 0C by the thermistor
based PID. The 1st sample is put inside the helical portion of the dust dispersing unit. Keeping
solenoid valve & stop-cock V1 in closed position , stop-cock V2 and stop-cock V3in opened
position, air is pumped into the reservoir (of 400 liters capacity) through the drying tower using
the aspirator bulb until the pressure inside the reservoir reaches 8 cm Hg. Now Stop-cock V3 is
closed. Once the furnace reaches the pre-set temperature i.e. 800 0C, the Stop-cock (V1) & the
solenoid valve is opened. The solenoid valve is opened by operating the valve switch. Due to the
air pressure, the dust mixture is projected downwards to form a dust cloud which passes through
the tubular furnace and simultaneously it is observed that the furnace tube spits a long visible
flame at its bottom or not. In case of non-flammable dust mixture, there will be no flame at its
bottom. In case of flammable dust mixture there will be a long flame visible at the bottom of the
furnace.
The proportion of inert material in non-inflammable dust mixture gives a measure of Relative
Inflammability Index (R.I. Index).The mixture of different ratios are tested at 800 0C and
observed at which ratio the furnace does not spit any flame at its bottom and the ratio is
considered for R.I. Index calculation.
The R.I. Index is calculated as follows:
R.I. Index = 100/100-S
Where S is the least proportion of incombustible material required to be mixed with the coal dust
to suppress inflammation.
Purpose of Inflammability Index apparatus:
1.To determine the minimum quantity of inert material to be added to coal dust /mine road-way
dust to render the sample non-inflammable. This in turn helps to classify different types of coal
according to their Indices of inflammability.
2.To study the effect of variation of particle size of coal dust or stone dust on the quantity of inert
material required to be mixed to render mine road-way dust non-inflammable.
3.To find out the effectiveness of any material that may be thought of as inhibitors of ignition of
coal dust.
Example:
We know that R.I. Index = 100/100-S
Coal Inert material
Case 1. 500mg 500 mg
Case 2. 400mg 600mg
Case 3. 300mg 700mg
R.I. Index of Case 1 = 100/100-S =100/100-50 = 100/50= 2
Case 2. = 100/100-S =100/100-60 = 100/40= 2.5
Case 3. = 100/100-S =100/100-70 = 100/30= 3.33
Conclusion: Analyzing the above three cases, it is clear that more the R.I. Index more the
thermal ignitability of coal.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of Drager Pulmotor (Model: PT-60).
Utility: The Drager Pulmotor (PT-60) is a unit for artificial respiration in cases of respiratory
failure (Resuscitation) and also for oxygen inhalation in all cases of severe respiratory
disturbances. It is a mechanical ventilator by which the respiration of the casualty can be
commenced immediately on the spot even in a toxic atmosphere. It can be switched over to
operate with pure oxygen for use in toxic atmosphere or an atmosphere deficient in oxygen. It is
approved by DGMS for use in mines.
The apparatus was first developed by Heinrich Drager a Jerman scientist in 1906 and in course of
time it is modified. It provides automatic cycling of breathing by blowing an oxygen-air mixture
into the lungs of the victim and removing the carbon dioxide charged exhales air out of the lungs
by suction under pre-set positive and negative pressures. With simple adjustments, it can also be
used for extraction of secretions from the respiratory tract and for oxygen inhalation.

Theory related to Resuscitation or Artificial ventilation: When a person becomes

unconscious, the gas interchange in the alveoli of the lungs is disturbed to an extent that depends
upon the degree of unconsciousness. Unless the gas interchange is immediately restored by
resuscitation, death will result. There will be no respiration without heart activities and vice
versa. For resuscitation, therefore, the lungs of the patient must be ventilated with adequate
quantity of air or oxygen by artificial respiration and heart muscles and other important nerve
centres must be excited or stimulated to restore the normal blood circulation.

Components of the Apparatus: ( Ref. Fig)

Oxygen Cylinder: 2.5 liters capacity, 2 nos., each at 200 bars.
Cylinder valve: For opening and closing of the cylinder.
Reducing valve: It reduces the high-pressure oxygen to a constant operating pressure of
5 bars.
Pressure gauge: To indicate oxygen cylinder pressure.
Distribution Manifold: It comprises of three shutoff valves. One is connected to the suction
injector, second one to the oxygen inhalation mask while the third one is connected to the
switching unit.
Switching unit: The switching unit maintains the inspiration and expiration phases cyclically.
Changeover valve: It is set at 50% or 100% oxygen as per the requirement.
Aspirator injector: In a respirable atmosphere the Pulmotor is set for respiration at 50%
oxygen by the change over valve. The oxygen-operated injector sucks in a quantity of ambient
air such that the respiratory gas reaching the lungs contains approximately 50% oxygen .In this
way oxygen is saved and the duration of use prolonged considerably.
Safety valve: To prevent the positive pressure from rising above + 14 mm Hg and the negative
pressure from falling below -9 mm Hg.
Catheter: It is used to clear mucus, water, or blood from respiratory tract.
Secretion vision glass: For observation of secretion.
Secretion bottle: The extracted secretion is collected in this bottle.
Respiratory valve: It is an optional attachment for cutting of the negative phase.
Breathing bag: The breathing bag, in which in-flowing oxygen accumulates during the
expiratory phase, helps to conserve oxygen.
Face Mask: The facemask is connected with the pulmotor-switching unit. The switching
unit is connected through hose to the pulmotor distribution manifold and the oxygen is
passed through it to the respiratory tract and ultimately to the lungs. and fed with oxygen
from the cylinder.
Inhalation face piece: The inhalation facemask is placed over the mouth and nose of the
casualty to administer oxygen for a fair long time after return of the regular spontaneous
respiration or when the respiratory system of the casualty is partially recovered..

Duration : 2 hours respiration with 50% oxygen setting.

50 minutes respiration with 100% oxygen setting.
Oxygen consumption:
i. Pulmotor changes over valve with 50% setting, 5-15 liters/minute.
ii. Pulmotor changes over valve with 100% O2 setting, 12-35 liters /minute.
iii. Suction injector 24 liters /minute.
Dimension: Length – 540 mm
Width – 443 mm
Height – 230 mm
Weight – 13.85 kg (approx.)
Methods of Resuscitation or Artificial ventilation or Artificial respiration :
The Artificial respiration cab be divided into the following two groups.
(a) Manual methods of using hands : There are several method of artificial respiration.
Very common types are : Sylvester Method, Howard Method and Holger –Nielsen back
pressure, arm-lift method.

(b) Mechanical methods of using resuscitators: Though the manual methods of artificial
respiration are useful as they can be employed immediately but the resuscitation cannot
be carried uniformly and the first-aider can get quickly fatigued. In contrast the
resuscitating equipments are well developed ,which require no manual assistance in their
operation and ensure uniform respiration.

Preparatory measures for resuscitation: Before resuscitation, the following preparatory

measures must be carried out.
(a) Proper positioning of patient: The patient must be laid down on his back on a flat
surface with shoulder raised and supported by thick pad of clothes.
(b) Retaining the body heat: For maintenance of metabolism in the body cells, it is
necessary that whatever heat is in the body must be retained. The patient should,
therefore, be laid on a blanket and his body excepting the upper portion, covered
with warmed up blankets. In every case, wet clothes must be removed.
(c) Ensuring free air passage:(I)The free air passage must be ensured by opening the
mouth by hand or by mouth opener and must be cleaned of water, chewing gum,
tobacco, mucus food, blood etc.
Resuscitation: It is always necessary to take the casualty to the fresh air base but a place
in a fresh air nearest the place of accident will be satisfactory.
I. After the Preparatory measures are over, the casualty head is tilted backwards and
turned aside to prevent the falling back of tongue.
 II. After the pharyngeal cavity is cleaned, the lower air passages are cleaned by using the
aspirating catheter and opening the Pulmotor Aspirator. Basically it is a suction
injector used to remove the fluids from the lower respiratory tract.
III.As soon as the air passages are free, an oral air way may be inserted into the mouth to
prevent the falling back of tongue.
IV. The cylinder valve and the shut off valve for resuscitation are the opened and the

Face-mask with the switching unit is pressed securely by the aider against the face.

If the face mask is fitted tightly, the switching unit would work automatically, changing
from inspiration to expiration and vice –versa. During the respiration, the rescuer should
always observe that the respiratory rhythm remains constant. Heart massage should be
carried out during the expiration phase.
V. When the patient is taken to a hospital on the surface, oxygen should be administered on
the way to the hospital.
Resuscitation operation must be continued after it is once stated until natural breathing is
restored.
Inspiration and expiration phase: When the respiratory air that flows into the lungs of the
victim reaches at a pressure of +20 mbar, the inspiration phase is completed; the appliance
switches over automatically to expiration and begins to suck air out of the lungs. When the
required negative pressure of –10 mbar is reduced towards the end of the expiration phase, the
appliance switches over to a new inspiration phase.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of MSA type Gas mask or Gas Respirator
(Model: “SW”, Air purifying filter)
Gas Mask: The gas mask is a mask used to protect the user from inhaling air borne pollutant
ants and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover to cover the mouth and nose or may be for
the entire face
Utility: The Apparatus offers respiratory protection for limited periods in atmosphere containing
mainly CO & other Toxic gases in small percentages provided that the % of CO < 2 &
O2 > 16 in the atmosphere.
The Gas mask is used by the Rescue crews for fire fighting and rescue and recovery work
following mine disaster with self-contained breathing apparatus crews in reserve for
their protection.
Mine Rescue Apparatus: These are called respirators or respiratory protective equipments used
in mines, includes all types of apparatus that enable the wearer to enter or remain for a long or
short period in an irrespirable and toxic atmosphere retaining his full physical and mental
capacities.
Components & Functions: (Ref. Fig) A gas mask consists of :
A) A Metal Canister containing layers of following filters and granular absorbents.
I. Inlet Valve: The inhaled atmospheric air passes through it.It is at the bottom of the Canister.
II. Activated Charcoal: Impregnated Activated charcoal to absorbs organic vapours and
the acid gases(SO2 ,HCL etc.). It is the bottom most layer.
III. Caustic (Caustic soda& Pumice): To remove H2S (Sulphurated Hydrogen)
IV. Cotton Wool: (Cellulose Particulate Filter) To remove dust smoke, fumes & mists.
V. Silica Gel: To remove ammonia and water vapour
VI. Hopcalite: It is a mixture of Manganese dioxide & copper oxide (MnO2-CuO).It
converts the toxic CO to non- toxic CO2 when exposed to the oxygen in air. The
catalytic oxidation of CO at ordinary temperature to the relatively harmless CO2.The conversion
is an exothermic action with generation of heat.
VII. Anhydrous calcium chloride: It acts as a drier to remove water vapors .
(For removal of final traces of moisture.)
VIII. Check Valve: It prevents the exhaled air from entering into the canister. It is at the top of
the layers of the canister. At the top of the canister there is the provision for
 the connection of the breathing hose with the canister.

B) Face piece assembly: It permits the wearer to breathe through his nose and mouth. It is
put on quickly and safely by means of the adjustable 5 point harness. The harness locks
immediately and the face mask can slip no longer. The straps do not interfere with
wearing of protection helmets.

It consist of :
I. A moulded rubber face piece with wide vision glass: To fit with the face properly.
II. Exhalation valve: Exhalation is done by the wearer through this valve.
III. Corrugated breathing tube: It connects the face piece to the canister.
IV. Head harness: Made of rubber, to support the face piece securely against the face of
the wearer.
A. Indicator (Window type) :It gives a positive indication to the wearer when the canister is
no longer effective as its colour changes. It is at the front side of the canister.

B. Canister harness: It supports and holds the canister securely against the body of the
wearer. The Canister may be worn on the front ,on side or on the back of the wearer.
Maximum use condition:

Escape- 2% Acid gases, CO, & Organic vapours by volume.

3% Ammonia by volume.

Canister life : 2-4 years (Sealed canister).

1 year (open sealed).
To be discarded after one use only or depending upon use..
Duration : 1-2 hours depending upon the concentration of CO.

Weight: : Canister 1.5Kg(approx.),total weight of complete set 2.350 kg.

Disadvantage: During catalytic action heat is generated which causes burns in the mouth and
throat.
Precaution: 1).The rescue team should always carry a lighted flame safety lamp or other devices to detect
the deficiency of oxygen in the air of the affected area. The wearer should also
carry oxygen meter & Co detector with a measuring range.

With wearing of protection helmets:

2) Only trained men should be allowed to wear Gas masks in mines.
3) A crew equipped with self –contained breathing Apparatus should be kept in
reserve at the fresh air base when Gas mask crews advance.
4) The canister should be changed when its self life is over.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of the construction & the working principle of

different types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Utility: The portable fire extinguishers are “First-Aid” fire fighting appliances. These are used
when the fires are small in magnitude. This the direct method for fire fighting.
Definition of fire: A state, process, or instance of combustion in which fuel or other material is
ignited and combined with oxygen, giving off light, heat, and flame. Four elements must be
present for a fire to exist. There must be oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to raise the material
to its ignition temperature, fuel to support the combustion and a chemical reaction between
these three elements. Removing any one of the four would not support fire.

Types of Fires:
Class –A: These are fires involving solid materials normally of organic nature.
Class – B: These are fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids such as petroleum products,
gasoline, oil paints etc..
Class – C: These are fires involving gases such as LPG, methane etc..
Class – D: These are fires involving metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium etc.
Class – E: Electrical fires .These are fires in electrical appliances like computers, switch boards
etc.
Description of Fire Extinguishers:
There are two main types of fire extinguishers
(i) Store Pressure type:- In Stored pressure Type fire extinguishers the propellant (generally the
N2 gas) is stored in the same chamber as the fire-fighting agent(the fire extinguishing
chemical).
(ii) Cartridge operated type:-In cartridge operated fire extinguishers contain the
expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured prior to discharge, exposing the
propellant to the extinguishing agent.
(A)Water CO2 Fire Extinguisher

Construction (Ref. fig.): It consists of a light steel cylinder fitted with union and nozzle.
The nozzle is fitted with a strainer which is extended near to the bottom of the cylinder. A
high pressure co2 cartridge that is inside the cylinder is fitted with the plunger to expel the
water jet from the cylinder when it is punctured.
Capacity: 9kg.
Discharge Range: 8to 10 m
Discharge Time: 85 to 90 sec.
Pressure: 25kgf/cm2

Application: For class “A”, fire such as wood paper fabric, etc. It is speedy in action and
easy to use. When operated, these extinguishers expel a jet of water, which can
be directed on the fire to quench it instantly. During the use, the extinguisher has
to be held in upright position

(B) I. Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher:

Chemical Used: Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate with other additive
chemicals, which have anti-setting and water repellant properties to improve
their storage and flow characteristics, and a container of high pressure CO2 .
Effect: Exact mechanism is not known. Smoothening, cooling, retardation, shielding, and
chain breaking reaction in the combustion zone are jointly responsible for extinguishing
action of Dry Chemical. .
Construction &Operation: It consists of a cylindrical container, A high pressure CO2
cartridge fitted with a plunger or with a valve, a fixed nozzle ,a Tube
extending from the nozzle to the bottom of the container. Striking the knob or
plunger against a hard surface releases the CO2 gas and when sufficient pressure
is devolved in the container expels the dry chemical powder out of the nozzle
like a cloud rupturing the nozzle protection disc. The disc is provided to prevent
 the action of surrounding atmosphere upon the charge in the cylindrical
container. At the time of the operation it is to be held erect.
Capacity: 1kg, 2kg, 5kg, 10kg, 22.5kg etc.
Advantage: The extinguisher can be recharged on the spot with the suitable refills.
Application: For class “A”, “B” ,”C” and “E” fires.

ii. Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher: (Stored pressure Type)

Working Principle; In Stored pressure Type fire extinguishers the expellant is stored in the
same chamber as the fire-fighting agent.With dry chemical extinguisher Nitrogen is typically
used as propellant.
Capacity: 2kg.
Pressure: 25kgf/cm2

Extinguishing agent: A combination of mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium

sulphate is generally used. ABC Dry Powder not only cuts off oxygen supply to the fire but also
interferes with the chemical reaction necessary to sustain a fire.

Controllable discharge: A simple squeeze grip activation mechanism allows to control the discharge
and optimise use of the extinguishing agent

pressure gauge: To read the pressure whether it is at the working level or not. .

Works on all the types of fire: Fights Class A, B, C and Electrically started fires.

Simplicity in handling: The easy-grip plastic handle aids simplicity in handling.

(C) CO2 Fire Extinguisher :

Construction: (Ref. fig.) It consists of a light steel cylinder filled with liquid co2.The
cylinder valve may be hand wheel, lever or hand grip type which is fitted with a tube that
nearly reaches the bottom of the cylinder and it is also connected by means of a short length
of high pressure hose of about one meter length. A long discharge horn is attached with the
high pressure hose.
Chemical Used: Liquid carbon dioxide 1to5 kg according to the capacity at a charging
pressure of about 70 kgf/cm2.
Operation & Effect: When the valve is opened by means of the hand wheel which is
mounted on its top, a portion of the liquid co2 evaporates at an orifice at the
 closed end of the horn by expansion of the gas. This chills the horn to low temp.
When the gaseous co2 further expands by streaming through the horn to the
atmospheric pressure, the remaining co2 is converted into loose snow due to
intense cooling (i.e. about -79 0c) in the horn. Thus the Extinguishing stream
consists of an under cooled co 2 gas with finely divided snow. A safety- valve
prevents undue excess pressure in the steel cylinder. During the use, the
extinguisher has to be held in upright position.
Instruction for use:
1. Pull the safety pin
2. Open the Safety Valve.
3. Turn the hand wheel in anticlockwise direction.
4. Go as close as possible to the fire.
5. Direct gas at the base of the fire.

Capacity: 2 kg, 4.5 kg,9 kg 22.5kg etc.

.
Discharge Range: From 1m to 2 m depending upon the capacity.
Disadvantages: (i) It is not suitable in the underground mines where the air current is too
brisk.
(ii) It must be recharged at the maker’s workshop.
(iii) Periodical weighing is needed.
Application: For class “A”, “B”, “C” and “E” fires. It is non conductor of electricity and
leaves no residue. Primarily it covers the burning material when released on it
and reduces the o2 content of the air to the fire point where it will no longer
support combustion.