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Basanta K. Nandi
basanta@iitb.ac.in
x7560
vElectromagnetic Theory I
Class: Venue LC101
Exam:
Quiz I: 10 marks
Midsem: 30 marks
Important info:
u No OPD certificate will be entertained on the exam date.
If you are admitted to the hospital, it will be entertained.
u All announcements will be in the class. No personal email will be entertained.
vElectromagnetic Theory I
Course Contents:
Electrostatics, Multipole Expansion, Fields in dielectric media
Magnetic properties of matter, Boundary value problems
Wave Equations, Reflection, Refraction, and propagation of
Waves in dispersive media
Postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformation,
Relativistic kinematics
Reference
VECTOR CALCULUS
RECAP
Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J. Griffiths : Chapter 1
vVector Calculus
r = r r
Where
r= x +y +z
r = x x + y y + z z
P(x,y,z)
z
O
y
x
y
x
dl = dx x + dy y + dz z
v Ordinary derivative
u Suppose f is a function of x. Then
df
:
dx
! df $
df = # & dx
" dx %
The slope of the function and it tells how the function f(x) is changing
by changing the x-value by an amount dx.
" T %
" T %
" T %
dT = $ ' dx + $ ' dy + $ ' dz
# x &
# z &
# y &
dT = T . dl
( )
v The operator
dT = T . dl = T dl cos
( )
u The magnitude T gives the slope (rate of increase) along the maximal direction.
(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
=
x+
y + z = 2x x + 2y y + 2z z = 2 r
x
y
z
uThe gradient of a scalar field is a vector field
and is perpendicular to the Level Surface.
v The Divergence
u The divergence is defines as: . v
x + v y y + vz z
vx vy vz
.v =
+
+
x y z
u Interpretation: As the name suggests, the divergence of a vector field/function
measures the spread or divergence of the field/function at a point
10
v =r
v = a z
v=z
v The Curl
u The curl is defines as:
u Interpretation:
v =
vx
vy
vz
v = y x + x y
11
vLine Integral:
v. dl
b
v: vector function
dl: infinitesimal displacement vector
aP
v. dl
12
vSurface Integral:
v. da
where da = da n
v. da
u A Mobius strip:
n
The surface integral can not be defined.
vVolume Integral:
T d
V
Where T is a scalar function, d is an infinitesimal volume element
13
14
.v d =
v. da
This is known as Gausss Theorem. Some people call this as Greens Theorem or
Divergence Theorem.
z
(ii)
(v)
(0,0,1)
u Example:
Check the divergence theorem using the function
v = y 2 x + (2xy + z 2 ) y + 2yz z
and the unit cube situated at the origin.
(iii)
(iv)
(0,1,0)
(1,0,0)
x
15
(i)
(0,0,0)
(vi)
(
S
v . da =
v. dl
Convention of Sign
u Example: Suppose
v = (2xz + 3y 2 ) y + 2yz 2 z
Check Stokes theorem for the square
surface shown.
z
(iii)
(0,0,1)
<
(ii)
(iv)
(0,0,0)
>
(i)
16
(0,1,0)
r = x x + y y + z z
Limits:
x : to
y : to
z : to
P(x,y,z)
z
O
y
x
y
x
dl = dx x + dy y + dz z
Volume element:
d = dx dy dz
17
(r, , )
(x, y, z)
r :0
:0
: 0 2
Relationships:
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
18
r = x 2 + y2 + z2
" x 2 + y2 %
'
= tan 1 $$
'
z
#
&
1 " y %
= tan $ '
#x&
A = Ar r + A + A
A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z
= sin x + cos y
z = cos r sin
!
#
#
##
"
19
!
r $
&
#
& = M #
&
#
&%
"
x $
&
y &
z &%
!
! x $
#
#
&
1
# y & = M #
##
# z &
"
%
"
r $
&
&
&
&%
dl = dr r + rd + r sin d
Volume Element: d = dr dl dl
= r 2 dr sin d d
Surface Element: da = dl dl r
= r 2 sin d d r
20
T
1 T
1 T
T =
r +
+
r
r
r sin
Divergence of a Vector:
1 2
1
1
.v = 2 ( r vr ) +
v )
(sin v ) +
(
r r
r sin
r sin
Curl of a Vector:
v =
( 1% 1
(
1 %
(vr ) (r v )*
' (sin v ) ( v )* r + '
r sin &
r
) r & sin
)
&
1#
+ % ( r v ) ( vr )(
'
r $ r
21
1 # 2 T &
1
#
T &
1
2T
T = 2 %r
(+ 2
% sin
(+ 2 2
r r $ r ' r sin $
' r sin 2
2
22
vCylindrical Coordinates (, , z)
Relationship:
x = cos
y = sin
z=z
= x 2 + y2
1 " y %
= tan $ '
#x&
z=z
dl = d , dl = d, dlz = dz
dl = d + d + dz z
d = d d dz
23
vCylindrical Coordinates (, , z)
T
1 T T
T =
+
+
z
Gradient of a Scalar:
1
1 v vz
Divergence of a Vector: .v =
v ) +
+
(
z
Curl of a Vector:
Laplacian:
24
% 1 vz v ( % v vz (
v (
1%
v ='
* + '
* + ' ( v )
* z
&
)
& z ) & z )
1 # T & 1 2T 2T
T=
% ( + 2 2 + 2
$ ' z
2
r
u Let us take v =
r2
u Calculate the divergence of this vector field
. v
1 2
1
1
.v = 2 ( r vr ) +
v )
(sin v ) +
(
r r
r sin
r sin
u Apply the divergence theorem
25
.v d =
v. da
#% 0, x 0
(x) = $
%& , x = 0
1.
(x)dx = 1
(x a)dx = 1
2.
3.
$& 0, x a
(x a) = %
&' , x = a
f (x) (x a) = f (a) (x a)
3
(r )d =
all
space
all
space
3
f (r ) (r a)d = f (a) (r a)d = f (a)
" r %
3
. $ 2 ' = 4 (r )
#r &
27
,where
r = x x + y y + z z
"1%
r
$ ' = 2
#r&
r
"1%
3
$ ' = 4 (r )
#r&
2
vUnits
u Gaussian Unit
u SI Unit
Coulombs Law:
1 q1q2
F=
r
2
4 0 r
1
0
4
q1q2
F = 2 r
r
0
U=
2
28
E d
1
U=
8
2
E
d
vUnits
u SI Unit
u Gaussian Unit
Biot-Savart Law:
0 I
B=
4
dl r
r2
4
0
c
I
B=
c
dl r
r2
U=
29
1
2
2
(
E
0 +
1 2
B )d
0
1
U=
8
2
2
(E
+
B
)d
vUnits
Maxwells Equation
30
SI
Gaussian
. E =
0
B
E =
t
. B = 0
E
B = 0 J + 0 0
t
F = q( E + v B)
. E = 4
1 B
E =
c t
. B = 0
4 1 E
B =
J+
c
c t
1
S = ( E B)
0
c
S=
( E B)
4
1
F = q( E + v B)
c