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Numerical and Experimental Analysis of a Waffle Slab Parking Floor

Article  in  Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction · February 2013

DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000164

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 Numerical and Experimental Analysis of a
Waffle Slab Parking Floor
Paulete F. Schwetz1; Francisco P. S. L. Gastal2; and Luiz C. P. da Silva Filho3
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Abstract: Rational and sophisticated structural solutions are essential requirements for structural designers, as a consequence of architectural
design evolution and new building management concepts. Thus, waffle slabs turn out to be an interesting alternative, despite their laborious
numerical modeling. It is necessary to increase knowledge about the structural behavior of and improve the theoretical models used for the
simulation of these slabs. To better understand the behavior of RC waffle slabs, and more realistically quantify stresses and displacements
of this kind of element under actual work conditions, a real-scale ribbed slab was tested and the results are presented in this paper. The chosen
structure, designed to serve as a parking floor, was instrumented with strain and deflection gauges to assess the deformations and deflections
developed under some induced loading conditions. A grillage model and a three-dimensional finite-element model were used for the numerical
study. The data collected indicates that both strategies can be used to obtain adequate estimates of deflections and bending moments. DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000164. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Concrete slabs; Reinforced concrete (RC); Finite-element method (FEM); Matrix methods; Nonlinear methods.

Introduction
The use of waffle slabs gradually is becoming an attractive structural
solution for designing large office and commercial buildings. The
ribbed system is an evolution of solid slabs and results from the
elimination of a large part of concrete below the neutral axis, which
makes little contribution to ultimate strength. The creation of these
voids leads to a reduction of the slab average thickness and, there-
fore, weight and costs, owing to a more efficient and economical use
of materials.
In Brazil, civil engineers still tend to use conventional structural
arrangements, made of solid slabs and concrete frames. But, in re-
cent years, a marked increase in the use of waffle slabs was noticed.
Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate design guidelines and
assessment procedures to ensure that this solution results in good
performance. The problem is that knowledge of RC ribbed slab
behavior is still very limited, although some interesting numerical
and experimental research results already can be found in the liter-
ature (Ajdukiewicz and Kliszczewicz 1986; Selistre 2000; Abdul-
Wahab and Khalil 2000; Soares 2003; Schwetz 2005, 2011).
Traditionally, waffle slabs have been analyzed using simplified
methods, adapted from the basic theory of elasticity developed for
solid slabs. However, experimental tests have shown that these
1
Professor, Associated Researcher, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul,
Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil (corresponding author). E-mail: paulete
.schwetz@ufrgs.br
2
Professor, Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal Univ. of Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil. E-mail: francisco
.gastal@gmail.com
3
Associated Professor, Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal
Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil. E-mail:
lcarlos66@gmail.com
Note. This manuscript was submitted on August 13, 2012; approved on
January 30, 2013; published online on February 1, 2013. Discussion period
open until August 4, 2014; separate discussions must be submitted for
individual papers. This paper is part of the Practice Periodical on Structural
Design and Construction, © ASCE, ISSN 1084-0680/04014018(11)/
$25.00.
simple solutions may not be adequate, because a waffle slab cannot
develop the same torsional moments of a solid slab with the same
inertia. Therefore, it presents higher bending moments and vertical
displacements (Coelho 2003).
Aiming to better understand the behavior of this type of structural
element, to quantify stresses and displacements more realistically,
a real-scale waffle slab was submitted to load tests and the resulting
strains and deflections were monitored. The results were compared
to estimates obtained from numerical analyses performed using two
different approaches to represent the structure (a matrix grillage
method and FEM analysis).
Experimental Investigation
The slab tested was part of the parking floor of a large commercial
building. Fig. 1 shows details of the formwork and geometry
adopted; the structural designer used edge beams and strengthened
the region surrounding the central columns with a 37.5-cm-thick
solid slab.
Reinforcement consisted of steel bars with yielding strength
fy 5 500 MPa, as summarized in Table 1. The detailing of the rib
reinforcement can be found in Fig. 2. In addition to positive and
negative reinforcement rebars, the designer specified a welded mesh
for the top slab to control possible stresses developed between the
ribs. Fig. 3 shows the slab ready to be cast.
The slab was designed using a matricial grillage model from
TQS 11.9.9 (a computational tool widely used by practitioners in
Brazil, described subsequently). According to Brazilian standard
[Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) 2000], it
considered three different loadings: (1) the slab self-weight of
4:8 kN=m2 ð0:7 lb=in:2 Þ; (2) a permanent load (floor topping) of
1:0 kN=m2 ð0:15 lb=in:2 Þ; and (3) an accidental load (live load due
to parked cars) of 3:0 kN=m2 ð0:44 lb=in:2 Þ. Owing to logistical
limitations, however, in the experimental program the waffle slab
should be submitted only to a load imposed in a localized area. To
simplify the loading and unloading process, the test loading was
conceived as using compact cars [average weight of 1,000 kg
(2,200 lb) or area load of 1:5 kN=m2 ð0:22 lb=in:2 Þ]. Care was taken

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Fig. 1. Geometry of the waffle slab and position of the localized load

Table 1. Summary of Waffle Slab Reinforcement

Positive Negative
reinforcement reinforcement
Diameter Length Weight Diameter Length Weight
(mm) (m) (kg) (mm) (m) (kg)
6.3 752 188 6.3 69 17
10 2,879 1,814 10 1,222 770
12.5 5,457 5,457 12.5 5,985 5,985
16 635 1,016 16 2,065 3,304 Fig. 2. General position of reinforcement
20 62 155 20 170 425
25 35 138 25 — —
Note: 1 mm 5 0:03937 in:; 1 m 5 39:37 in:; 1 kg 5 2:2046 lb:
so that displacements and strains would not be in excess of those
resulting from the application of the design load, but they should be
adequately measurable in the experimental tests.
With that in mind, using the same software employed by the
structural designer, some numerical simulations were performed to

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 determine an adequate location and size for this loading area. Dif-
ferent possibilities were considered and the most appropriate, re-
garding the imposed restrictions, was the one shown in Fig. 1.
Numerically obtained vertical displacement estimates consider-
ing a uniformly distributed incremental load, applied on the whole
slab, are shown in Fig. 4. Table 2, on the other hand, indicates that
the experimentally applied load plus the self-weight would result
in a maximum displacement of 1.27 cm (0.5 in.).
Consequently, as far as displacements are concerned, it could be
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considered that the experimental load would be equivalent to an uni-
formly distributed load, applied on the whole slab, which would rep-
resent 30% of the total permanent and accidental design loads together.
As shown in Fig. 4 and Table 2, a similar result would be obtained
Fig. 3. Slab before casting
Fig. 4. Vertical displacements concerning different loads
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considering the bending moments developed in the same region. Given
this assessment, the defined experimental load was considered ade-
quate for testing the waffle slab behavior in real-life situations.
It also can be observed in Fig. 4 that, up to load levels of approx-
imately 12 kN=m2 ð1:7 lb=in:2 Þ, the vertical displacements estimated
by nonlinear analysis resulted in lower values than the ones obtained
by linear analysis. Upon investigation, it was found that this un-
expected outcome derived from the combination of two factors. One is
that loading levels below this threshold theoretically would cause no
cracking and, therefore, no stiffness loss to the structure. The other is
that, for the sake of simplification, the software used does not consider
the presence of the reinforcement for the performance of a linear
analysis. It is well known that reinforcement easily could be considered
using a transformed area approach; nonetheless, the authors wanted
to use the software as it is usually used by practitioner engineers.
Nonlinear analyses, however, do account for the presence of the
reinforcement, thus considering a more rigid structure.
Instrumentation
The experiment was conceived aiming to measure strains and ver-
tical displacements at specific points of the slab, as shown in Fig. 5.
In the concrete, strain gauges were placed at four points of the
structure, on the top and bottom faces [Fig. 6(a)]. In the re-
inforcement, two strain gauges were applied in each instrumentation
point, protected with an epoxy-based resin [Fig. 6(b)]. Vertical
displacements were measured using deflection gauges, positioned in
13 points of the slab.
Testing
The test was performed 164 days after the structure was cast
and used 14 similar compact cars (average weight of 1,000 kg
5 2,200 lb), as shown in Fig. 7, all weighted before the test. For
logistical reasons, the total load was applied in four steps, using 4, 7,
Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr.
 Table 2. Numerically Obtained Vertical Displacements and Bending Analytical Investigation
Moments, within the Loading Area
Vertical In this paper, two numerical simulations were performed, using both
displacement strategies currently employed for designing waffle slabs, with the
aim of assessing how much the adoption of a better and more
Linear Nonlinear Linear bending complex representation of the element, by means of a FEM model,
Load case (cm) (cm) moment (kN×m=m) would affect the results obtained. The output was compared against
Self-weight 0.98 0.88 17.60 data obtained by Schwetz (2011) from a real structure (a waffle slab
Total design load 1.79 1.60 33.20 from a parking garage), to check how well each design strategy
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Localized area load,
including self-weight
Note: 1 cm 5 0:3937 in:
1.27 1.12 23.30 represents actual structural behavior.
Matricial Grillage Model from TQS
The first analysis was performed using the TQS matricial grillage
model for RC structural design. In its linear analysis module, for
the sake of simplification, the contribution of the reinforcement
to the cross-section stiffness was not considered, as mentioned be-
fore. The nonlinear analysis module, however, does consider the
reinforcement and also deals with concrete nonlinearity due to
cracking, based on the recommendations of the Brazilian Con-
crete Code (ABNT 2004).
To give more design flexibility, the software allows the user to
define values for some design coefficients used in the determination
of forces and reinforcement detailing. In the specific case of waffle
slabs, the most relevant choices are related to the structure’s flexi-
bility. The user can change the torsional and/or flexural inertia of the
bars, as well as adjust the stiffness of the connections between beams
and columns.
In the scope of this investigation, however, no reduction on
torsional or flexural stiffness was used for the ribs or edge beams.
Additionally, the connections between ribs and beams and/or beams
and columns were considered fully, aiming to create a realistic
representation of the actual structure. Given the necessary geo-
metrical input data, the software automatically generates a numerical
model of the slab, such as the one seen in Fig. 9.

Finite-Element Model from SAP2000

The same slab analyzed using the TQS grillage method was sub-
jected to FEM analysis, with the help of the well-known commercial
software SAP2000. This computer program enables the user to
perform static linear, nonlinear, and dynamic analyses of different
kinds of structures. The program offers a wide library of elements;
those chosen for use in this work are described subsequently.

Fig. 5. Position of instrumented points
Shell Element
The shell element is a type of area element used to model membrane,
plate, and shell behavior in planar and three-dimensional (3D) struc-
tures. The shell material may be homogeneous or layered. Material
nonlinearity can be considered when using the layered shell.

11, and 14 cars, respectively; the positions of the cars are shown in
Fig. 8. Initially, the four loading steps were applied in sequence,
which defined Load 1. After that, steps 4 and 3 were removed
(Unload 1). Subsequently, the slab was reloaded with steps 3 and
4 (Load 2) and, eventually, steps 4, 3, 2, and 1 were removed
(Unload 2). Deflections and strains were measured and recorded
at the end of each and every load or unload step.
Control specimen cylinders were cast along with the slab to de-
termine the concrete’s modulus of elasticity (E) and compressive
strength (fck ), according to the standards of Brazilian Code (ABNT
2008). The results obtained were E 5 32:0 GPa ð4,640 ksiÞ and fck
5 32:2 MPa ð4,669 psiÞ.
Frame Element
The frame is an element that uses a general 3D beam-column for-
mulation, which includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial
deformation, and biaxial shear deformation. The element can be used
to model 3D frames, beams, columns, trusses, and planar grillages.
In the current study, both the top slab and the ribs were modeled
using shell elements, with ribs being considered as eccentric in re-
lation to the slab. Frame elements were used only to model the
columns. A general view of the model generated using SAP2000 can
be seen in Fig. 10.
Given that the masonry below the edge beams already was raised
in the real structure subjected to the load test, providing a continuous

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Fig. 6. Position of strain gauges: (a) concrete; (b) reinforcement
Fig. 7. Structure totally loaded
support along their length, vertical displacement along the edge
beams was prevented on both numerical models.
Comparing Numerical and Experimental Results
In the numerical analyses using both models, loading was consid-
ered as it was defined in the tests, applying the load of each car in its
proper position.
Vertical Displacements
The slab presented a quasi-linear deformation behavior during the
test, as observed by the displacement values registered at several
points, such as the two shown in Figs. 11 and 12. It is evident,
however, a deviation in the evolution of the vertical displacements
between the first and second load steps. This effect was caused by the
adoption of an unequal distribution of cars during the loading
process. As illustrated in Fig. 8, in the second load step the vehicles
were positioned along the border of the loading area, thus causing
a smaller displacement increment than the one registered for the first
load step.
Figs. 11 and 12 also show the existence of residual displacements
after total unloading. Although this may indicate the beginning of
cracking, there were no visible cracks on the structure.
In general, numerical and experimental displacement results
showed good agreement, as evident in Figs. 13–16. Those figures
compare numerical and experimental results in points belonging to
Planes A and B (as noted in Fig. 5), for each software. Figs. 17
© ASCE 04014018-5
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and 18, on the other hand, compare the nonlinear numerical results,
using both models, to the measured displacements.
Good agreement is found among all results, showing that both
design strategies are fairly able to represent actual waffle slab de-
formed behavior. Nonetheless, the grillage analysis method indicated
somewhat lower displacements than the FEM, which may be related
to two factors.
One is that the SAP2000 model presents a higher nonlinear to
linear increment in the displacements, as compared to the TQS model
(not considering the reinforcement in the linear analysis), as seen in
Figs. 14 and 16. The other is that the modeling of the solid slab
region, adjacent to the edge beams (Fig. 19), is considered in dif-
ferent ways by each model. Whereas SAP2000 accounts for the
actually informed edge-beam geometry, TQS simulates such solid
regions by automatically generating extra bars. These bars are
created under no control of the user and may have increased the
stiffness of the slab more than necessary.
Strains and Bending Moments
Strains measured at point E1, for concrete and steel, are presented in
Figs. 20–22. Linear behavior is observed again, suggesting no major
cracking occurred in this zone. However, the strain measured in the
reinforcement is higher than the one registered in the surrounding
concrete region. Given that deformations were not compatible
anymore in such points, it may be assumed that microcracking
patterns were already under development, thus decreasing concrete-
tension capacity and transferring forces to reinforcement.
The uneven distribution of the cars in the loading steps, shown in
Fig. 8, also can be noticed here, as happened with the deflections.
The results show tensile stresses in the bottom fibers and compres-
sion stresses in the top ones, indicating positive bending moments.
To compare numerical and experimental results, the measured
strains were transformed into moment estimates, considering the
equilibrium of internal forces in the instrumented cross sections
(Park and Paulay 1975).
Three values of bending moments were determined for each
section as follows:
1. Experimental uncracked section with ɛ s deduced: it considers
the uncracked cross section, with the reinforcement strain
inferred from the measured concrete strain gradient.
2. Experimental uncracked section with ɛ s measured: this case
also considers the uncracked cross section, but takes into
account the measured reinforcement strain. It estimates the
cracking moment onset and concerns concrete contribution
between cracks (tension-stiffening effect).
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Fig. 8. (a) First load step; (b) second load step; (c) third load step; (d) fourth load step
Fig. 9. Grid automatically generated by TQS
© ASCE
Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 2014.19.
3. Experimental cracked section: it considers a cracked section.
Fig. 23 shows the distribution of bending moments obtained
using both numerical models compared to the estimates of bending
moments derived from the experimental results obtained at point E1.
For the more-stressed slab region, the experimental moment
estimate that best compares to the numerical results are the ones
considering the uncracked section. This result is compatible with the
quasi-linear behavior of the displacements, which indicated that the
structure did not behave as a cracked element.
Summary
This paper presented a comparative analysis between numerical and
experimental results obtained for a large waffle slab parking garage.
The results clearly indicate that, whereas present design methods
using grill analogies and FEM analysis are suitable, there is room for
improvement. They also highlight the importance of performing
experimental studies for checking and adjusting existing numerical
04014018-6 Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr.
 models and design methods, especially when dealing with new or
innovative elements.
Some important observations of this work are the following:
• Nonlinear analysis made with the grillage analogy model, using
the TQS system, provided an efficient modeling of the waffle
slab behavior, when full bending and torsion element section
stiffness are provided and full connections are considered be-
tween structural elements. Although the software permits the
use of bar’s stiffness reduction and connection flexibilities, their
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use was not in the scope of this paper.

• The FEM approach, using SAP2000, also provided an appropri-
ate representation of the structure’s behavior and predicted
displacements and bending moments close to the experimental
results. A finite-element model, however, is far more laborious
than a grillage model.
• The prediction of bending moments within the connections,
between ribs and edge beams and also in the solid slab regions
around columns, is done differently in each model, which can
lead to slightly distinct results. Such discrepancy may be asso-
ciated to the different localized modeling adopted by each
computational program. Thus, it is important to collect experi-
Fig. 10. Model generated by SAP2000 mental data that help define which of the models best represents
this particular aspect of the behavior of a waffle slab.

Fig. 11. Load versus displacement for point P4

Fig. 12. Load versus displacement for point P12

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Fig. 13. TQS and experimental: Plane A as noted in Fig. 5

Fig. 14. TQS and experimental: Plane B as noted in Fig. 5

Fig. 15. SAP2000 and experimental: Plane A as noted in Fig. 5

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Fig. 16. SAP2000 and experimental: Plane B as noted in Fig. 5

Fig. 17. TQS, SAP2000, and experimental: Plane A as noted in Fig. 5

Fig. 18. TQS, SAP2000, and experimental: Plane B as noted in Fig. 5

© ASCE 04014018-9 Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr.

Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 2014.19.

 Conclusions
Waffle slabs represent a very interesting structural solution for large
office and commercial buildings. They are designed by using different
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computational programs, usually based on grillage models and fol-
lowing the local code guidelines.
For their analysis, when looking for deflections and moment dis-
tributions, two different models may be adopted, grillage and finite
elements. The results obtained in this research have shown that both
approaches lead to a good representation of the slab behavior under
service loads. Nonetheless, compared to the simplicity of the grillage
analogy, a finite-element model is very arduous and probably is not
suitable for everyday use in an average structural design office.

A linear analysis of a waffle slab may be adequate for structures

subjected to low load levels, under cracking limits. It must, however,
consider the actual structural stiffness, including the armature con-
tribution, to more accurately represent the slab behavior.
A nonlinear analysis, using either a grillage or finite-element
model and considering full-element stiffness, adequately repre-
sents deflections and moments under service load levels.
Should deformations and deflections developed by some specific
structure need to be assessed, to confirm numerical estimates or even
to adjust input data or software response, actual slab results may be
obtained. An experimental investigation of a waffle slab behavior
may be adequately done applying some fairly simple load system
and using low-cost equipment, such as strain and deflection gauges.

Acknowledgments

Fig. 19. Solid region adjacent to edge beams

The authors acknowledge the Brazilian Ministry of Science’s Na-
tional Research Council (CNPq) and the Brazilian Ministry of

Fig. 20. Load versus concrete strain at point E1: top face

Fig. 21. Load versus reinforcement strain at point E1

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Fig. 22. Load versus concrete strain at point E1: bottom face

Fig. 23. Moments: SAP2000, TQS, and experimental for Plane A as noted in Fig. 5

Education’s Higher Education Human Resources Development
Agency (CAPES) for providing the financial support needed to
develop this project. The authors also express their appreciation for
the technical support given by the research teams at the Laboratory
of Testing and Structural Modeling (LEME) of the Federal Uni-
versity of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Projetak–Tavares Eng.
Associados S/C Ltda., and Construtora Tedesco for their support
of this work.
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