Unit 1.

CHEMICAL BONDING AND CATALYSIS

Electronic theory of valency chemical
bonds;
Types and characteristics,
electrovalent bond, covalent bond,
coordinate bond, Hydrogen bond,
metallic bond, metallic properties,
Intermolecular forces of attraction
Molecular arrangement in solid liquid
And gases.
Structure of solids : Crystalline and Amorphous solid
properties of metallic solid, - unit cell of simple cubic, body centre
cubic, face centre cubic, Hexagonal close pack crystals.
catalysis: - Types of catalysis, catalyst, Types of catalyst, positive
catalyst Negative catalyst,
Auto catalyst, catalytic promoter and catalytic' inhibitor, industrial
application of catalyst.
Introduction :
Except noble gases, atom of active element do not have free existence.
They readily combine to form molecules, Molecules are formed by
certain kind of Chemical bonds between similar or dissimilar atoms.
Atomicity: -Number of atoms in a molecule is the atomicity of that
molecule. Or compound.
1) Monoatomic:
(only one atom in the molecule.) ex. Inert gases like He, Ne, Ar and
metallic atoms like Pt, Fe, Cu.

2) Diatomic :
(Two atoms in a molecule) ex. H2, N2, 02 etc.

3) Polyatomic:-
(More than 5 atoms in the molecule) ex. C2H5OH,NH4OH
Chemical bond:
It is defined as the force of attraction between
the two atoms which holds them together in
molecule to maintain stability.
salient features: -
The electron present in outermost orbit of an
atom it determine the valency an atom hence
called valence electrons
Types of bonds may be classified as:
a ionic bond / Electrovalent bond.
b) Covalent bond
c) coordinate bond.
d) Metallic bond.

In addition there can be attractive force know

by the name hydrogen bond & van der waals
interactions.
Chemical bond formation:
1 By transfer of electron forms (loss or or gain) ionic bond,It is also
called as electrovalent bond.

2.By mutual sharing of electrons forms covalent bond.

3. By one sided sharing of electrons forms co-ordinate bond.

Its is also called as dative bond.

4) Delocalization of electrons through metal

lattice forms metallic bond.

5 when hydrogen atom acts as a bridge between

two electronegative atoms it forms hydrogen
bond
Electrovalent bond :-/ Electrovalency:/Ionic Bond:
The valency which are obtained by losses and gains of valence electrons are called
electrovalency and compounds are called electrovalent compound.

Types of electrovalency:
1.Positive electrovalency:
The valency obtained by loss of valence electrons from the metallic atom of an
element so as to complete its last orbit (octet) is known as positive electrovalency

EX. Sodium atom losses One Valence electron to complete its octet (last shell).
Therefore positive electrovalency of sodium atom is +1

2. Magnesium atom losses two valency electrons to complete its octet Therefore
positive electrovalency of magnesium atom +2

3. Aluminium atom losses three valency electrons to complete its octet Therefore
positive electrovalency of Aluminium atom +3
Negative electrovalency:
The valency obtained by the gain of electrons by non metallic atom
to complete their last orbit (octet) is known as negative
electrovalency:

1 chlorine atom gains one valency electrons

so as to complete its last orbit. Therefore the negative electrovalency
of chlorine - 1
Cl configuration (2,8,7)

2.Sulphur atoms gains two valency electrons from other atom of an

element to complete last orbit (octet). Therefore the negative
electrovaalency of sulphur is - 2
S configuration (2,8,6)
Formation of electrovalent compound:
Compounds which are formed by lose and
Gains of electrons.
Formation of sodium chloride :
I) A molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl) consist of
one atom of sodium & one atom of chlorine.
II) sodium atom (At. No.11) has an electronic configuration
(2,8,1), it losses one valency electron and acquires +1 Charge to complete it's octet.
III) While Chlorine atom (at. N0.17) has electronic configuration
(2,8,7) it gains one electron & acquire - 1 charge to complete its octet.
IV)These two equal & Opposite charged ions (Na+ & Cl-) are bonded together with
electrostatic force of attraction produce neutral molecule of sodium Chloride
(NaCl).
V) such union of atoms takes place by loss & gain of electrons is called
electrovalent linkage & the compound formed is called electrovalent compound or
bond formed is called electrovalent bond.
Formation of electrovalent compound:
Formation of Magnesium Oxide:
I) A molecule of Magnesium Oxide(MgO) consist of
one atom of Magnesium & one atom of Oxygen.
II) Magnesium atom (At. No.12) has an electronic configuration
(2,8,2), it losses Two valency electron and acquires +2 Charge to complete it's octet.
III) While Oxygen atom (at. N0.8) has electronic configuration
(2,6) it gains Two electron & acquire - 2 charge to complete its octet.
IV)These two equal & Opposite charged ions (Mg++ & O--) are bonded together
with electrostatic force of attraction produce neutral molecule of Magnesium
Oxide(MgO)
V) such union of atoms takes place by loss & gain of electrons is called electrovalent
linkage & the compound formed is called electrovalent compound or ionic
compound.
Formation of electrovalent compound:
Formation of Calcium Chloride(CaCl2)
I) A molecule of Calcium Chloride(CaCl2) consist of one atom of Calcium & two
atoms of Chlorine.
II) Calcium atom (At. No.20) has an electronic configuration
(2,8,8,2), it losses two valency electron and acquires +2 Charge to complete it's
octet.
III) While each Chlorine atom (at. N0.17) has electronic configuration
(2,8,7) it gains One electron each & acquire - 1 charge to complete its octet.
IV)These two equal & Opposite charged ions (Ca++ & 2Cl-) are bonded together
with electrostatic force of attraction produce neutral molecule of Calcium
Chloride(CaCl2)
V) such union of atoms takes place by loss & gain of electrons is called electrovalent
linkage & the compound formed is called electrovalent compound or ionic
compound.
Formation of electrovalent compound:
Formation of Potassium chloride(KCl) :
I) A molecule of Potassium chloride (KCl) consist of
one atom of Potassium & one atom of chlorine.
II) Potassium atom (At. No.19) has an electronic configuration
(2,8,8,1), it losses one valency electron and acquires +1 Charge to complete it's
octet.
III) While Chlorine atom (at. N0.17) has electronic configuration
(2,8,7) it gains one electron & acquire - 1 charge to complete its octet.
IV)These two equal & Opposite charged ions (K+ & Cl-) are bonded together with
electrostatic force of attraction produce neutral molecule of Potassium Chloride
(KCl).
V) such union of atoms takes place by loss & gain of electrons is called electrovalent
linkage & the compound formed is called electrovalent compound or ionic
compound.
2. Covalent Bond/Covalency:
A covalent bond,
The bond which is formed by mutual sharing of electron between the
atoms.
In covalent bond there is no loss and gain of electrons & only sharing of
electrons takes place. Therefore no electrical charges are developed.
Sharing takes place by following three ways.
* When covalent compound is formed by mutual Sharing of one pair of
electrons between the atoms then it constitute single covalent bond (-)
(H-O-H)
* When a covalent compound is formed by mutual Sharing of two pairs
of electrons between two atoms then it constitute double covalent bond.
(=) (CO2)
*When a covalent compound is formed by mutual Sharing of three pairs
of electrons between two atoms then it constitute triple covalent bond.
Covalent bonds can be polar or non polar:
a) Polar covalent bonds:-
when a covalent bond is formed between two
dissimilar atoms with large electronegativity
difference, it is called a polar covalent bond.
EX.
HCl,H2O,NH3,HF

b)Non polar covalent bond –

A covalent bond between similar or dissimilar
atoms which have little or no difference in their
electronegativity's are called non polar covalent
bond.
Ex. H2, O2, CH4, CCl4.
Covalent compounds formation:
1. Formation of water molecule (H2O):
A Water molecule is formed by combining two atoms of hydrogen
with one atom of oxygen. Each hydrogen atom (1) is in short of 1
electron to complete its duplet.
and oxygen atom (2,6) is in short of 2 electrons to complete its
octet.
During bond formation each hydrogen atom contribute one electron
from oxygen atom to complete its duplet and,
oxygen atom contribute 2 electron from hydrogen atom to
complete its octet. By this way covalent bond ids established in
water molecule.
2.Formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) :
In this case one atom of carbon combines With two atoms of oxygen
to form CO2 molecule
Each oxygen atom (2,6) is in need of 2 electrons to complete octet
while,
carbon atom (2, 4) is in need of 4 electrons to complete its octet.
In carbon dioxide molecule, two oxygen atom contribute two pairs
of electrons with a carbon atom, & each oxygen atom contribute
two electrons with carbon atom,
Hence, two double covalent bonds are formed, between two O
atoms & a carbon atom.
3) Formation of nitrogen (N2) molecule:
Nitrogen molecule is formed by combining two atoms of
nitrogen hence it is diatomic.
Each nitrogen atom (2,5) is in need of 3 electrons to
complete its last shell (octet).
Therefore each nitrogen atom contributes 3 el for sharing.
A molecule of nitrogen is formed by sharing three pairs of
electron between two nitrogen atoms.
Thus, three shared pairs constitute a triple covalent bond
between two nitrogen atoms.
3) Co-ordinate bond (Dative bond)

Bond in which both the shared electrons are shared

by one atom only and not by each atom.
The atom which donate the electron pair is called a
donor & the other atom which does not Contribute
any electron towards the shared electron
pair and tries to pull it towards itself is called the
acceptor.

A co-ordinate bond is usually represented by an

arrow pointing from donor to the acceptor atom.
3) CO-ORDINATE BOND/Dative Bond:-
A) A coordinate bond is a covalent bond formed between
two atoms in which the shared pair of electrons is
contributed by one atom only.
B) The atom providing the electron pair is called the donor
atom.
C)The atom which accepts the electron pair is called the
acceptor atom.
D) A coordinate bond is denoted by an arrow pointing
towards the acceptor atom.
Formation of co-ordinate compounds:
1. Ammonium (NH4+) ion:
1) In ammonia (NH3) molecule nitrogen atom has a lone pair of
electron which means (2,5) has five electrons in its valence Shell, out
of which only three electrons are involved in the formation of three N-
H single bonds.
2) Hydrogen ion (H+) does not posses any electron & is short of two
electrons to achieve stable electronic configuration.
3) Due to presence of a lone pair of electrons, nitrogen atom in NH3
molecule can form coordinate bond with H+ ion
4)Thus nitrogen atom share a lone pair of electron with H+ ions.
Formation of co-ordinate compounds:
1. Hydronium (H3O+) ion:
1) In water(H2O) molecule Oxygen atom has two lone pair of
electrons which means (2,6) has six electrons in its valence Shell, out
of which only four electrons are involved in the formation of two O-H
single bonds.
2) Hydrogen ion (H+) does not posses any electron & is short of two
electrons to achieve stable electronic configuration.
3) Due to presence of a lone pair of electrons, oxygen atom in H2O
molecule can form coordinate bond with H+ ion
4)Thus oxygen atom share a lone pair of electron with H+ ions.
Formation of ammonium boron trifluoride:
Metallic bond:
Definition:
The electrostatic force of attraction between positive ions (kernels) of
metals & the electron cloud surrounding the metals.
Nearly three fourth(80%) of the known element are metals.
The properties of metals can not be explained by either ionic or covalent
bonding. The bonding in metals is quite different from that in ionic or
covalent solids.which can explained on the basis of electron sea model
Metallic Properties:
Malleability :
1 The property of metal due to which it can be beat by hammer into
thin sheets & rolled without breaking is called malleability.
2.Ductility :
Property of metal by which metals can be drawn into thin wires
without breaking is called ductility.
3.Metals are having high thermal & electrical Conductivity due to
mobile valency electrons.
4.Metals have bright metallic luster:
Bright metallic luster is also due to the presence of highly mobile
valency electrons in metallic crystal.
5.Metals have high tensile strength.
Ability of a metal to carry load without breaking is called tensile
strength.
6.Metals have high M.P. & B.P.
7.Sonorous :this property of metal is used for making ringing bells in
schools.
Hydrogen bond:-
The attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of one
molecule with electronegative atom such as (N O,F) of
another molecule of same substance is known as
hydrogen bonding.

When hydrogen atom in a molecule is covalently bonded

to a strongly electronegative small sizes atom like N, O, F
the shared pair between by hydrogen atom and strongly
electronegative atom lies much more nearer to
electronegative atom. This give rise to the partial ionic
character in covalent bond with fractional positive charge
on the hydrogen atom and a fractional negative charge on
the electronegative atom
Ex. H-F molecule is said to be polar & behave as dipole.
Intramolcular hydrogen bond in Intramolcular hydrogen bond in
ortho-nitrophenol and Salicyladehyde water molecule and in ammonia

Intermolcular hydrogen bond in

Intermolcular hydrogen bond in
water
Ethannol (C2H5OH)
*- Classification of hydrogen bond –
a) Intermolecular Hydrogen bond.
This involves the electrostatic force of attraction between hydrogen
atom and electronegative atom of other element.
Ex.
p-nitrophenol,

b) Intramolecular hydrogen bond :This involves the electrostatic force

of attraction between hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom,
both present in the same molecule.
Ex__O - nitrophenole
* Molecular arrangement in Solids, Liquids and Gases:-
* Molecular arrangement in solid:-
• In solids the molecules are closely packed.
• They have least amount of intermolecular spaces.
• The force of attraction between the molecules is very high
• Free motion of molecules is not possible.
• That is why solids are rigid and retain their shape.
• Examples: Rocks

* Molecular arrangement in liquids:-

• In liquids the molecules are loosely packed.
• There are large intermolecular spaces in liquids.
• The force of attraction between the molecules is small
and motion of molecules is possible.
• That's why liquids are not rigid and have no shape
of their own. " shape of the container.
• Examples : Water
• Molecular arrangement in gases :
• In a gas the molecules are separated from one another by wide spaces.
• The force of attraction between the molecules is least and the
molecules have maximum freedom of motion.
• Hence the gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.
• Gases and liquids are called fluids because of their ability to flow,

Examples : Helium, air.

*Structure of solids:-
• Solids are held together by strong forces of attraction. They exists in two
forms as Crystalline and Amorphous
A) Crystalline solids :-
• Crystalline solids are present in well-defined crystalline forms, homogeneous, with
their atoms or molecules or ions arranged in certain definite geometrical pattern
throughout the three-dimensional network of the crystal.
• Solid substances are crystalline and the arrangement of particle in it is such that the
total intermolecular force of attraction is at maximum.
• The forces are responsible for stability of solid crystal.
• They have definite melting point.
• For example : Sodium chloride, sugar etc.
B) Amorphous solids :-
• Amorphous solids are having random particle arrangement.
• They appears like solids but do not have perfectly ordered crystalline structure. So they
lack the regular arrangement of atom or molecules.
• In fact, amorphous solids are super cooled liquids having small structural units.
• They do not have sharp melting points therefore by increasing temperature it slowly
softens becomes less viscous and melt over a range of temperature.
• For example : Rubber, plastics, Glass, etc.
*Unit Cell and Crystal Lattices:-
*Crystal Lattices:-
• It is highly ordered three dimensional structure formed by its constituent
atoms, molecules or ions. The constituent particles are represented by lattice
points. The lattice point may be atom, ion or molecule.
• i.e. It is array of points.
*Lattice point :-
• The point which represents the position of constituent particles in a crystal
lattice are called lattice points.

*Unit cell :-
• “The smallest repeating pattern in a crystal structure is called as the unit
cell”.
• The unit cell is a box containing one or more atoms arranged in three
dimensions.
• The unit cell is characterized by the lengths a, b and c and angles between
them are a, ß, γ.
Types of crystal lattice:-
a) Simple cubic crystal(SC):- This is the type of crystal lattice in which lattice
points are only at the eight corners of unit cell.
• It is an example of equal length and angles.
i.e. it has all sides equal a=b=c and equal angles α =ß=γ
e.g.- NaCl,KCl,Polonium metal etc.
• In this structure an atom situated at any corner of each unit is shared by a total of eight
unit cells. thus each cell has 1/8 share of every atom.so total number of atom to each
cell = 1/8 x 8 = 1 atom/unit cell of SC
• It has coordination number=6
• Total no. of lattice points are =8
Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a
central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbors in a in a crystal.
b) Body centred cubic crystal(BCC):-
• This is the type of crystal lattice in which lattice points are at the eight corners of unit cell
along with one at the centre of the body.
• It is an example of equal length and angles.
i.e. it has all sides equal a=b=c and equal angles α =ß=γ

e.g.- Li, Na, K, Cr, Ba, V, W, Fe etc.

• In this structure an atom situated at any corner of each unit is shared by a total of eight unit
cells. thus each cell has 1/8 share of every atom= 1/8 x 8 =1, but one atom at center was not
shared along with any cell so it remains unshared atom.so total number of atom to each cell
= 1/8 x 8 = 1 + 1= 2 atoms/unit cell of BCC
• It has coordination number=8
• Total no. of lattice points are =9
c) Face centred cubic crystal(FCC):-
• This is the type of crystal lattice in which lattice points are at the eight corners of unit cell
along with one atom at Centre of each face .
• It is an example of equal length and angles.
i.e. it has all sides equal a=b=c and equal angles α =ß=γ

e.g. Cu, Gold, Iridium, Pb, Ni, Pt. & Silver etc.

• In this structure an atom situated at any corner of each unit is shared by a total of eight unit
cells. thus each cell has 1/8 share of every atom= 1/8 x 8= 1. But atoms present at face
centres are 6,in which each atom shared equally In both sides.
i.e.= 1/2*6 =3. so total number of atoms present in FCC= 1 + 3= 4 atoms/unit cell of BCC
• It has coordination number=12
• Total no. of lattice points are =14
*Hexagonal close packed crystal(HCP):-
It is type of crystal in which two sides of structure are equal
and third side of structure is different
in length as well as angle.
i.e. length a = b ≠ c & angles α = ß ≠ γ
that is α = ß =90° , γ=120°
e.g. ZnO, SiO2, HgS, CdS , Mg, Zn, Ti etc.

The hexagonal closest packed (hcp) has a coordination number of 12 and contains 6 atoms per
unit cell.
Corner atoms=1 / 6X 12= 2, Middle layer = 3 X 1=3, Central atom= 1/2 X 2=1
*Catalysis :-The process of altering(to change) the
velocity/rate of a chemical reaction by the presence of Catalyst is
called as catalysis
Catalyst:- A substance which alters(Change) the rate of
chemical reaction without itself undergoing any chemical change in
mass and composition at the end of chemical reaction.

Catalysis helps to find the rate of reaction i.e. how reaction fast/slow
or time required to complete it
*Types of catalysis:-
1)Homogenous catalysis:-In homogeneous catalysis, reaction
mixture(reactant). and catalyst both are present in the same phase.
e.g.- a) Decomposition of acetaldehyde is catalyzed by iodine vapor

CH3CHO(g) + O2(g) I2Vapour CH4(g) + CO(g)

b) Nitric oxide act as a catalyst in combination of carbon monoxide and oxygen
2CO(g) + O2(g) NO(g) 2CO2(g)

c) Inversion of cane sugar

C12H22O11(L) + H2O H3O+(L) C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

2)Heterogeneous catalysis:- In hetergenous catalysis,

reaction mixture(reactant). and catalyst are present in the different
phase.
e.g. a) oxidation of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide in presence of Platinum(Pt) as
catalyst
2SO2(g) + O2 Pt(s) At 4500 2SO (g)
3
b) Manufacture ammonia(NH3) in Haber’s process by N2 and H2 combination in
presence of Iron(finely divided) as catalyst

N2(g) + 3H2(g) Fe(s) 2NH3(g) + Fe(s)

Catalyst:- A substance which alters(Change) the rate of chemical reaction without
itself undergoing any chemical change in mass and composition at the end of chemical
reaction.

TYPES:-
i)Positive catalyst:- the catalyst which accelerates
the velocity/Speed/rate of chemical reaction
is called as positive catalyst
This type of catalyst decreases the energy of
activation by accepting a smaller path so rate
of reaction increases

e.g. a) oxidation of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide in presence of Platinum(Pt) as

catalyst
2SO2(g) + O2 Pt(s) At 4500 2SO (g)
3
b) Manufacture ammonia(NH3) in Haber’s process by N2 and H2 combination in presence
of Iron(finely divided) as catalyst

N2(g) + 3H2(g) Fe(s) 2NH3(g) + Fe(s)

 Negative catalysts

ii) Negative catalyst:- the catalyst which retards/decreases

the velocity/Speed/rate of chemical reaction is called as

negative catalyst

This type of catalyst increases the energy of activation

by accepting a longer path so rate of reaction decreases.

e.g.- Chloroform is used as anaesthetic,but in presence of oxygen it goes under

oxidation to form poisonous carbonyl chloride(COCl2) but when 2% ethanol is added to
chloroform it retard the rate of reaction

4CHCl3 + 3O2 2% Ethanol 4COCl2 + 2H2O + 2Cl2

iii) Auto catalyst:- In some reactions, when one of the product of
reaction itself act as catalyst, then the reaction called as auto catalyst.
For simple reactions product yield increases with time but in
autocatalysis reaction proceed slowly ,then accelerates due to auto
catalyst and finally slow down to give yield

e.g. hydrolysis of ethyl acetate forms acetic acid(CH3COOH) and

ethanol.in this reaction acetic acid act as auto catalyst

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH

(Ethyl acetate) (Acetic acid) (Ethanol)
Catalytic promoter and Inhibitor:-

1) Catalytic promoter:- Certain substances increases the activity of the catalyst

are called as Catalytic promoter.
They are also called as catalytic activators.

e.g. Manufacture ammonia(NH3) in Haber’s process small amount of

Molybdenum(MO) increases the activity of Iron catalyst.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) Fe(s) 2NH3(g) + Fe(s)

Mo
2) Catalytic Inhibitor:- Certain substances decreases (destroys) the activity of
the catalyst are called as Catalytic Inhibitor.
They are also called as Catalytic poison.

e.g. Manufacture ammonia (NH3) in Haber’s process small amount of Hydrogen

sulphide decreases the activity of Iron catalyst.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) Fe(s) 2NH3(g) + Fe(s)

H2S(inhibitor)
 Manufacture of glucose from cane sugar
cane sugar Glucose + Fructose

Cane sugar processing consists of the following steps: sugar cane is crushed, the juice is heated and filtered, then sent to a
series of crystallisation steps to create crystals of raw sugar, followed by centrifugation to remove any remaining juice or
syrup.
Sucrose is crystallised white sugar produced by the sugar cane plant and can be found in households and foods worldwide. Sucrose is a
disaccharide made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose and is broken down rapidly into its constituent parts.
6) Manufacture of sulphuric acid by Contact process:
2 SO2 + O2 pt/V2O5 2 SO3

SO3 + H20 H2SO4

7) Manufacture of acrylonitrile in presence of a catalyst CuCl

HC ≡ HC + HCN CuCl H2C= CH

I
(Acetelyne) CN (Acrylonitrile)

8)Manufacture of polyethylene polymer:

H2C = CH2 Zigler Natta [-CH2-CH2-]n

Let’s Discuss Some important MCQs
1) How many covalent bonds does carbon form?
A. None, it does not form covalent bonds.
B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

2.Magnesium is in group 2 in the periodic table. Which of the

following formulas for magnesium compounds is correct?
A. MgO2 B. Mg2Na C.MgO D.Mg2O

3. Why does sodium chloride not conduct electricity in its solid

form?
A. Ions in its structure are in fixed positions.
B. It contains no free electrons.
C. It has a giant covalent molecular structure.
D. Ions in its structure only have single negative and single positive
charges.
4.Which of the following substances does not conduct electricity?
A. Brass B. Copper
C. Carbon (graphite) D. Carbon (diamond)

5. Which of the following does not contain ionic bonds?

A. NaCl B. CaCl2
C. CO2 D. MgO

6.The bond which formed by one sided sharing of electrons are called………..
A. Ionic bond B. Covalent bond
C. Dative bond D. Metallic bond

7. P- Nitro phenol is example of intermolecular hydrogen bond.

A. True B.False.

8. Covalent bond between similar or dissimilar atoms which have little or no difference in
their electronegativity's are called ….
A.Polar B.Non polar C.Dative D. None of above

9. The valency obtained by loss of valence electrons from the metallic atom of an element so
as to complete its last orbit (octet) is known as
A. Negative B. Positive C. neutral D. Non of above
10. The point which represents the position of constituent particles in a crystal lattice are
called
A. Crystal lattice B. Lattice point C. unit cell D.None of above.

11. Manufacture ammonia(NH3) in Haber’s process small amount of Molybdenum(Mo)

increases the activity of Iron catalyst then Mo is ………..
A. Catalyst B. Promoter C.Inhibitor D.None

12. The type of crystal lattice in which lattice points are only at the eight corners of unit cell are
called…..
A. BCC B.HCC C.SC D.FCC

13. The reaction mixture(reactant). and catalyst both are present in the same phase then it is
called as……………
A. Homogeneous catalysis B. Heterogeneous catalysis
C. Negative catalyst D. Auto catalyst

14. This property of metal is being used for making ringing bells in schools.
A. Tensile strength B. Malleabilty
C. Sonorus D. Ductility
15.How many number of atoms are present in hexagonal close pack structure per unit cell
A.1 B.2 C.3 D.6

16.Co-ordinate bond is also called as………………….

A. Ionic bond B.Covalent bond C.Dative bond D.None

17.How many number of lattice pionts are present in face centered cubic crystal……..
A.8 B.9 C.10 D.14

18.Rubbber, plastic and glass are examples of…………………….type of solids.

A. Crystalline solid B. Amorphous solid C.Covalent solid D.None

19. In ………………….. catalysis, reaction mixture(reactant). and catalyst are present in the
different phase.
A. Homogenous B.Heterogenous C.Positive D.Autocaltalysis

20. The attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with electronegative
atom such as (N O,F) of another molecule of same substance is known as…………….. bonding.
A.Metallic B.Ionic C.Covalent D.Hydrogen

21. Number of atoms present in Body centred cubic crystal(BCC) per unit cell is…….

A.1 B.2 C.3 D.6

22. Which among the following is not a property of Ionic bond?
a) Losing of electrons
b) Gain of electrons
c) Sharing of electrons
d) Transfer of electrons

23. Which among the following formation is not an example of Covalent bond?
a) LiF
b) NH3
c) CF4
d) HF

24. Potassium Ion K+ has the same electronic configuration as that of which noble gases
mentioned below?
a) Krypton
b) Xenon
c) Argon
d) Radon

25. A crystalline solid possess which one of the following property?

a) Irregularity
b) Non- symmetric
c) Perfect geometric pattern
d) non- stability