CVL 321 - Foundations

Prof. J.T. Shahu

Applications
Foundations Earthquake Resistant, Machine Foundations
Slopes and Dams
Earth Retaining Walls
Ground Improvement and Reinforced Structures
Waste Disposal Facilities Landfills and Tailings Dams

Foundations
`

A foundation
transfers the load of
the superstructure
to the soil.

Foundations
(1) What type of foundation be adopted ?
(2) How Deep Foundation be placed, if shallow fnd ?
(3) How much completed building will settle?
Uniform settlement / differential settlement?
(4) For what stresses and stress distribution,
foundation be designed?

Type of Foundations

Spread Footing Isolated Footing

`

It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness.

Sometimes, it is stepped to spread the load over a larger area.
When spread footing is provided to support an individual
column, it is called Isolated footing

Strip/continuous footings
`

Used beneath a load bearing

wall.

Also provided beneath a closely

spaced row of columns.

Strip/continuous footings

Strap Footing
`

A strap footing is more economical than a combined

footing when the allowable soil pressure is relatively
high and distance between the columns is large.

Strap Footing

Combined Footing
`

Used when the two columns are so close that their individual
footings overlap. Also provided when the property line is so
close to one column that a spread footing would be
eccentrically loaded By combining it with that of an interior
column, the load is evenly distributed.

Combined Footing

Raft/Mat Footing
`

It is a large slab supporting a number of columns and

walls under entire structure or a large part of structure.
USED in cases when
` Allowable soil pressure is low.
` Columns and walls are closely
spaced.
` loads on columns are very
heavy.
` Soil is non-homogeneous and
settlement is to be reduced.
` There is large variation in
column loads.

Raft/Mat Footing

DEEP FOUNDATION

(1) What pile type should be used ?

(2) What is maximum allowable load for pile ?
(3) Spacing of piles ?
(4) How to drive piles? optimum sequence,
variation from vertical
(5) Influence of pile driving on neighbouring
structures?

Deep Foundations When it is needed?

Top layers of soil are highly compressible to support

structural loads through shallow foundations.

If dewatering is needed for construction of shallow fnd.

If site is in congested area and shallow fnd. needs skirt wall.

Pile Foundations - types

Pile Foundations (based on material, cross-section)

`

Pre-cast Driven piles (Displacement piles)

Pile Foundations
`

Driven Cast-in-situ piles (Displacement piles)

Pile Foundations
`

Bored Cast-in Situ Piles

Piles (0.3-0.75m), Piers (1-2.5m), Wells /Caissons (open/plugged) (>10 m)

Sheet Pile Wall

Pile Driving

Bored piles
4 phases

(1) Boring: Guide Casing pipe 2 m

length. With Auger or rig.
(2) Continuous bentonite slurry
circulation by pump during boring
(3) Bentonite is allowed to overflow.
Collected in sediment tank. Soil is
separated and bentonite reused
(4) Lowering of reinforcement cage

(5) Flushing: by 20 cm dia Tremie pipe.

Bentonite slurry is used. To clean the
bottom of pile from accumulated mud.
Done till Consistency of inflowing and
outflowing slurry is same
(6) Concreting: Fluid density at bottom <
1250 kg/m3. Same tremie pipe used with
funnel. Concereting is done & tremie pipe
is gradually removed. Concreting up to 30
cm above cut off level

Pile-Raft Foundations

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS & DESIGN PARAMETERS

Geotechnical Design vis--vis Structural Design

Allowable Bearing Capacity = Minimum of
(a)Safe Bearing Capacity, (b) safe bearing pressure
Safe Bearing Capacity = Net Ultimate B.C. / FS
Net Ultimate B.C. = Gross ultimate B.C. .D
Factor of Safety (FS) = 3 for shallow fnd (2.5-3.5)
Factor of Safety (FS) = 2 for deep fnd (1.5-2.5)
- Low FS due to low variability and pile testing.

Settlement
Cracks are caused by Angular distortion /l
, differential settlement, is very

difficult to predict.
Total settlement is not so
harmful and can be predicted.
Total settlement provides upper
l
limit to . Hence acceptable is
taken equal to total settlement.
For footings, = 50-75 mm
For Raft, = 75-125 mm (Sand-clay)- IS code
Pressure that produces acceptable settlement
is known as safe bearing pressure. (FS=1).

Design Ground water Table

Bearing Capacity depends on Ground Water Table.
GWT fluctuates. Fix design GWT as the highest
level it is likely to reach during the life of structure.
Design Soil Parameters
Natural non-homogeneity - 20% variation
Property change with overburden and
moisture content

NON-HOMOGENEOUS SOIL PROFILE

(b) OC clays
(a)Saturated
NC clay

(d) Sands
(c) Unsaturated
Clay

Other Design considerations Shallow Footings

Foundation depth
Minimum 0.5 m (Typically, 0.5-2 m)
Below scour depth
Below moisture change zone in swelling soils
Below loose dumps/recent fills
About Ground Water Table if possible
Usually depth same for all footings. Use different width B for
different column loads.
If basement present, depth > 3.5 m
Often provide allowable BC for two depths and three widths.
Foundation width
Isolated footings typical 1-3 m; Raft tens of meters.
Basement
Higher allowable BC No backfilling.
Piles can be avoided in some cases
Useful for car parking

Other Design considerations Deep Foundation

Configuration
Usually, one pile length, one pile type, one pile cross-section. No. of
piles below each column is varied as per column load.
If strong layer (dense sand, stiff clay or rock) below, then locate pile
tip few meters (2 m) inside this layer. Thus pile becomes endbearing, length is defined. No settlement analysis is needed.
If no strong layer below, design as friction pile. Provide pile capacity
for 2-3 diameters and 2-3 lengths. Usually, Pile length = 10-30 m; for
offshore = 70-100 m.
Pile width/dia = 0.3-0.75 m; Piers = 1-2.5 m; Micropiles = 0.15 m.
Preferred Choice
Large diameter piles but fewer No. of piles saves installation time.
Minimum No. of piles in a group = 3. 3 piles should suffice for lightly
loaded columns. For heavier columns, increase No. of piles.
Driven or Bored depends on Soil type & Construction feasibility.

Other Design considerations Deep Foundation

Design methodology
Determine Axial Capacity of single pile
Based on analysis
Based on pile load tests
And thus obtain a best estimate.
Determine Axial Capacity of various configuration of pile groups
after adopting suitable pile spacing
3-pile group
2x2 pile group
3x3 pile group
Do Settlement Analysis
Do for friction piles only
Obtain settlement by analysis
Work out settlement for various group configuration.

THANK YOU