MECH280FinalExam

Prof.JamesOlson TAPaulKrochak SaturdayApril25,3:302008

Aidsheetsareprovidedwiththisexam Notesallowed:1pageofhandwritten,singlesided8.5x11paper Nonprogrammablecalculatorsfeaturesonlymaybeused Theexamconsistsofmultiplequestionsofunequalvalue Youhave2.5hourstocompletetheexam.

UsefulFormulae:
=
du dy
r r Q = V n dA r r & = V n dA m

r + v V = ui j + wk

S waterat 20Celsius = 0.073N / m

p = g z

If=constant: p = gz + constant F = pCG A y CP = g sin

I xx pCG A

xCP = g sin

I xy pCG A

MG =

I yy , waterline Vsub

GB

Buoyantforce=weightofthefluiddisplaced r r r Fluidundergoinguniformacceleration a equivalenttonewgravityvector g a

1DReynoldsTransportTheorem:

DBsys Dt

dV + ( AV )out (AV )in t CV

3DRTT:

DBsys Dt

r r r dV + u n dA = dV + (u )dV t CV t CV CS CV

Forapointintheflow:

DB B r = + u B Dt t

Continuity:

DM sys Dt

r r dV + u n dA =0 t CV CS

Continuity,incompressible:

u ndA =0
CS

r r

Continuity,steady:

u ndA =0
CS

r r

LinearMomentum:

r r r r r u dV + u (u n )dA = F t CS CV
Ninlets r r Noutlets r r u dV + (m & i u i )out (m & j u j )in = F t i =1 j =1 CV

LinearMomentum,1Dinlets/outlets:

V dp 1 2 ds + + 2 V2 V12 + g ( z 2 z1 ) = 0 UnsteadyBernoulliEquation: t 1 1
2 2

2 BernoulliEquation,constantdensity: p + 1 2 V + gz = constant

General3DEnergyEquation:

r r dQ dW = edV + e V n dA t dt dt cv CS

& W & W & p 2 V22 p1 V12 Q s v Quasi1DEnergyEquation: + + gz 2 + u 2 + + + gz u = 1 1 & 2 2 m 2 1

Quasi1DEnergyEquation:

p1 V12 p V2 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + h f hp + ht 2 g 2 g g 1 2 g u v w + + + = 0 t y z x 1 (rVr ) 1 ( V ) ( V z ) + + + = 0 t r z r r

DifferentialEquationformsofContinuityEquation:

ContinuityEquationforanincompressiblefluid:

u v w + + = 0 x y z

2u 2u 2u u p u u u MomentumEquation: = x + t + u x + v y + w z + f b , x x 2 + y 2 + z 2

2v 2v 2v v p v v v + = +u +v +w + f b , y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 y z y x t

2w 2w 2w w p w w w + +w = +v +u + f b , z x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z z y x t
ReynoldsNumber: Re =

V VL MachNumber: Ma = a V gL
DragCoefficient: c D =

FroudeNumber: Fr =

1 2

FD F 1 D2 2 2 V A V L 2

EntranceLength:

Le 0.06 Re D , laminar D = 2300 h f = f

Le /6 4.4 Re1 D , turbulent D

Km =

Re D ,transition =

Vmean D

4A L V2 Dh = D 2g Perimeter

hm V / 2g
2

MoodyDiagramEquivalent:

1 f 1/ 2

6.9 / D 1.11 1.8 log + Re D 3.7

Laminarpipeflow: u (r ) =

1 d ( p + gz ) R 2 r 2 4 dx

and f =

64 Re D

IdealPumpPower: P = gH p Q HeadCoefficient: C H =

gH p n D
2 2

PowerCoefficient: C P =

bhp n 3 D 5 g ( NPSH ) n2 D2

CapacityCoefficient: CQ =

Q nD 3

SuctionHeadCoefficient: C H =

Efficiency: =

C H CQ CP

nD 2 ReynoldsNumber: Re =

p i Vi 2 p v + > NPSH Toavoidcavitationinpumps: g 2 g g

1. [20 Marks] We have a pool of liquid held back by a retaining wall as shown in the figure below. The free surface is exposed to the atmosphere. The other side of wall is also exposed to the atmosphere.Thedensityofthefluidvarieswithdepth,linearlyincreasingfromthefreesurface, i.e.,(y)=0+ky.Thewallhasawidthintotheplaneofthepaperofb.Deriveanexpressionfor a. Absolutepressureasafunctionofdepth,y,and b. theforceontheretainingwall. 2. [20marks]Ajetofwaterexistsanozzleverticallyupwardwithvelocity,V0,andstrikesaconeas shown in the figure below. The cone has a half angle of 30 degrees and has a height of H. The coneisheldupwardwithheightH.Drawyourcontrolvolume! a. Deriveanexpressionthefluidvelocity,V1. b. Estimatethemassofwaterbetweenthenozzleexitandthetopofcone(whereV1) c. Deriveanexpressionforthemassofthecone,M,thatcanbeheldinplaceasafunction ofV0,D,H,h,andconeangle. V0 h D H V1 30degrees y H

3. [10marks]Insomespeed ranges,vorticesareshedfromtherear ofbluffbodiesplacesacrossa flow. The vortices alternatively leave the top and bottom of the bluff body. The vortex shedding frequency, f, is thought to depend on speed, V, density, , diameter of the bluff body andviscosityofthefluid,. a. Usedimensionalanalysistodevelopafunctionalrelationshipforf. b. For two cylinders in standard air with a diameter ratio of 2, determine the velocity ratio requiredfordynamicsimilarityanddeterminetheratioofvortexsheddingfrequencies.

V D 4. [25 marks] You want to pump water through a 2 inch copper line from a reservoir to your cabin. You need to be able to deliver a flow rate of 10 m3/hr. The cabin is on top of a 15m highhillasshownbelow.Thetotallengthofpipeis22m,ithasaroughnessof0.01mm,the minor loss coefficients are Kelbow = 0.5, Kinlet = 1.0, and Kexit =0.41. Vapour pressure of Water is2.34kPa.Theinletandexitpressuresareatmoshperic. a. Whatistheheadduetofriction,thetotalheadrequired,thepumpdiameteryouwould choose from the pump curve below (operating at 1750 RPM) and the Required Net PositiveSuctionHead. b. Whatisthemaximumheightthatthepumpcouldbeplacedat? c. What is optimal pump diameter and pump speed for this application. Assume you can choose geometrically similar pumps to that in the pump curve below. State all assumptions.Whatisthenewefficiencyandpowerrequiredforthisapplication.

5m

15m

Pump 2m