.

Role of Foundation

To transfer all types of loads coming from structure to

the ground safely. The tower foundations cost approx.
10 to 30 percent of overall cost of tower, or 5 to 15
percent of the cost of transmission lines, depending on
the type of soil.

Experience shows that while an inadequate foundation

may lead to collapse of tower, an over design may
prove very uneconomical. It is a good practice to
check the tower for permissible deflection at the top.
Since differential foundation settlement also causes
tower deflection at the top.
.

Foundation Classification

 Shallow/Deep
 Based on Soil Type
 Ground Water Level
 Rock Anchor
.

Shallow Foundation: D/B≤ 1

D- Depth of Foundation
B- Width of foundation
• Load transfer at shallow depth
• Examples: Strip footing, Spread footings- Both
isolated and combined raft or mat foundation

Deep Foundation: D/B>1

Load transfer at deeper depth

Examples: Pile foundation and Well foundations
.

Normal open cast foundation

Normal depth : 3m (or 3.5m)

Shape: Three step spread footing

Special open cast RCC foundation

- Shallow depth foundation

- Raised chimney foundation
- Unequal chimney extension foundation
- Unequal leg extension with raised
chimney
.

Foundation classification based on soil type and

subsoil water level :

- Dry
- Wet
- Partially submerged (PS)
- Fully submerged (FS)
- Wet Black cotton soil (WBC)
- Dry fissured rock (DFR)
- Wet fissured rock (WFR)
- Submerged fissured rock (SFR)
- Hard rock (HR)
.

Foundation Type Ground Water Level

DRY below 3.0m (or 3.5m)
WET 1.5 to 3.0m (3.5m)
PS 0.75 to 1.5m
FS 0 to 0.75m
WBC 0m
DFR below 3.0m (or 3.5m)
WFR 1.5 to 3.0m (3.5m)
SFR 0 to 1.5m
Typical shape for Dry, Wet, PS, FS and WBC
foundations
Typical shape for DFR, WFR and SFR
foundations
Foundations with chimney Extension
Understanding these terms

 STUB
 CLEAT
 LEG EXTENSION
 BODY EXTENSION
 STUB TEMPLATE
 CHIMNEY EXTENSION
 UNEQUAL LEG EXTENSION
 UNEQUAL CHIMNEY EXTENSION
Typical stub drawing
…And the Stub Template
Equal and unequal leg extension
What is needed to design a
foundation?

Design Philosophy
Foundation Loads
Soil Property
Concrete/Reinforcement details
Foundation Loads

- Down thrust (Compression)

- Uplift (Tension)

- Transverse side thrust

- Longitudinal side thrust

OVERLOAD FACTOR 1.1

Foundation Loads
Design Philosophy

Techno-economic feasibility
Tower should not fail due to foundation failure

IS 456:2000
IS 4091:1979
CBIP Manual
Powergrid Guidelines
Soil Parameters

-Ultimate bearing capacity of soil (Dry/Wet)

-Soil density (Dry/Submerged)
-Angle of repose

Concrete/Reinforcement

-Reinforcement Steel
-Fe 415, Fe 500
-Size. Placement
-Nominal Mix for Concrete
M20, M25
Stability Analysis

•Check for bearing capacity

•Check for uplift resistance

•Check for overturning

•Check for sliding

Design of chimney:

•Compression with bending

•Uplift with bending
•Minimum percentage of steel: 0.8%

Design of RCC pad:

•General three step pad is used

•Reinforcement requirement is based on
•the maximum bending moment at the face of Chimney
•maximum bending moment at the face of first pad
•Minimum percentage of steel required is 0.12%
•Lean PCC: 50 mm thick
Foundation Drawing:

•Excavation Plan
•Foundation Dimensions
•Bar Bending Schedule

•Soil Parameters
•Quantities for payment purpose
•Drawing number/ Revision
THANK YOU