Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

16.2 Derivation of Uniform Flow Equations

The mean velocity of a turbulent uniform open channel flow is obtained using the following concept. Gravitational force = Shear force The uniform flow equations are in the following format V = CR x Sy in which x and y are components, and vary depending on uniform formula. 1 V = v dx dy A00 Momentum Equation:
yb

(1)

(2)

_
y1

v1
W sin

v2 0 l

y2

A P Datum

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Q 2 V2 1 V1 = P1 -P2 + W sin - Pf g (1) = o * Area = o PL

If V2 = V1 , 1 = 2 , P1 =P2 then W sin = Pf Pf = shear force acting on boundary = Shear stress * Area

P is the wetted perimeter, Sin = So Weight W = g AL W Sin = g AL Sin Substituting in equation (1) o =

g AL So = o PL g AL So
PL o Note * =

= RSo

(2)

= gRSo Critical shear velocity

2

V But o = cf 2 V RSo = cf 2
2

(3)

2 RSo or V = cf V= If 2g RSo cf 2g = C then cf

1/ 2

V = C RSo . This is known as Chezy equation. The coefficient C is either estimated or determined experimentally. C has dimension of L1 / 2T 1 / 2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

2. Consider Darcy Weisbach equation for loss in pipe due to friction hf = f

2

L V2 d o 2g 1 hf 2g d o , f L 1 4R*2g *Sf , f hf L = So = Sf
2 d 0 R d = 4 = 0 D 4 P

V =

V =

8gRSf f Comparing with Chezy equation: V= C= 8g f

C 1 = 8g f Manning formula is an emprical relation based on field observations and is given by V= 1 2/3 1/2 R So n

-1 in which V in m/s, R in m. Thus 'n' has dimensions of L 3 T = If R=15 cm, n = 0.015, S 0 . 0004 , then V = 0.376 m/s [ ] o The hydraulic engineers use the n or C without bothering about dimension even though it is very important. The treatment here is only for channels with plane bed.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras