Grade 11: Week 24-29/ Feb

Unit 7 (cont’d)
GRAMMAR:
1. The Present Perfect (review)
2. The Present Perfect Continuous (review)

1. PRESENT PERFECT: ( HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH )

S + has/ have + V3ed Ex: I’ve just opened the door.

Ex: We have studied English for many years.

S + has/ have + not + V3ed Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently.

Has/ Have + S + V3ed? Ex: How long have you studied English?

Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk không rõ tgian.

 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra gần đây.

 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.

Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE +
mốc Tgian, FOR + khoảng Tgian, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…

* Dùng với các cụm từ: This is the first time, this is the second time, dùng trong cấu trúc: That( This) is
the best …. that + S + has/ have + V3ed

2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: ( HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN )

a. S + has/ have + been + Ving.

b. S + has/ have + not + been + Ving.

c. Has/ Have + S + been + Ving?

Ex: We have been studying English for many years.

Diễn tả: * Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai.

( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục, không gián đoạn của hành động)

* Một số động từ thường dùng:learn, lie, live, sit, rain, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, teach, stay ,...
 PRACTICE FOR UNIT 7

I/ Rewrite the sentences, using the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous

1. The graduate students started arriving at four o’clock. They are still arriving.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2. The graduate students started arriving at four o’clock. They are all in the lecture
hall.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

3. She started her research project last month. She’s still doing it.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

4. They visited this college in 2009, 2012 and 2014. ( three times)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

5. I started learning how to play the piano eight months ago. I’m still learning it.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

6. I started discussing my research proposal with my professor at the beginning of

my course. We are still discussing it.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
II. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of thefollowing questions.
1. I ____ English for five years. I study it at school.
A. have been learning B. have learnt C. learnt D. am
learning
2. You can have your book back now. I ____ it.
A. have been reading B. have read C. had read D. read
3. You look upset. ____ you ____?
A. Are – crying B. Do - cry C. Have - been crying D. Have - cried
4. How many times ____ you ____ that international conference?
A. did – attend B. do - attend C. have - been attending D. have -
attended
5. I ____ for my math textbook all day, but I ____ it yet.
A. have been looking/haven't found B. have looked/haven't found
C. have been looking/haven't been finding D. have looked/haven't been finding
6. Mum ____ all morning. She ____ lots of Christmas presents.
A. has shopped/has bought B. has been shopping/has bought
C. has been shopping/has been buying D. has shopped/has been buying
7. Kevin ____ his homework, but he ____ it yet.
A. has been doing/hasn't been finishing B. has done/hasn't finished
C. has been doing/hasn't finished D. has done/hasn't been finishing
8. Pete ____ at Midfield Secondary School since 2006, but he ____ music in his lessons twice.
A. has been teaching/has only played B. has been teaching/has only been playing
 C. has taught/has only been playing D. has taught/has only played
9. I ____ the biography of Robbie Williams, but I'm on page 50.
A. have read B. have been reading C. had read D. was reading
10. Jimmy can go out when he ____ for the exam.
A. has been studying B. has been studied C. has studied D. studied
11.I ____ the latest Harry Potter book all day. I'm dying to know what happensin the end!
A. am reading B. have been reading C. have read D. had read
12. So far I ____ any of the exams at school.
A. haven't been failing B. hadn't failed C. didn't fail D. haven't failed
13. We ____ our classroom for the upcoming Teachers' Day, but there's still alot to do.
A. are decorating B. decorated C. have been decorating D. have decorated
14. Margaret ____ in the school marathon for charity before.
A. has never run B. never runs C. never ran D. has never been running
15. My brother graduated from Hong Kong University of Science and Technologylast month and ____
for a job since then.
A. has been looking B. has looked C. was looking D. had looked
16. Tim ____ for the scholarship to study abroad in the USA at least twice.
A. applied B. is applying C. has been applying D. has applied
17. All the students ____ for their academic transcripts all this week, but they ____ them yet.
A. have waited/haven't received B. have been waiting/haven't received
C. have waited/haven't been receiving D. have been waiting/haven't been receiving
18.I ____ for the information about the differences between further education and higher education all
this morning.
A. had searched B. have been searched C. have been searchingD. have searched
19. It's the first time you ____ an online course, isn't it?
A. had ever taken B. have ever been taking C. ever took D. have ever taken
20. The teacher ____ the speaking task on the board, so now the students arediscussing it.
A. has already been writing B. has already written
C. already wrote D. had already written
21. Sandy ____ his sister since she ____ to university in 2014.
A. hadn't seen/went B. hasn't been seeing/went
C. didn't see/has gone D. hasn't seen/went
22. They ____ to Spain for an educational exchange and won't be back until the end of this month.
A. have gone B. went C. have been going D. is going
23. Poor Tracy! She ____ that essay for hours now and she still ____.
A. has written/hasn't finished B. has been writing/didn't finish
C. has been writing/hasn't finished D. has written/hasn't been finishing
24. Tom and Mary are still discussing the math exercise with each other becausethey ____ how to do it.
A. aren't working out B. haven't worked out
C. haven't been working out D. didn't work out
25. I ____ reading a wonderful book about space travel.
A. just finish B. just do finish C. have just finished D. have just been finishing
26. As a rule, you shouldn't argue with your hosts unless they ____ somethingopenly offensive.
A. had said B. have been saying C. have said D. would say
27. Noah Webster an American Dictionary of the English Language in two volumes in 1828, and since
then it ____ the recognised authority for usage in the United States.
A. published/became B. has published/has become
C. published/was becoming D. published/has become
28. She ____ of great help to us because she ____ for such a long time with us.
A. has been/had lived B. has been/has been living C. has been/lived D. was/has lived
29. I ____ the book yet so I can't tell you what happens.
A. haven't finished B. haven't been finishing C. didn't finish D. hadn't
finished
30. Peter has been a junior clerk for three years. Lately he ____ for a better postbut so far he ____
anything.
A. looks/hasn't found B. have looked/haven't found
C. has been looking/hasn't found D. has looked/hasn't found
III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate thecorrect answer to
each of the questions.
One way of training for your future occupation in Germany is by pursuing a dual vocational training
programme. Such programmes offer plenty of opportunity for on-the-job training and work
experience. Programmes usually last between two and three and a half years and comprise
theoretical as well as practical elements. You will spend one or two days a week, or several weeks at
once, at a vocational school where you will acquire the theoretical knowledge that you will need in
your future occupation. The rest of the time will be spent at a company. There you get to apply your
newly acquired knowledge in practice, for example by learning to operate machinery. You will get to
know what your company does, learn how it operates and find out if you can see yourself working
there after completing your training.
This combination of theory and practice gives you a real head start into your job: by the time you
have completed your training, you will not only have the required technical knowledge, but you will
also have hands-on experience in your job. There are around 350 officially recognised training
programmes in Germany, so chances are good that one of them will suit your interests and talents.
You can find out which one that might be by visiting one of the jobs and vocational training fairs
which are organised in many German cities at different times in the year.
Employment prospects for students who have completed a dual vocational training programme are
very good. This is one of the reasons why this kind of training is very popular with young Germans:
around two thirds of all students leaving school go on to start a vocational training programme.
1. Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?
A. Employment Opportunities and Prospects in Germany
B. Higher Education System in Germany
C. Dual Vocational Training System in Germany
D. Combination of Theory and Practice in Studying in Germany
2. The word "it" in the first paragraph refers to ____.
A. company B. machinery C. knowledge D. organisation
3. Which of the following statements best describes the dual vocational trainingprogrammes?
A. These programmes consist of an intensive theoretical course of two and ahalf years at a
vocational school.
B. These programmes require you to have only practical working time at acertain company.
C. These programmes offer you some necessary technical skills to do yourfuture job.
D. These programmes provide you with both theoretical knowledge and practicalworking
experience.
4. The word "hands-on” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. theoretical B. practical C. technical D. integral
5. How many German school leavers choose this vocational trainingprogramme?
A. well over 75% B. around one out of five
C. less than a third D. about 70%
 UNIT 8. OUR WORLD HERITAGE SITES
Các di sản thế giới của chúng ta
VOCABULARY
1. abundant /əˈbʌndənt/(adj):
2. acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/(v):
3. archaeological /ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ (adj):
4. authentic /ɔːˈθentɪk/(adj):
5. breathtaking /ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ/(adj):
6. bury /ˈberi/ (v):
7. cave /keɪv/(n):
8. citadel /ˈsɪtədəl/(n):
9. complex /ˈkɒmpleks/(n):
10. comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/(v):
11. craftsman /ˈkrɑːftsmən/ (n):
12. cruise /kruːz/ (n):
13. cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/(n):
14. decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/(v):
15. demolish /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/(v):
16. distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/(adj):
17. dome /dəʊm/(n) :
18. dynasty /ˈdɪnəsti/(n):
19. emerge /iˈmɜːdʒ/ (v):
20. emperor /ˈempərə(r)/(n):
21. endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/(v):
22. excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/(n):
23. expand /ɪkˈspænd/ (v):
24. fauna /ˈfɔːnə/(n):
25. flora /ˈflɔːrə/(n):
26. geological /ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/(a):
27. grotto /ˈɡrɒtəʊ/ (n):
28. harmonious /hɑːˈməʊniəs/(a):
29. heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/(n):
30. imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ (a):
31. in ruins (idiom)/ˈruːɪn/ :
32. intact /ɪnˈtækt/ (a):
33. irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/ (a):
34. islet /ˈaɪlət/(n):
35. itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərəri/ (n):
36. landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/ (n):
37. lantern /ˈlæntən/ (n):
38. limestone /ˈlaɪmstəʊn/ (n):
39. magnificent /mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/(a):
40. masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/(n):
41. mausoleum /ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm/ (n):
42. mosaic /məʊˈzeɪɪk/ (adj):
43. mosque /mɒsk/ (n):
44. outstanding /aʊtˈstændɪŋ/ (adj) :
45. picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/(adj) :
46. poetic /pəʊˈetɪk/(adj):
47. preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/(v):
+ preservation /ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/(n)
48. relic /ˈrelɪk/(n):
49. respectively /rɪˈspektɪvli/ (adv):
50. royal /ˈrɔɪəl/ (adj):
51. sanctuary /ˈsæŋktʃuəri/(n):
52. scenic /ˈsiːnɪk/ (adj): có
53. subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ (adj):
54. tomb /tuːm/(n):
55. worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/(n):
Practice for Vocab Unit 8:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of thefollowing questions.
1. I'd like to book a room with a/an ____ of the sea.
A. outlook B. sight C. view D. scenery
2. When I'm on holiday, I enjoy ____.
A. getting sunburnt B. getting sunstroke C. having a sunbath D. sunbathing
3. The most popular destinations for ____ holidays are Spain, Italy, and Greece.
A. charter B. package C. packed D. packet
4. When you are staying at a popular resort, there are plenty of ____ to go on.
A. excursions B. expeditions C. pilgrimages D. sightseeing
5. One day when I'm rich and famous, I'm going to go on a round-the-world ____.
A. cruise B. sail C. self-catering D. survival
6. You can save money by choosing a ____ holiday.
A. do-it-yourself B. self-catering C. self-study D. survival
7. My favourite part of England is Cornwall. There's some absolutely beautiful ____ there.
 A. nature B. signs C. scenery D. views
8. There's a pretty little fishing village ____.
A. by the sea B. on the sand C. on the beach D. by the shore
9. There's a path that ____ out of the village to a beautiful 14 -century church.
th

A. follows B. moves C. takes D. leads

10. Costa Rica is one of the most beautiful places I have ever visited. Whereveryou go, you can see the ____ of
volcanoes, some of which are still alive.
A. tops B. heads C . mouths D. ends
11. The beaches were absolutely ____. Sometimes we were the only two peoplethere.
A. unspoilt B. deserted C. natural D. romantic
12. Sri Lanka has some fantastic beaches – miles after miles of golden sand and ____ water.
A. crystal clear B. crystal clean C. light blue D. navy blue
13. The travel agent wasn't to ____ for the overbooking.
A. accuse B. charge C. blame D. claim
14. When I worked as a waiter, the hotel manager found ____ with everything Ido.
A. blame B. complaint C. fault D. criticism
15. It can be quite busy here during the tourist ____.
A. period B. phase C. stage D. season
16. I always enjoy our school ____ to France.
A. excursion B. journey C. trip D. travel
17. Captain Cook discovered Australia on a ____ to the Pacific.
A. voyage B. cruise C. travel D. tour
18. The sunset over Niagara Fall is really a magnificent ____.
A. look B. sign C. view D. sight
19. The hotel where we are ____ is quite luxurious.
A. staying B. existing C. remaining D. living
20. Passengers requiring a special meal during the flight should inform the airlinein ____.
A. ahead B. advance C. front D. forward
21. We usually do go by train, even though the car ____ is a lot quicker.
A. travel B. trip C. voyage D. journey
22. The area near the palace gates was ____ with tourists.
A. full B. crowded C. flooded D. covered
23. From the top of the cathedral tower there are some spectacular ____ of thesurrounding countryside.
A. sights B. sites C. views D. scenery
24. She didn't enjoy the Mediterranean ____ at all; she was seasick most of thetime.
A. cruise B. tour C. voyage D. trip
25. Known as 'Ha Long Bay on Land', Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex is famous for its mountains, caves,
and archaeological ____.
A. excavations B. sites C. relics D. heritages
Exercise 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to theunderlined
word(s)in each of the following questions.
1. The balance and harmonious blending of various elements contribute to TajMahal's unique beauty.
A. successful B. agreeable C. tasteful D. fitting
2. My Son Sanctuary is a large complex of religious relics comprising more than70 architectural works such as
towers, temples, and tombs.
A. royal B. precious C. holy D. valuable
3. In addition to exploring the caves and grottos, and seeing its flora and fauna,visitors can also enjoy mountain
climbing.
A. flowers and plants B. plants and animals
C. plants and vegetation D. flowers and grass
4. Ha Long Bay has attracted millions of visitors who come to enjoy itsbreathtaking views and experience other
activities.
A. unbreathable B. heartbreaking C. awe-inspiring D. unforgettable
5. They can enjoy the -comfort and elegance of five-star hotels and luxurycruise ships.
A. style B. convenience C. standard D. grace
Exercise 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning tothe underlined
word(s) in each of the following questions.
1. Though built almost five hundred years ago, the church remained practically intact.
A. in perfection B. in ruins C. in chaos D. in completion
2. Tourists can do and see a lot in Ha Long Bay at a reasonable price.
A. inexpensive B. affordable C. cheap D. exorbitant
3. The major stone sections of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty remain intact thanksto the unique construction
techniques.
A. special B. common C. excellent D. ancient
4. The Imperial Citadel of Thang Long was first built during the Ly Dynasty andthen expanded by subsequent
dynasties.
A. following B. successive C. preceding D. next
5. Visitors with more abundant travel budgets can enjoy the comfort of five-starhotels and luxury cruise ships.
A. huge B. plentiful C. mean D. tight

GRAMMAR FOR UNIT 8

1. The Relative Clauses (review)
2. The Reduced Clauses of ING/ED/TO INFINITIVE (review)

RELATIVE CLAUSES - REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES – REDUCED CLAUSES

A. RELATIVE CLAUSES

- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom,
whose, which, that) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay
đằng sau danh từ. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính
ngữ.

Eg: The man who lives next door is very friendly.

Danh từ đứng trước Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sở hữu cách

(Subject)
(Antecedent) (Object) (Possesive Case)

Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose

Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose

I. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)

1. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.

→ I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.

The girl is John’s sister. You saw her at the concert.

 => The girl who you saw at the concert is …

2. WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.

→ I know the girl whom I spoke to.

3. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ /tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars

→ She works for a company which makes cars.

The accident wasn’t very serious. Daniel saw it.

=> The accident which Daniel saw ……

* Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó – a connector

Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)

4. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định (Mđ không có dấu phẩy)

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.

*Notes:

+ Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau đại từ bất định: something, anyone, nobody,…hoặc sau “ all, much, none, little... ” được dùng như
đại từ.

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

All that is mine is yours. / These walls are all that are remains of the city.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, các từ chỉ thứ tự: only, first, last, second, next…

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I’ve ever had.

- You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc: It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

It is/was not until + time/clause + that……(mãi tới khi…. thì…)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

It was not until 1990 that she became a member of the team.

+ Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định.

 Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. (sai)

- Sau giới từ.

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale. (sai)

+ Bắt buộc dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ vừa chỉ người và vật, bắt buộc dùng “that”:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

We can see the farmers and their cattle that are going to the field.

- Trong cấu trúc: It be ………. that …………. (có thể dùng WHO khi chủ ngữ Hoặc tân ngữ đứng giữa “It
be N / O that …. ” chỉ người

5. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho các danh từ có tính từ sở hữu đi kèm (his-, her-, its-, their-).

Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.

→ John found a cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken. (Of which is informal)

- This is the student. I borrowed his book.

→This is the student whose book I borrowed.

*Các từ chỉ số lượng như (quantifiers): All of, None of, each of, most of, many of, neither of, the
majority of …=> có thể dùng với WHICH / WHOM/ WHOSE trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.

→ Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

→ He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer

She has a teddy- bear. Both of its eyes are brown.

=> She has a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes are brown.

*Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. Giới từ có thể đứng trước Whom và which.
- in formal written style: prep + which/ whom Eg:The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
- in informal style: giới từ thường đứng sau động từ:The man whom you are talking about is my
brother.
Chú ý: Khi ĐTQH làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và giới từ đứng sau động từ trong
mệnh đề thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ.
Eg: The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive.
- Nhưng khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
Eg: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
2. Giới từ không dùng trước That và Who:
3. Khi động từ trong mệnh đề là Phrasal verbs: không được chuyển giới từ lên trước ĐTQH whom
/which:
Eg: Did you find the word which you were looking up?
The child whom I have looked after for a year is very naughty.
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
4. Without luôn đứng trước whom/ which:
Eg: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane.
Fortunately we had a map without which we would have got lost.
5. Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ (mà trước chúng không có giới từ) trong mệnh đề quan hệ
xác định đều có thể lược bỏ. Tuy nhiên trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thì không thể lược bỏ.
Eg: That’s the house (which) I have bought.
The woman (whom) you met yesterday works in advertising. (làm nghề quảng cáo)
Eg: Mr Tom, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent.

II. Phó từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)

1. WHERE: thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc thay cho (in/ at / on... which), there / here.

Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.

→ The movie theater is the place where we can see films.

at which

Eg: That is the house. We used to live in it.

=> That is the house where we used to live. (= in which)

This is the table. My teacher put his book on it.

=> This is the table where my teacher put his book. (= on which)

2. WHEN:thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian hoặc thay cho (in/ on/at... which), then

Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.

→ Do you remember the day when/on which we first met?

Eg: That was the time when he managed the company. (= at which)

→ Spring is the season when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom. (= in which)

3. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do.

Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.

→ Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad.

*Note:

- “Where” có thể được sử dụng mà không cần cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg: Put it where we all can see it.
- Không sử dụng giới từ trước “Where, When, Why”.
Eg: The building in where he lives/ where he lives in is very old. (sai)
 => The building in which he lives is very old.

III. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (Defining & Non-Defining relative clauses)
1. Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính
sẽ không rõ nghĩa. (modify the antecedent which is unclear in meaning)
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
→ I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
• LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong
MĐQH hạn định.
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu
bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa (modify the antecedent which is clear in meaning, so it’s just an
extra information).
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (use commas to separate with main
clause).
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…+ N
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất.
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
→ My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
→ Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveler thirsty. It was hot at midday.
→ The Sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveler thirsty.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định.
+ Không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề này.

B. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

Điều kiện: Khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, trước ĐTQH không có giới
từ.
1. Dùng phân từ:
a. Dùng hiện tại phân từ (present participle): V-ing -> Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng chủ động
Eg: + The man who is standing there is my brother.
=> The man standing there is my brother
+ Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
=> Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
* Notes: Không nên dùng HTPT để diễn đạt hành động đơn trong quá khứ.
Eg: + The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident.
=> The police wanted to interview the people seeing the accident. (không nên)
But: + The people who saw the accident had to report it to the police.
=> The people seeing the accident had to report it to the police.
b) Dùng quá khứ phân từ (Past participle): Ved/3 Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng bị động
Eg: + The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
=> The boy injured in the accident…………………………………….
 + Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported.
=> Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.
+ Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come.
=> Some of the people invited to the party can’t come.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (To V/ For sb to V / to be + PII...) (2)
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây: The ONLY, LAST, FIRST, NEXT, SECOND...
Ex: + This is the only student who can solve the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
=> This is the only student to solve the problem.
+ She is the youngest player who won the game.
=> She is the youngest player to win the game.
- ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề, khi muốn diễn đạt mục đích, sự cho phẫp.
Ex: + The children need a big yard which they can play in.
=> The children need a big yard to play in.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: + Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form for you to fill in.
+ There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ: Trong phần to-inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì dùng for sb +to V.
Ex: + We have some picture books that children can read.
=> We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không
cần ghi ra.
Ex: + Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronouns có giới từ thì phải đưa giới từ xuống cuối câu.
Ex: + We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
=> We have a peg to hang our coat on.

3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ/ ngữ đồng vị)
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
Which/ Who+ BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ / CỤM GIỚI TỪ/ TÍNH TỪ (3)
Cách làm: bỏ who, which và be
Ex: Vo Nguyen Giap, who was the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
=> VNG, the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
Ex: We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain.
=> We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain.

PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN MĐQH:

Bước 1: - Tìm xem mệnh đề quan hệ nằm ở đâu.
Bước 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm danh từ.
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ?Nếu có áp dụng công thức (3).

2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước ĐTQH có các dấu hiệu the first,only, second, third....
/so sánh hơn nhất…, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức (2). Lưu ý thêm, xem 2 chủ ngữ có khác nhau
không (để dùng for sb+ V)

3. Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xẫt xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-ing hay
Ved/3.

C. REDUCED CLAUSES: RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ (Reduce an adverbial clause)

* Điều kiện: Chủ từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng từ giống nhau

* Cách rút gọn:

- Bỏ các liên từ bắt đầu một mệnh đề trạng từ.
- Chuyển các hình thức động từ ở dạng chủ động thành present participle (đối với các thì đơn / tiếp
diễn) hoặc having + past participle (V3, ed) (đối với các thì hoàn thành).

Example: + After he had finished his work, he went home.

→ (After) having finished his work, he went home.

+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.

→ Lying on the floor, he was reading a book.

Or: He was lying on the floor, reading a book.

- Giữ nguyên hình thức động từ ở dạng bị động ở dạng past participle hoặc being + past participle
(Đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn) hoặc having been + past participle (V3, ed) (đối với các thì hoàn
thành).
Example:

+ He was punished by his father, he cried bitterly.

→ Being punished by his father, he cried bitterly.

Or: Punished by his father, he cried bitterly.

+ After she had been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
→ Having been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
a. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
- Hai hành động xảy ra song song:
+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.

-> He was lying on the floor, reading a book.

- Hai hành động xảy ra trước sau (thường rút ngắn mđ xảy ra trước)
+ When I came home, I turned on the lights.
-> Coming home, I turned on the lights.

b. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân.

+ Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.

→ Being unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.

+ She felt very confident because she had prepared well for the test.
 → Having prepared well for the test, she felt very confident.

c. Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản.

+ Although I admit he is right, I do not like him.

→ Admitting he is right, I do not like him.

+ Although he is famous, he looks very simple.

→ Being famous, he looks very simple.

d. Mệnh đề điều kiện.

+ If you follow my advice, you can win the game.

→ Following my advice, you can win the game.

+ If you had gone to the party, you would have met her.

→ Having gone to the party, you would have met her.

e. Mệnh đề kết quả: Khi hành động thứ 2 tạo thành một phần hoặc là kết quả của hành động 1,
ta có thể rút ngắn hành động 2 về cụm HTPT (V-ing).

+ As she went out, she slammed the door.

→ She went out, slamming the door.

+ He fired, wounding one of the bandits.

PRACTICE

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of thefollowing questions.
1. The best way ____ London is by taking a guided tour.
A. of which to see B. to see C. seeing D. in which you see
2. With its thousands of rocks and caves ____ out of the water, Ha Long Bay haswon international
recognition.
A. emerge B. to emerge C. emerging D. being emerged
3.HoiAn Ancient Town is a well-preserved example of a Southeast Asiantrading port ____ from the 15th
to the 19th century.
A. to date B. dated C. that date D. dating
4. We can also see the stone dragons of Kinh Thien Palace and relics associated with many
Vietnamese royal families, ____ during archaeological excavations.
A. discovered B. being discovered C. to discover D. discovering
5. John F. Kennedy was the last US president ____.
A. to assassinate B. assassinated C. assassinating D. to be assassinated
6. The Complex of Hue Monuments was the first site in Viet Nam ____ to theWorld Heritage List.
A. adding B. to add C. to be added D. added
7. The archaeological excavation ____ to the discovery of the ancient city lastedseveral years.
A. led B. leading C. to lead D. being led
8. Though ____ many centuries ago, the palace remains practically intact.
A. building B. to build C. built D. people built
9. I picked up some holiday brochures ____ around the table at the travelagency.
 A. to lie B. lying C. to be lying D. being lying
10. Situated on Cam Khe Hill, Tomb of Minh Mang is one of the most interestingroyal tombs ____ in
Hue.
A. to visit B. visited C. visiting D. being visited
11. You may choose one from the five World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam ____ in this leaflet to visit on
your next field trip.
A. includes B. including C. included D. to include
12. ____ UNESCO criteria for outstanding universal value to humanity, TrangAn Scenic Landscape
Complex was added to the World Heritage List in 2014.
A. Meeting B. Met C. To meet D. Having met
13. The most magnificent feature of Taj Mahal ____ is the central dome.
A. noticed B. being noticed C. to notice D. noticing
14. Scientists ____ on the site found many ancient tools, tombs and pottery, andmade some important
archaeological discoveries.
A. worked B. working C. to work D. to be working
15. ____ with an average of 320 days of sunshine a year, the coastline offers the perfect holiday
destination for anyone ____ to switch off and unwind.
A. Blessed/wanting B. Blessing/wanting C. Blessed/wants D. Blessing/wanted
16. Southern Spain's Costa del Sol, ____ from Nerja in the east to Manilva in thewest, is one of the most
fascinating tourist areas in the world.
A. stretches B. stretching C. stretched D. being stretched
17. As well as its beautiful sun-soaked beaches and excellent gastronomy, theregion boasts no fewer
than thirty golf courses, ____ amateurs and professionals alike with year-round golfing opportunities.
A. provides B. provided C. providing D. is provas
18. The Saga Rose is a good-looking ship. ____in 1965, she is highly regardedby marine experts for her
elegant lines.
A. Launching B. Was launched C. To launch D. Launched
19. I took up salsa, ____ by dance teacher, Thabo, who made us believe we weregood enough to
perform in front of passengers and crew.
A. was inspired B. inspiring C. inspired D. was inspiring
20. The electromagnetic fields can also cause responses in the brain, ____ observers into thinking they
are seeing even more vivid impressions.
A. tricking B. tricks C. trick D. tricked
21. Henry VIII of England was the only king ____six times.
A. to marry B. married C. was married D. marrying
22. Travellers are faced with a lot of destinations ____ from.
A. choosing B. choose C. to be choosing D. to choose
23. I think China will be the next country ____ the Olympic Games.
A. who host B. hosting C. to host D. hosted
24. At 24, William Pitt was the youngest person ____ Prime Minister.
A. becoming B. to become C. became D. was become
25. Tourists ____ the train from London to Stratford have to change at Coventry.
A. take B. taking C. to take D. who takes
26. The capital city of Ecuador was the first city in the world ____ a WorldHeritage Site by UNESCO.
A. to declare B. declared C. declaring D. to be declared
27. Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex is the 8th World Heritage in Viet Nam ____ by UNESCO.
A. to be recognised B. to recognise C. recognising D. recognised
28. The London Tower Bridge, ____ 244 metres long, is a World Heritage Site.
A measures B. measured C. measuring D. is measured
29.Scholars believe that there are still relics ____ under the tomb and awaiting tobe excavated.
 A. burying B. buried C. are burying D. are buried
30. ____ the email - supposedly from Boyd's Bank - to be genuine, she was tricked into disclosing her
credit card details.
A. Believe B. Being believed C. To believe D. Believing
KEY Grade 11: Week 24-29/ Feb

Unit 7 (cont’d)
GRAMMAR:
1. The Present Perfect (review)
2. The Present Perfect Continuous (review)

1. PRESENT PERFECT: ( HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH )

S + has/ have + V3ed Ex: I’ve just opened the door.

Ex: We have studied English for many years.

S + has/ have + not + V3ed Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently.

Has/ Have + S + V3ed? Ex: How long have you studied English?

Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk không rõ tgian.

 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra gần đây.

 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.

Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE +
mốc Tgian, FOR + khoảng Tgian, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…

* Dùng với các cụm từ: This is the first time, this is the second time, dùng trong cấu trúc: That( This) is
the best …. that + S + has/ have + V3ed

2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: ( HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN )

a. S + has/ have + been + Ving.

b. S + has/ have + not + been + Ving.

c. Has/ Have + S + been + Ving?

Ex: We have been studying English for many years.

Diễn tả: * Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai.

( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục, không gián đoạn của hành động)

* Một số động từ thường dùng:learn, lie, live, sit, rain, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, teach, stay ,...
 PRACTICE FOR UNIT 7

I/ Rewrite the sentences, using the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous

7. The graduate students started arriving at four o’clock. They are still arriving.
The graduate students have been arriving since four o’clock.
8. The graduate students started arriving at four o’clock. They are all in the lecture
hall.
The graduate students have all arrived at the lecture hall.
9. She started her research project last month. She’s still doing it.
She has been doing her research project since last month.
10. They visited this college in 2009, 2012 and 2014. ( three times)
They have visited this college three times.
11. I started learning how to play the piano eight months ago. I’m still learning it.
I have been learning how to play the piano for eight months/ over the last eight
months.
12. I started discussing my research proposal with my professor at the beginning of
my course. We are still discussing it.
I have been discussing my research proposal with my professor since the beginning of
my course.
II. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of thefollowing questions.
1. I ____ English for five years. I study it at school.
A. have been learning B. have learnt C. learnt D. am
learning
2. You can have your book back now. I ____ it.
A. have been reading B. have read C. had read D. read
3. You look upset. ____ you ____?
A. Are – crying B. Do - cry C. Have - been crying D. Have - cried
4. How many times ____ you ____ that international conference?
A. did – attend B. do - attend C. have - been attending D. have -
attended
5. I ____ for my math textbook all day, but I ____ it yet.
A. have been looking/haven't found B. have looked/haven't found
C. have been looking/haven't been finding D. have looked/haven't been finding
6. Mum ____ all morning. She ____ lots of Christmas presents.
A. has shopped/has bought B. has been shopping/has bought
C. has been shopping/has been buying D. has shopped/has been buying
7. Kevin ____ his homework, but he ____ it yet.
A. has been doing/hasn't been finishing B. has done/hasn't finished
C. has been doing/hasn't finished D. has done/hasn't been finishing
8. Pete ____ at Midfield Secondary School since 2006, but he ____ music in his lessons twice.
A. has been teaching/has only played B. has been teaching/has only been playing
C. has taught/has only been playing D. has taught/has only played
9. I ____ the biography of Robbie Williams, but I'm on page 50.
 A. have read B. have been reading C. had read D. was reading
10. Jimmy can go out when he ____ for the exam.
A. has been studying B. has been studied C. has studied D. studied
11.I ____ the latest Harry Potter book all day. I'm dying to know what happensin the end!
A. am reading B. have been reading C. have read D. had read
12. So far I ____ any of the exams at school.
A. haven't been failing B. hadn't failed C. didn't fail D. haven't failed
13. We ____ our classroom for the upcoming Teachers' Day, but there's still alot to do.
A. are decorating B. decorated C. have been decorating D. have decorated
14. Margaret ____ in the school marathon for charity before.
A. has never run B. never runs C. never ran D. has never been running
15. My brother graduated from Hong Kong University of Science and Technologylast month and ____
for a job since then.
A. has been looking B. has looked C. was looking D. had looked
16. Tim ____ for the scholarship to study abroad in the USA at least twice.
A. applied B. is applying C. has been applying D. has applied
17. All the students ____ for their academic transcripts all this week, but they ____ them yet.
A. have waited/haven't received B. have been waiting/haven't received
C. have waited/haven't been receiving D. have been waiting/haven't been receiving
18.I ____ for the information about the differences between further education and higher education all
this morning.
A. had searched B. have been searched C. have been searchingD. have searched
19. It's the first time you ____ an online course, isn't it?
A. had ever taken B. have ever been taking C. ever took D. have ever taken
20. The teacher ____ the speaking task on the board, so now the students arediscussing it.
A. has already been writing B. has already written
C. already wrote D. had already written
21. Sandy ____ his sister since she ____ to university in 2014.
A. hadn't seen/went B. hasn't been seeing/went
C. didn't see/has gone D. hasn't seen/went
22. They ____ to Spain for an educational exchange and won't be back until the end of this month.
A. have gone B. went C. have been going D. is going
23. Poor Tracy! She ____ that essay for hours now and she still ____.
A. has written/hasn't finished B. has been writing/didn't finish
C. has been writing/hasn't finished D. has written/hasn't been finishing
24. Tom and Mary are still discussing the math exercise with each other becausethey ____ how to do it.
A. aren't working out B. haven't worked out
C. haven't been working out D. didn't work out
25. I ____ reading a wonderful book about space travel.
A. just finish B. just do finish C. have just finished D. have just been finishing
26. As a rule, you shouldn't argue with your hosts unless they ____ somethingopenly offensive.
A. had said B. have been saying C. have said D. would say
27. Noah Webster an American Dictionary of the English Language in two volumes in 1828, and since
then it ____ the recognised authority for usage in the United States.
A. published/became B. has published/has become
C. published/was becoming D. published/has become
28. She ____ of great help to us because she ____ for such a long time with us.
A. has been/had lived B. has been/has been living C. has been/lived D. was/has lived
29. I ____ the book yet so I can't tell you what happens.
 A. haven't finished B. haven't been finishing C. didn't finish D. hadn't
finished
30. Peter has been a junior clerk for three years. Lately he ____ for a better postbut so far he ____
anything.
A. looks/hasn't found B. have looked/haven't found
C. has been looking/hasn't found D. has looked/hasn't found
III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate thecorrect answer to
each of the questions.
One way of training for your future occupation in Germany is by pursuing a dual vocational training
programme. Such programmes offer plenty of opportunity for on-the-job training and work
experience. Programmes usually last between two and three and a half years and comprise
theoretical as well as practical elements. You will spend one or two days a week, or several weeks at
once, at a vocational school where you will acquire the theoretical knowledge that you will need in
your future occupation. The rest of the time will be spent at a company. There you get to apply your
newly acquired knowledge in practice, for example by learning to operate machinery. You will get to
know what your company does, learn how it operates and find out if you can see yourself working
there after completing your training.
This combination of theory and practice gives you a real head start into your job: by the time you
have completed your training, you will not only have the required technical knowledge, but you will
also have hands-on experience in your job. There are around 350 officially recognised training
programmes in Germany, so chances are good that one of them will suit your interests and talents.
You can find out which one that might be by visiting one of the jobs and vocational training fairs
which are organised in many German cities at different times in the year.
Employment prospects for students who have completed a dual vocational training programme are
very good. This is one of the reasons why this kind of training is very popular with young Germans:
around two thirds of all students leaving school go on to start a vocational training programme.
1. Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?
A. Employment Opportunities and Prospects in Germany
B. Higher Education System in Germany
C. Dual Vocational Training System in Germany
D. Combination of Theory and Practice in Studying in Germany
2. The word "it" in the first paragraph refers to ____.
A. company B. machinery C. knowledge D. organisation
3. Which of the following statements best describes the dual vocational trainingprogrammes?
A. These programmes consist of an intensive theoretical course of two and ahalf years at a
vocational school.
B. These programmes require you to have only practical working time at acertain company.
C. These programmes offer you some necessary technical skills to do yourfuture job.
D. These programmes provide you with both theoretical knowledge and practicalworking
experience.
4. The word "hands-on” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. theoretical B. practical C. technical D. integral
5. How many German school leavers choose this vocational trainingprogramme?
A. well over 75% B. around one out of five
C. less than a third D. about 70%
 UNIT 8. OUR WORLD HERITAGE SITES
Các di sản thế giới của chúng ta
1. abundant /əˈbʌndənt/(adj):dồi dào, nhiều
2. acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/(v):chấp nhận, công nhận, thừa nhận
3. archaeological /ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ (adj):thuộc về khảo cổ học
4. authentic /ɔːˈθentɪk/(adj):thật, thực
5. breathtaking /ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ/(adj): đẹp đến ngỡ ngàng
6. bury /ˈberi/ (v):chôn vùi, giấu trong lòng đất
7. cave /keɪv/(n):hang động
8. citadel /ˈsɪtədəl/(n):thành trì (để bảo vệ khỏi bị tấn công)
9. complex /ˈkɒmpleks/(n): quẩn thể, tổ hợp
10. comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/(v): bao gổm, gổm
11. craftsman /ˈkrɑːftsmən/ (n):thợ thủ công
12. cruise /kruːz/ (n):chuyến du ngoạn trên biển
13. cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/(n):cách thức chế biến thức ăn, nấu nướng
14. decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/(v): trang trí
15. demolish /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/(v): đổ sập, đánh sập
16. distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/(adj): nổi bật, rõ rệt, đặc trưng
17. dome /dəʊm/(n) : mái vòm
18. dynasty /ˈdɪnəsti/(n): triểu đại
19. emerge /iˈmɜːdʒ/ (v): trồi lên, nổi lên
20. emperor /ˈempərə(r)/(n): đế vương, nhà vua
21. endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/(v):ban tặng
22. excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/(n): việc khai quật
23. expand /ɪkˈspænd/ (v): mở rộng
24. fauna /ˈfɔːnə/(n): hệ động vật
25. flora /ˈflɔːrə/(n): hệ thực vật
26. geological /ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/(a): thuộc về địa chất
27. grotto /ˈɡrɒtəʊ/ (n): hang
28. harmonious /hɑːˈməʊniəs/(a): hài hòa
29. heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/(n): di sản
30. imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ (a): thuộc về hoàng tộc
31. in ruins (idiom)/ˈruːɪn/ :bị phá hủy, đổ nát
32. intact /ɪnˈtækt/ (a): nguyên vẹn, không bị hư tổn
33. irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/ (a): thiếu trách nhiệm, vô trách nhiệm
34. islet /ˈaɪlət/(n): hòn đảo nhỏ
35. itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərəri/ (n): lịch trình cho chuyến đi
36. landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/ (n):phong cảnh ( thiên nhiên)
37. lantern /ˈlæntən/ (n):đèn lồng
38. limestone /ˈlaɪmstəʊn/ (n):đá vôi
39. magnificent /mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/(a): tuyệt đẹp
40. masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/(n): kiệt tác
41. mausoleum /ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm/ (n): lăng mộ
42. mosaic /məʊˈzeɪɪk/ (adj): khảm, chạm khảm
43. mosque /mɒsk/ (n): nhà thờ Hồi giáo
44. outstanding /aʊtˈstændɪŋ/ (adj) : nổi bật, xuất chúng
45. picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/(adj) : đẹp theo kiểu cổ kính
46. poetic /pəʊˈetɪk/(adj): mang tính chất thơ ca
47. preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/(v): bảo tồn
+ preservation /ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/(n) việc bảo tồn
48. relic /ˈrelɪk/(n): cổ vật
49. respectively /rɪˈspektɪvli/ (adv):theo thứ tự lắn lượt
50. royal /ˈrɔɪəl/ (adj): thuộc về nhà vua, hoàng gia
51. sanctuary /ˈsæŋktʃuəri/(n):thánh địa, địa điểm thẩn thánh
52. scenic /ˈsiːnɪk/ (adj): có cảnh quan đẹp
53. subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ (adj):tiếp theo, kế tiếp
54. tomb /tuːm/(n): lăng mộ
55. worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/(n): thờ cúng, tôn thờ

Practice for Vocab Unit 8:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of thefollowing questions.
1. I'd like to book a room with a/an ____ of the sea.
A. outlook B. sight C. view D. scenery
2. When I'm on holiday, I enjoy ____.
A. getting sunburnt B. getting sunstroke C. having a sunbath D. sunbathing
3. The most popular destinations for ____ holidays are Spain, Italy, and Greece.
A. charter B. package C. packed D. packet
4. When you are staying at a popular resort, there are plenty of ____ to go on.
A. excursions B. expeditions C. pilgrimages D. sightseeing
5. One day when I'm rich and famous, I'm going to go on a round-the-world ____.
A. cruise B. sail C. self-catering D. survival
6. You can save money by choosing a ____ holiday.
A. do-it-yourself B. self-catering C. self-study D. survival
7. My favourite part of England is Cornwall. There's some absolutely beautiful ____ there.
A. nature B. signs C. scenery D. views
8. There's a pretty little fishing village ____.
A. by the sea (A) B. on the sand C. on the beach D. by the shore
9. There's a path that ____ out of the village to a beautiful 14th-century church.
A. follows B. moves C. takes D. leads (D)
10. Costa Rica is one of the most beautiful places I have ever visited. Whereveryou go, you can see the ____ of
volcanoes, some of which are still alive.
A. tops B. heads C . mouths D. ends
11. The beaches were absolutely ____. Sometimes we were the only two peoplethere.
A. unspoilt B. deserted C. natural D. romantic
12. Sri Lanka has some fantastic beaches – miles after miles of golden sand and ____ water.
A. crystal clear B. crystal clean C. light blue D. navy blue
13. The travel agent wasn't to ____ for the overbooking.
A. accuse B. charge C. blame D. claim
14. When I worked as a waiter, the hotel manager found ____ with everything Ido.
A. blame B. complaint C. fault D. criticism
15. It can be quite busy here during the tourist ____.
A. period B. phase C. stage D. season
16. I always enjoy our school ____ to France.
A. excursion B. journey C. trip D. travel
17. Captain Cook discovered Australia on a ____ to the Pacific.
A. voyage B. cruise C. travel D. tour
18. The sunset over Niagara Fall is really a magnificent ____.
A. look B. sign C. view(C) D. sight
19. The hotel where we are ____ is quite luxurious.
A. staying B. existing C. remaining D. living
20. Passengers requiring a special meal during the flight should inform the airlinein ____.
A. ahead B. advance C. front D. forward
21. We usually do go by train, even though the car ____ is a lot quicker.
A. travel B. trip C. voyage D. journey
22. The area near the palace gates was ____ with tourists.
A. full B. crowded C. flooded D. covered
23. From the top of the cathedral tower there are some spectacular ____ of thesurrounding countryside.
A. sights B. sites C. views D. scenery
24. She didn't enjoy the Mediterranean ____ at all; she was seasick most of thetime.
A. cruise B. tour C. voyage D. trip
25. Known as 'Ha Long Bay on Land', Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex is famous for its mountains, caves,
and archaeological ____.
A. excavations B. sites C. relics D. heritages
Exercise 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to theunderlined
word(s)in each of the following questions.
1. The balance and harmonious blending of various elements contribute to TajMahal's unique beauty.
A. successful B. agreeable C. tasteful D. fitting
2. My Son Sanctuary is a large complex of religious relics comprising more than70 architectural works such as
towers, temples, and tombs.
A. royal B. precious C. holy D. valuable
3. In addition to exploring the caves and grottos, and seeing its flora and fauna,visitors can also enjoy mountain
climbing.
A. flowers and plants B. plants and animals
C. plants and vegetation D. flowers and grass
4. Ha Long Bay has attracted millions of visitors who come to enjoy itsbreathtaking views and experience other
activities.
 A. unbreathable B. heartbreaking C. awe-inspiring D. unforgettable
5. They can enjoy the -comfort and elegance of five-star hotels and luxurycruise ships.
A. style B. convenience C. standard D. grace
Exercise 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning tothe underlined
word(s) in each of the following questions.
1. Though built almost five hundred years ago, the church remained practically intact.
A. in perfection B. in ruins C. in chaos D. in completion
2. Tourists can do and see a lot in Ha Long Bay at a reasonable price.
A. inexpensive B. affordable C. cheap D. exorbitant
3. The major stone sections of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty remain intact thanksto the unique construction
techniques.
A. special B. common C. excellent D. ancient
4. The Imperial Citadel of Thang Long was first built during the Ly Dynasty andthen expanded by subsequent
dynasties.
A. following B. successive C. preceding D. next
5. Visitors with more abundant travel budgets can enjoy the comfort of five-starhotels and luxury cruise ships.
A. huge B. plentiful C. mean D. tight

GRAMMAR FOR UNIT 8

1. The Relative Clauses (review)
2. The Reduced Clauses of ING/ED/TO INFINITIVE (review)

RELATIVE CLAUSES - REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES – REDUCED CLAUSES

I. LÝ THUYẾT

A. RELATIVE CLAUSES

- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom,
whose, which, that) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay
đằng sau danh từ. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính
ngữ.

Eg: The man who lives next door is very friendly.

Danh từ đứng trước Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sở hữu cách

(Subject)
(Antecedent) (Object) (Possesive Case)

Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose

Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose

I. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)

1. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.

→ I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.

 The girl is John’s sister. You saw her at the concert.

=> The girl who you saw at the concert is …

2. WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.

→ I know the girl whom I spoke to.

3. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ /tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars

→ She works for a company which makes cars.

The accident wasn’t very serious. Daniel saw it.

=> The accident which Daniel saw ……

* Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó – a connector

Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)

4. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định (Mđ không có dấu phẩy)

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.

*Notes:

+ Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau đại từ bất định: something, anyone, nobody,…hoặc sau “ all, much, none, little... ” được dùng như
đại từ.

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

All that is mine is yours. / These walls are all that are remains of the city.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, các từ chỉ thứ tự: only, first, last, second, next…

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I’ve ever had.

- You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc: It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

It is/was not until + time/clause + that……(mãi tới khi…. thì…)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

It was not until 1990 that she became a member of the team.

+ Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

 - Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định.

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. (sai)

- Sau giới từ.

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale. (sai)

+ Bắt buộc dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ vừa chỉ người và vật, bắt buộc dùng “that”:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

We can see the farmers and their cattle that are going to the field.

- Trong cấu trúc: It be ………. that …………. (có thể dùng WHO khi chủ ngữ Hoặc tân ngữ đứng giữa “It
be N / O that …. ” chỉ người

5. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho các danh từ có tính từ sở hữu đi kèm (his-, her-, its-, their-).

Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.

→ John found a cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken. (Of which is informal)

- This is the student. I borrowed his book.

→This is the student whose book I borrowed.

*Các từ chỉ số lượng như (quantifiers): All of, None of, each of, most of, many of, neither of, the
majority of …=> có thể dùng với WHICH / WHOM/ WHOSE trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.

→ Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

→ He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer

She has a teddy- bear. Both of its eyes are brown.

=> She has a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes are brown.

*Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. Giới từ có thể đứng trước Whom và which.
- in formal written style: prep + which/ whom Eg:The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
- in informal style: giới từ thường đứng sau động từ:The man whom you are talking about is my
brother.
Chú ý: Khi ĐTQH làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và giới từ đứng sau động từ trong
mệnh đề thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ.
Eg: The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive.
- Nhưng khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
Eg: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
2. Giới từ không dùng trước That và Who:
3. Khi động từ trong mệnh đề là Phrasal verbs: không được chuyển giới từ lên trước ĐTQH whom
/which:
Eg: Did you find the word which you were looking up?
The child whom I have looked after for a year is very naughty.
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
4. Without luôn đứng trước whom/ which:
Eg: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane.
Fortunately we had a map without which we would have got lost.
5. Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ (mà trước chúng không có giới từ) trong mệnh đề quan hệ
xác định đều có thể lược bỏ. Tuy nhiên trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thì không thể lược bỏ.
Eg: That’s the house (which) I have bought.
The woman (whom) you met yesterday works in advertising. (làm nghề quảng cáo)
Eg: Mr Tom, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent.

II. Phó từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)

1. WHERE: thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc thay cho (in/ at / on... which), there / here.

Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.

→ The movie theater is the place where we can see films.

at which

Eg: That is the house. We used to live in it.

=> That is the house where we used to live. (= in which)

This is the table. My teacher put his book on it.

=> This is the table where my teacher put his book. (= on which)

2. WHEN:thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian hoặc thay cho (in/ on/at... which), then

Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.

→ Do you remember the day when/on which we first met?

Eg: That was the time when he managed the company. (= at which)

→ Spring is the season when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom. (= in which)

3. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do.

Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.

→ Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad.

*Note:

- “Where” có thể được sử dụng mà không cần cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg: Put it where we all can see it.
- Không sử dụng giới từ trước “Where, When, Why”.
 Eg: The building in where he lives/ where he lives in is very old. (sai)

=> The building in which he lives is very old.

III. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (Defining & Non-Defining relative clauses)
1. Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính
sẽ không rõ nghĩa. (modify the antecedent which is unclear in meaning)
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
→ I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
• LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong
MĐQH hạn định.
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu
bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa (modify the antecedent which is clear in meaning, so it’s just an
extra information).
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (use commas to separate with main
clause).
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…+ N
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất.
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
→ My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
→ Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveler thirsty. It was hot at midday.
→ The Sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveler thirsty.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định.
+ Không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề này.

B. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

Điều kiện: Khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, trước ĐTQH không có giới
từ.
1. Dùng phân từ:
a. Dùng hiện tại phân từ (present participle): V-ing -> Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng chủ động
Eg: + The man who is standing there is my brother.
=> The man standing there is my brother
+ Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
=> Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
* Notes: Không nên dùng HTPT để diễn đạt hành động đơn trong quá khứ.
Eg: + The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident.
=> The police wanted to interview the people seeing the accident. (không nên)
But: + The people who saw the accident had to report it to the police.
=> The people seeing the accident had to report it to the police.
b) Dùng quá khứ phân từ (Past participle): Ved/3 Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng bị động
Eg: + The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
 => The boy injured in the accident…………………………………….
+ Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported.
=> Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.
+ Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come.
=> Some of the people invited to the party can’t come.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (To V/ For sb to V / to be + PII...) (2)
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây: The ONLY, LAST, FIRST, NEXT, SECOND...
Ex: + This is the only student who can solve the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
=> This is the only student to solve the problem.
+ She is the youngest player who won the game.
=> She is the youngest player to win the game.
- ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề, khi muốn diễn đạt mục đích, sự cho phẫp.
Ex: + The children need a big yard which they can play in.
=> The children need a big yard to play in.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: + Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form for you to fill in.
+ There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ: Trong phần to-inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì dùng for sb +to V.
Ex: + We have some picture books that children can read.
=> We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không
cần ghi ra.
Ex: + Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronouns có giới từ thì phải đưa giới từ xuống cuối câu.
Ex: + We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
=> We have a peg to hang our coat on.

3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ/ ngữ đồng vị)
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
Which/ Who+ BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ / CỤM GIỚI TỪ/ TÍNH TỪ (3)
Cách làm: bỏ who, which và be
Ex: Vo Nguyen Giap, who was the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
=> VNG, the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
Ex: We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain.
=> We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain.

PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN MĐQH:

Bước 1: - Tìm xem mệnh đề quan hệ nằm ở đâu.
Bước 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm danh từ.
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ?Nếu có áp dụng công thức (3).

2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước ĐTQH có các dấu hiệu the first,only, second, third....
/so sánh hơn nhất…, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức (2). Lưu ý thêm, xem 2 chủ ngữ có khác nhau
không (để dùng for sb+ V)

3. Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xẫt xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-ing hay
Ved/3.

C. REDUCED CLAUSES: RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ (Reduce an adverbial clause)

* Điều kiện: Chủ từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng từ giống nhau

* Cách rút gọn:

- Bỏ các liên từ bắt đầu một mệnh đề trạng từ.
- Chuyển các hình thức động từ ở dạng chủ động thành present participle (đối với các thì đơn / tiếp
diễn) hoặc having + past participle (V3, ed) (đối với các thì hoàn thành).

Example: + After he had finished his work, he went home.

→ (After) having finished his work, he went home.

+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.

→ Lying on the floor, he was reading a book.

Or: He was lying on the floor, reading a book.

- Giữ nguyên hình thức động từ ở dạng bị động ở dạng past participle hoặc being + past participle
(Đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn) hoặc having been + past participle (V3, ed) (đối với các thì hoàn
thành).
Example:

+ He was punished by his father, he cried bitterly.

→ Being punished by his father, he cried bitterly.

Or: Punished by his father, he cried bitterly.

+ After she had been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
→ Having been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
a. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
- Hai hành động xảy ra song song:
+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.

-> He was lying on the floor, reading a book.

- Hai hành động xảy ra trước sau (thường rút ngắn mđ xảy ra trước)
+ When I came home, I turned on the lights.
-> Coming home, I turned on the lights.

b. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân.

+ Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.

→ Being unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.

+ She felt very confident because she had prepared well for the test.
 → Having prepared well for the test, she felt very confident.

c. Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản.

+ Although I admit he is right, I do not like him.

→ Admitting he is right, I do not like him.

+ Although he is famous, he looks very simple.

→ Being famous, he looks very simple.

d. Mệnh đề điều kiện.

+ If you follow my advice, you can win the game.

→ Following my advice, you can win the game.

+ If you had gone to the party, you would have met her.

→ Having gone to the party, you would have met her.

e. Mệnh đề kết quả: Khi hành động thứ 2 tạo thành một phần hoặc là kết quả của hành động 1,
ta có thể rút ngắn hành động 2 về cụm HTPT (V-ing).

+ As she went out, she slammed the door.

→ She went out, slamming the door.

+ He fired, wounding one of the bandits.

PRACTICE

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of thefollowing questions.
1. The best way ____ London is by taking a guided tour.
A. of which to see B. to see C. seeing D. in which you see
2. With its thousands of rocks and caves ____ out of the water, Ha Long Bay haswon international
recognition.
A. emerge B. to emerge C. emerging D. being emerged
3.HoiAn Ancient Town is a well-preserved example of a Southeast Asiantrading port ____ from the 15th
to the 19th century.
A. to date B. dated C. that date D. dating
4. We can also see the stone dragons of Kinh Thien Palace and relics associated with many
Vietnamese royal families, ____ during archaeological excavations.
A. discovered B. being discovered C. to discover D. discovering
5. John F. Kennedy was the last US president ____.
A. to assassinate B. assassinated C. assassinating D. to be assassinated
6. The Complex of Hue Monuments was the first site in Viet Nam ____ to theWorld Heritage List.
A. adding B. to add C. to be added D. added
7. The archaeological excavation ____ to the discovery of the ancient city lastedseveral years.
A. led B. leading C. to lead D. being led
8. Though ____ many centuries ago, the palace remains practically intact.
A. building B. to build C. built D. people built
9. I picked up some holiday brochures ____ around the table at the travelagency.
 A. to lie B. lying C. to be lying D. being lying
10. Situated on Cam Khe Hill, Tomb of Minh Mang is one of the most interestingroyal tombs ____ in
Hue.
A. to visit B. visited C. visiting D. being visited
11. You may choose one from the five World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam ____ in this leaflet to visit on
your next field trip.
A. includes B. including C. included D. to include
12. ____ UNESCO criteria for outstanding universal value to humanity, TrangAn Scenic Landscape
Complex was added to the World Heritage List in 2014.
A. Meeting B. Met C. To meet D. Having met
13. The most magnificent feature of Taj Mahal ____ is the central dome.
A. noticed B. being noticed C. to notice D. noticing
14. Scientists ____ on the site found many ancient tools, tombs and pottery, andmade some important
archaeological discoveries.
A. worked B. working C. to work D. to be working
15. ____ with an average of 320 days of sunshine a year, the coastline offers the perfect holiday
destination for anyone ____ to switch off and unwind.
A. Blessed/wanting B. Blessing/wanting C. Blessed/wants D. Blessing/wanted
16. Southern Spain's Costa del Sol, ____ from Nerja in the east to Manilva in thewest, is one of the most
fascinating tourist areas in the world.
A. stretches B. stretching C. stretched D. being stretched
17. As well as its beautiful sun-soaked beaches and excellent gastronomy, theregion boasts no fewer
than thirty golf courses, ____ amateurs and professionals alike with year-round golfing opportunities.
A. provides B. provided C. providing D. is provas
18. The Saga Rose is a good-looking ship. ____in 1965, she is highly regardedby marine experts for her
elegant lines.
A. Launching B. Was launched C. To launch D. Launched
19. I took up salsa, ____ by dance teacher, Thabo, who made us believe we weregood enough to
perform in front of passengers and crew.
A. was inspired B. inspiring C. inspired D. was inspiring
20. The electromagnetic fields can also cause responses in the brain, ____ observers into thinking they
are seeing even more vivid impressions.
A. tricking B. tricks C. trick D. tricked
21. Henry VIII of England was the only king ____six times.
A. to marry B. married C. was married D. marrying
22. Travellers are faced with a lot of destinations ____ from.
A. choosing B. choose C. to be choosing D. to choose
23. I think China will be the next country ____ the Olympic Games.
A. who host B. hosting C. to host D. hosted
24. At 24, William Pitt was the youngest person ____ Prime Minister.
A. becoming B. to become C. became D. was become
25. Tourists ____ the train from London to Stratford have to change at Coventry.
A. take B. taking C. to take D. who takes
26. The capital city of Ecuador was the first city in the world ____ a WorldHeritage Site by UNESCO.
A. to declare B. declared C. declaring D. to be declared
27. Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex is the 8th World Heritage in Viet Nam ____ by UNESCO.
A. to be recognised B. to recognise C. recognising D. recognised
28. The London Tower Bridge, ____ 244 metres long, is a World Heritage Site.
A measures B. measured C. measuring D. is measured
29.Scholars believe that there are still relics ____ under the tomb and awaiting tobe excavated.
 A. burying B. buried C. are burying D. are buried
30. ____ the email - supposedly from Boyd's Bank - to be genuine, she was tricked into disclosing her
credit card details.
A. Believe B. Being believed C. To believe D. Believing