ABSTRACT

Drying is the process of removing small amounts of water content from a

material. The principle uses the humidity difference between the dryer air and the
dried material. This drying process involves mass transfer and heat. This
experiment aims to study the process of mass transfer and heat occurring
simultaneously in the drying process, obtaining a wooden drying rate curve, and
determining the mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase (k G) at a constant drying
rate. This experiment was carried out by placing the oak wood to be dried in the
tray in a dryer and then flowed by hot air where this air will flow at a certain rate
parallel to the tray surface.
From the experiment, it can be concluded that during the drying process,
mass transfer and simultaneous heat transfer occurs where the heat transfer occurs
in the form of conduction, convection and radiation, while the mass transfer that
occurs in this experiment is the movement of water molecules from the material
into the bulk phase air (evaporation process) so that the mass of the material
decreases. There are two drying rates, constant drying rate and then falling drying
rate. The thicker the material to be drained the drying time will be longer and the
drying rate will be lower. The higher the drying temperature, the drying rate will
be faster and bigger. The drying rate of materials with dry base and wet base
calculations did not show a large difference. As the air velocity getting higher the
value of kG will increase. The value of gas phase mass transfer coefficient (k G) for
Thin and Thick at temperature 60oC, air velocity 1.35 m/s, equals 0.016958 and
0.016958 kg/m2.s respectively. Besides, for temperature 70oC, air velocity 1.35
m/s equals 0.016179 kg/m2.s, and for temperature 80oC, air velocity 1.35 m/s,
equals 0.015249 kg/m2.s, where the previous two results are obtained from Thick
and Thin wood.

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 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................i
CONTENTS ...................................................................................................ii
LIST OF NOTATIONS .................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURE..........................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLE............................................................................................vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.1. Experiment Purpose...................................................................I-1
I.2. Experiment Principle.................................................................I-1
I.3. Basic Theory..............................................................................I-1
I.4. Hypothesis.................................................................................I-13
CHAPTER II EXPERIMENT
II.1. Variable Experiment.................................................................II-1
II.2. Tools Used................................................................................II-1
II.3. Material Used...........................................................................II-1
II.4. Experiment Procedure..............................................................II-1
II.5. Image Tool................................................................................II-2
II.6. Experiment Data.......................................................................II-2
CHAPTER III RESULT AND DISCUSSION
III.1. The Effect of Material Thickness with the Time of
Drying.....................................................................................III-1
III.2. The Effect of Thickness with the Rate of Drying...................III-3
III.3. The Effect of Air Temperature to The Drying
Process....................................................................................III-3
III.4. The Effect of Air Velocity on The Drying Process.................III-7
III.5. Coefficient of Gas Phase Mass Transfer (kG)..........................III-8
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
IV.1. Conclusion..............................................................................IV-1
IV.2. Suggestion ..............................................................................IV-1
REFERENCE .................................................................................................D-1
APPENDIX .....................................................................................................A-1

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ATTACHMENT ............................................................................................L-1

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 LIST OF NOTATIONS

Symbol Information Unit

o
T Dry Bulb Temperature C
o
Tw Wet Bulb Temperature C
X Free Water Content kg H2O/ kg dry solid
R Drying Rate of Material g H2O/cm2.s
Rc Constant Drying Rate g H2O/cm2.s
Ls Dry Material Weight kg dry solid/hr
H Humidity kg H2O/kg dry air
ε Emissivity
A Surface Area m2
Ρ Density kg/m3
G Gas Rate kg/m2.hr
cs Hot Water Capacity J/kg.K
kG Mass Transfer Coefficient kg/m2.s
v Air Flow Rate m/s
P, l Surface Legth m
L Surface Thickness m
VH Volume humid m3/kg
Zs Radish Thickness m
Ks Radish Thermal Conductivity W/m.K
Zm Metal Thickness M
Km Metal Thermal Conductivity W/m.K
hc Heat Transfer Coefficient W/m2.K
hR Radiant Heat Transfer Coefficient W/m2.K
λs Latent Heat J/kg

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Environmental Data II-2

Table 2.2 Dimension of Material II-2

Table 2.3 Dimension of Tray II-3

Table 2.4 Calibration of Anemometer II-3

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Table 2.5 Measurement of Dry bulb and Wet bulb Temperature II-3

Table 2.6 Experiment Data on Thin Oak Wood II-3

Table 2.6 Experiment Data on Thick Oak Wood II-6

Table 3.1 Gas Phase Mass Transfer Coefficient (kG) III-9

Table L.1 Calculation of draying rate on thin wood material with a L-1
temperature of 60°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.1 Calculation of draying rate on thin wood material with a L-3
temperature of 60°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.3 Calculation of draying rate on thin wood material with a L-4
temperature of 80°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.4 Calculation of draying rate on thin wood material with a L-5
temperature of 60°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.5 Calculation of draying rate on thin wood material with a L-6
temperature of 70°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.6 Calculation of draying rate on thin wood material with a L-9
temperature of 80°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.7 Calculation of draying rate on thick wood material with a L-10
temperature of 60°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.8 Calculation of draying rate on thick wood material with a L-12
temperature of 70°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.9 Calculation of draying rate on thick wood material with a L-14
temperature of 80°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.10 Calculation of draying rate on thick wood material with a L-15
temperature of 60°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.11 Calculation of draying rate on thick wood material with a L-17

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 temperature of 70°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.12 Calculation of draying rate on thick wood material with a L-19
temperature of 80°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.13 Calculation Data Hum, Cs, v H, rho Air, G, hc, Uk L-22

Table L.14 Calculation data Ts for thin material with temperature of L-23
60°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.15 Calculation data Ts for thin material with temperature of L-23
70°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.16 Calculation data Ts for thin material with temperature of L-24
80°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.17 Calculation data Ts for thin material with temperature of L-24
60°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.18 Calculation data Ts for thin material with temperature of L-25
70°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.19 Calculation data Ts for thin material with temperature of L-25
80°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.20 Calculation data Ts for thick material with temperature of L-26
60°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.21 Calculation data Ts for thick material with temperature of L-26
70°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.22 Calculation data Ts for thick material with temperature of L-27
80°C and a rate of 1,35 m/s

Table L.23 Calculation data Ts for thick material with temperature of L-27
60°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.24 Calculation data Ts for thick material with temperature of L-28
70°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

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Table L.25 Calculation data Ts for thick material with temperature of L-28
80°C and a rate of 2,05 m/s

Table L.26 Calculation Data Ts, Hum, hr, λ, Rc, kG L-29

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Drying Rate Curve I-5

Figure 1.2 The Process of Mass Movement and Heat Solid Drying I-10
Proses

Figure 2.1 Batch Drying II-2

Figure 3.1 X vs t at Temperature 70℃ and Air Velocity 2.05 m/s for III-1
Thin Oak Wood

Figure 3.2 Comparison of Drying Time on Different Oak Woods III-2

Thickness with Air Velocity of 2.05 m/s at 70℃

Figure 3.3 Comparison of Rate of Drying on Different Oak Woods III-3

Thickness with Air Velocity of 2.05 m/s at 70℃

Figure 3.4 Comparison of Different Air Temperature to the Drying Time III-4
with Air Velocity 2.05 m/s Thick Wood

Figure 3.5 Comparison of Different Air Temperature to the Rate of III-5

Drying with Air Velocity 2.05 m/s Thick Wood

Figure 3.6 Comparison of Different Air Temperature to the Rate of III-5

Drying with Air Velocity 1.35 m/s Thin Wood

Figure 3.7 Comparison of Different Air Temperature to the Drying Time III-6
with Air Velocity 1.35 m/s Thin Wood

Figure 3.8 Comparison of Air Velocity to the Time of Drying with Air III-7
Temperature 80℃ Thick Wood

Figure 3.9 Comparison of Different Air Velocity to the Rate of Drying III-8
with Air Temperature 80℃ Thick Wood

Figure L.1 Comparison of Different Air Temperature to the Drying L-30

Time with Air Velocity 2.05 m/s Thin Wood

Figure L.2 Comparison of Different Air Temperature to the Drying L-30

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 Time with Air Velocity 1.35 m/s Thick Wood

Figure L.3 Comparison of Different Oak Woods Thickness to The L-30

Drying Time with Air Velocity of 1.35 m/s at 60,70,80℃

Figure L.4 Comparison of Different Oak Woods Thickness to The L-31

Drying Time with Air Velocity of 2.05 m/s at 60 and 80℃

Figure L.5 Comparison of Different Air Velocity to the Rate of Drying L-31
with Air Temperature 60℃ Thick Wood

Figure L.6 Comparison of Different Air Velocity to the Rate of Drying L-31
with Air Temperature 70℃ Thick Wood

Figure L.7 Comparison of Different Air Velocity to the Rate of Drying L-32
with Air Temperature 60,70,80℃ Thin Wood

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