CHL231 Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers Formula Sheet

Cylindrical:

Curl:

a 1 a a er + e + ez r r z 1 1 v vz Divergence: v = (rvr ) + + r r r z 1 vz vr 1 v vz 1 vr a = er + e + (rv ) r z z r r r r Gradient: a = Laplacian: 2 a = 1 r r r a r + 1 2a 2a + r 2 2 z 2 u = r 1 u = r

ez

Stream function (r-plane): Velocity potential (r-plane): Spherical: Gradient: Divergence: a =

ur =

1 r ur = r

a 1 a 1 a er + e + e r r r sin

v =

1 1 v 1 2 r vr + (v sin) + 2 r r r sin r sin 1 vr 1 (rv ) e r sin r r 1 vr 1 ez (rv ) + r r r sin a + 1 2a r 2 sin2 2

Curl:

v =

1 1 v (v sin) r sin r sin

er +

Laplacian:

2 a =

1 r 2 r

r2

a r

+ ur =

1 r 2 sin r 2 sin ur = r 1

Stream function (r plane):

u =

Velocity potential (r plane):

1 r sin r 1 u = r

Boundary layer theory: Laminar boundary layer (Re 5 106 ): 5 = x Rex w (x) = 0.332 U 2 1.328 cD = ReL Turbulent boundary layer (Re > 5 106 ) 0.16 x Rex 1/7 w (x) 0.0135 U 2 cD Pipe ow: Darcy friction factor (Re 2100) f = 64 Re 0.031 ReL 1/7 1 Rex 1/7 1 Rex

Turbulent ow - smooth pipes (4000 Re 105 ) Turbulent ow - Colebrook formula (Re 4000) Stokes ow around a sphere: Drag force (Re 1) FD = 6UR

0.316 Re1/4 1 /D 2.51 = 2.0log + 3.7 f Re f f =

cD =

24 Re

Equation of Continuity: Cylindrical:

1 1 + (rvr ) + (v ) + (vz ) = 0 t r r r z

Spherical: 1 1 1 r 2 vr + + 2 (v sin) + (v ) = 0 t r r r sin r sin Components of stress tensor for incompressible Newtonian uids: Cylindrical coordinates rr = 2 zz r z rz vr r 1 v vr = 2 + r r vz = 2 z v 1 vr + = r = r r r r v 1 vz = z = + z r vr vz + = zr = r z

Spherical coordinates rr = 2 r r vr r 1 v vr = 2 + r r 1 v vr v cot = 2 + + r sin r r 1 vr v + = r = r r r r sin v 1 v = = + r sin r sin v 1 vr +r = r = r sin r r

Equation for stream fucntion: for Stokes ow Cylindrical coordinates (r-plane): ur = 1 u = r r 2 2 = 0

2 = Cylindrical coordinates (rz -plane): ur =

1 1 2 2 + + r 2 r r r 2 2

1 1 uz = r z r r 2 2 = 0 1 2 2 + r 2 r r z 2

2 = Spherical coordinates (r-plane): ur = 1 r 2 sin

2 =

2 sin + r 2 r 2

1 u = r sin r 2 2 = 0 1 sin

Figure 1: Moody diagram.