1. Types of morphemes.

A morpheme is the smallest syntactical (синтекникал) and meaningful linguistic unit that
contains a word, or an element of the word.

MorphOlogy is the study of structure, or form, or description of word-formation (as

inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language and the system of word-forming
elements and processes in a language.

Morphological analysis directed at dividing a word into its morpheme components – the main
units at this level of analysis – and defining (дефайнинг) their number and types.

There are four types of morpheme (root words, derived words, compound, compound
derivatives (деривативс))

1. The first is the Root word.

Root word has only a root morpheme in its structure. For example:. house, room, book, work,
port. agree, child, red,

2. Derived words: Derived words include two morphemes: the root and the suffix or
prifix e.g. enjoyable, friendly, health, length,happiness.
. Derived words are extremely numerous in the English vocabulary. (производное)

3. compound words. Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together
to form a new word with a new meaning. They can function as different parts of speech,
which can dictate(диктейт) what form the compound takes on. e. g. bedroom, backword,
blackbird, courtroom, cheesecake, deadline
dining-room, bluebell, mother-in-law, good-for-nothing. (free root morphems)

4.compound derivatives(дерИвативс) . this are words in which components are joined

together by means of compounding and affixation. And consist of 2 and more stems with a
derivational affix) E.g. honey-mooner, ovalshaped, strong-willed. Вилд

Free root morph

- Ed – bound morpheme, derivational syffix

1. Boy - 1 morpheme, because it doesn’t need any other elements to have it’s own
lexical meaning. So if we see a word that consists only of a root this word called a root
word.
2. Boyish - 2 morphemes (root + suffixes or prefixes). Boy - free root morpheme. -ish
bound affixation morpheme, derivational suffixes. This kind of word is called a derived
word. (производное)
3. Boyfriend - 2 morphemes boy and friend it’s a free root morphemes. And it’s called -
compound word.
4. Long-legged - 3 morphemes. - a compound derivative

Classifications of morphemes
All morphemes are divided into two groups: root morphemes and bound morphemes.

There are two types of root morphemes:

1. Free Morpheme
The free morpheme is just a simple word that has a single morpheme; It is free and
can occur independently. For example: free, get, human, song, love, happy, sad, may,
much, but, and, or, some, above
2. Bound Morpheme 
By cOntrast to a free morpheme, a bound morpheme is used with a free morpheme to
constrUct a complete word, as it cannot stand independently. For example:
-tain,retain, contain; -ment in payment, enjoyment, entertainment; ing reading,
sleeping, singing

There are two types of bound morphemes which include:

1. Derivational Morpheme
This type of morpheme uses both prefix as well as suffix, and has the ability to
change function as well as meaning of words. For example: The suffix -ar lunar,
solar, familiar; The suffix -ate [eit] appreciate, create, congratulate,
The prefix en- enable, enact, enfold, enslave, etc. The prefix dis- disable, distract,
disown, disagree, etc.
2. Functional Morpheme
This type of morpheme is only a suffix. Functional morphemes are not used to make a
new words rather indicate the Aspects of the grammar function of the word. For
example: courses, toys, boys, teaches, reaches.

I can say that morphemes consists from root morphemes and bound (affixational) morpheme.
Root morpheme can be free and bound. Bound (affixational) morpheme can be derivational
and functional.

4. Polysemy, synonymy, homonymy of affixes.

Polysemy is the ability of words to have more than one meaning. A word with several
meanings is called polysemantic. Monosemantic words, which have only one meaning, are
comparatively few; they are mainly scientific terms (e.g. hydrogen) гаидроджен or rare
words (e.g. flamingo).

Polysemantic words are words like: noun - The suffix -ment: appointment, development,
experiment, etc.

Adjectives The suffix -ous: curious, dangerous, joyous, serious, etc.

Adjectives The suffix -ate accurate, desperate, graduate,

Fire:
a forest fire.
A camp fire.
to open (cease) fire.
. a speech lacking fire.
We have letters, sounds, syllables, they are smaller than
morpheme, but they don’t have lexical meaning.
That’s why morpheme is the smallest unit of the language, that can be translated as a lexical
unit.

Root morphemes: free and bound.

Free root morphemes can stand separately without changing their lexical meaning.
Bound root morphemes they are dependent (зависимые). They can’t stand separately without
changing their lexical meaning (only in loans)

Bound affixational morphemes: derivational ana functional.

Derivational morphemes these are morphemes that can make a new word. (производное,
похидне) For example: prefixes (dislike, belittle) and suffixes (worker, eatable)

Functional morphemes these are morphemes that can’t make a new word. They just show us
some normally gramatical function. For example: (only suffixes) books, looks, boys.

Types of morphemes and morphemic analysis of the word.

Morphemes analysis state the number and types of morphemes.

5. Boy - 1 morpheme, because it doesn’t need any other elements to have it’s own
lexical meaning. So if we see a word that consists only of a root this word called a root
word.
6. Boyish - 2 morphemes (root + suffixes or prefixes). Boy - free root morpheme. -ish
bound affixation morpheme, derivational suffixes. This kind of word is called a derived
word. (производное)
7. Boyfriend - 2 morphemes boy and friend it’s a free root morphemes. And it’s called -
compound word.
8. Long-legged - 3 morphemes. - a compound derivative

Affixation is the process when you make a new words with the help of affixes.

Prefixation it’s a making new words

with the help of prefixes.
Suffixation it’s a making new words
with the help of suffixes.

A prefixes is a derivational morpheme that stand before the root and modify the lexical
meaning of this word.

Classify prefixes:
1. According the origin prefixes can be divided into: Germanic (celtic, scandinavian,
english), Romanic (latin and french), Greek.
2. According to the meaning the following groups of prefixes may be distinguished: 1)
Prefixes of negative meaning. (like - dislike, pleasant- unpleasant) 2) Prefixes denoting
reversal or repetition of an action. (connect- disconnect, button - unbutton, zip - unzip, write
- rewrite) (обратные действия) 3) Prefixes denoting space and time relations. (prehistoric,
forehead)
3. According to the role in making new words prefixes are subdivided into:
Productive(хороший ученик), Semi-productive (occasional part) , Non-productive (they are
dead) (на отчисление)

Classify suffixes:
A suffixes is a derivational morpheme following the stem and modifying it.

1. According the origin suffixes are usually divided into: Germanic, Romanic, Greek.
2. According to the part of speech they form suffixes are subdivided into: Noun-forming
suffixes(cook - cooker, teach - teacher, friendship - ship), Adjective-forming suffixes (elegant
- picante), Verb-forming suffixes (to whisper, to glitter, debate, negotiate), Numeral- forming
suffixes (nd second, st first, th fourth, fifth, ty twenty, thirty), Adverb-forming suffixes (ly
quickly, happily, word - words, forward - backword)
3. According to the meaning suffixes may be classified as follows: Noun-forming
suffixes denoting: agent or doer. For example walker, swimmer, or it may mean profession:
driver, teacher. So they have different lexical meaning.
4. According to the role in making new words prefixes are subdivided into:
Productive(хороший ученик), Semi-productive (occasional part) , Non-productive (they are
dead) (на отчисление)
Semi-affixes: free root morphemes. Land, man and then this word developed a great
combining ability, They combined with other words and make a new words. For example:
sportsman, seaman, gentlemen, policeman). man - это полусуфикс уже какой-то.

Land - England, Scotland, fatherland.

Like - ladylike, flowerlike, businesslike)

Semi-affixes may be also used on prepositions like prefixes: mini - mini budget, mini car,
mini skirt.

Allomorphs are positional variants of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment and

characterized by complement distribution.

Prefix in are: il - before L (illegal, illogical), im- before bilabials (immovable, immobile), ir-
before r (irrational, irregular).

Polysemy (многозначность) - paper money, paper documents.

Polysemy is the ability of one and the same affix convey different lexical meanings. E. g -age
a) act or process (marriage, passage); b) place of abode (orphanage).

Synonymy is the ability of different affixes convey similar lexical meanings. E. g. -or, -ier,
-er denote agent or doer (sailor, speaker, cashier);

Homonymy is the ability of one and the same affix convey different -er - Noun-forming
suffix (driver, keeper); r - Verb- grammatical meanings. forming suffix (shiver, glimmer);
Friendly - smile. She looked at me friendly (adverb)