SHALLOW FOUNDATION

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
In shallow foundation width is greater than the depth.
The load of the wall or column is transmit to the shallow
foundation and distribute over a large area.
Types of footings:
• Strip footing (continuous footing)
It is provided for a load bearing
wall and also for a row or column
closely spaced that their spread
footings overlap or nearly touch each
other.
• Spread footings: (or isolated or pad)
It is provided to support an
individual column spread footing is
square, circular or rectangular slab of
uniform thickness.
Combined footings:
When 2 columns are so close to each other
that their individual footings would overlap
combined footings are used .
•Strap footing : ( cantilever footings )
It consist of 2 isolated footings connected
with structural strap or lever. Strap connects
two footings such that they behave one unit
and strap acts as a connecting beam
•Mat or raft footings:
It is a large slab supporting a number of
column and walls under the entire structure
and also it is useful in reducing the
differential settlements on non
homogeneous soils or where there is a large
variation in the loads on individual columns.
 Depth of footings:
The design is limited o the depth of footing , area of
the footing, soil pressure , bending moments and shear
force
• Depth of top soil: the footing should be located below
the top soil consisting of organic matters which
eventually decompose.
• Frost depth: the footings should be placed below the
frost depth which may be 1m or more in cold climates.
• Adjacent footings and property lines: footing should
be so located that no damage is done to the existing
structure . new footing should be placed at the same
depth as the old ones if the footing are placed in different
levels slope of joining the footings steeper than 2
horizontal and 1 vertical..
 Sloping ground: If a footing is located adjacent to a sloping
ground , footing having sides making an angle of 30˚with
horizontal and from the lower edge of the footing to the
sloping ground surface should be 90 cm.
• Water table: The footing should be placed
above the ground water table as far as
possible.
• Scour depth: if footings located in streams,
on water fronts or other locations where
there is possibilities of scouring should be
placed below the potential scour depth.
• Underground defects: the depth of footing
is also affected by the underground.
• Root holes: footings should be placed
below the weakened soil (holes or cavities).
• Minimum depth:
footings depth of atleast 50 cm below the natural ground
zone.
• Zone of soil volume change: some soils (clay, black
cotton soil) undergo excessive volume changes. They
shrink upon drying and swell upon wetting . So the
footing should be placed below all strata that are
subjected to large volume changes.
 FOUNDATION LOADING
1. Dead load: it include the weight of materials
permanently fixed to the structures.
2. Live load: live loads are the moveable loads that are not
permanently attached to the structure.
3. Wind load: it depends upon the velocity of wind and the
type of structures.
4. Snow loads: it occur due to accumulation of snow on
roofs and exterior flot surface in cold climates
5. Earth pressure: it produce lateral force against the
structure below fill surface.
6. Water pressure: it produces a lateral force against the
structure below the water level.
7. Earthquake loads: it is assumed as a fraction of the
dead load, depending upon the seismicity of the load.
 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN O FOOTINGS
o Safe Bearing Capacity determined using the methods
discussed before for small unimportant structures values
can be taken in (table 23.10).
o The footing is proportioned making use of S.B.C as step 1.
o Maximum settlement of the footing is determined using the
methods before.
o Angular distortion is determined between various parts of
the structure.
o Maximum settlement, differential settlement and angular
distortion obtained in the previous steps are compared with
the allowable values ( table 23.9).
o If the values are not within the limit s, the safe bearing
capacity is revised and procedure repeated.
o The stability of the footing is checked against sliding and
overturning.
 PROPORTIONING FOOTINGS FOR
EQUAL SETTLEMENT
• The dead load from each column, including the
weight of the footing is determined
• The maximum live load to which each footing is
subjected is determined
• The ratio of the maximum live load to dead load
for each footing is computed
• The footing that has the largest live load to dead
load ratio is taken as the governing footing .
•The
  area (Ag) of the governing footing is
determined from the relation
Ag = (DL+LL) / Allowable bearing capacity.
• Determine service load for all the footings.
• Determine the design bearing capacity (q d)
of all the footings except the governing
footing.
qd =
Determine the area under other footings.
A=
 One/two way shear

One way shear is one in which the critical section is at a

distance "d" from the face of the column
Two way shear is one in which the critical section is at a
distance "d/2" from the face of the column
 DESIGN OF STRIP FOOTING
• (a) Plain concrete footing:
B =Q/ qna
Where ,
B = width of the footing
Q = load per m run
qna = allowable soil pressure
If the actual width provided is different from the theoretical width
qo = Q/ actual width
Thickness of the edge should be at least 15 cm. Minimum thickness
30 cm.45˚ load distribution is also commonly used.
• (b) Reinforced concrete footings:
M= qo (B-b)2/8
where B= width of footing,
b =width o wall
qo=actual soil pressure
F= qo (B-b)/2-d
1. Design a reinorced cement concrete footing for a
1m wide wall carrying a load of 800 kN/m2 . The
allowable soil pressure is 200 kN/m2
B =Q/ qna
B= 800/ 200 =4 m
= 800/4=200 kN/m2
Maximum banding moment,
M= qo (B-b)2/8
=200(4-1)2/8
M=225kN-m/m
The diagonal shear is given by , taking d= 0.52m
F= qo ((B-b)/2-d)
=200((4-1)/2-0.52)
F= 196kN
 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTINGS
The area of footing is given by
A = Q/ qna
Q = column load , qna =allowable soil pressure
If a area actually provided is more, the actual pressure is
given by
qo =Q/Actual area
(a) plain concrete footings:
The thickness is kept equal to twice the projection or
alternatively
the width of the footing is determined by the normal
practice of 45˚ distribution of loading
(b)Reinforced concrete footings
The critical section for bending moment is taken as under
1.At the face of the column or pedestal monolithic with the footing when no metal
place is used
2.Half –way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the metal
plate on which the pedestal rest.
The maximum B.M for the case (1) is given
M= qo (B-b)2/8
F = qo B((B-b)2/2-d)
M= qo (B2-(b+d)2)/4(b+d)σsp
Fb=q0B(B-b)/2
thickness of the footing at the edge
shall be not less than 15 cm for footings
on soil , nor less than 30 cm above the
top of footings on piles.
 DESIGN OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
SPREAD FOOTINGS
• A column is said to be eccentrically loaded when it is subjected to a
load which is not centric or when it is subjected to a bending
moment in addition to the centric load.
• The eccentric (e) of the footing is given by
e=M/Q
When M bending moment, and Q =axial load
The area of the footing is given by
A= Q/qna
The bending moment acts temporarily for a short period , the
symmetrical footing can also be provided, the maximum pressure
qmax= Q/(Lx B)(1+(6e/B))
qmax = 4Q/3L(B-2e)
The dimensions L and B of the footing are chosen such that the
maximum pressure qmax does not exceed that allowable bearing
pressure(qna) .
 What is Pile Foundation?
 Pile foundation is a special kind of deep foundation, where
the depth of the foundation is much greater than the width
of the foundation.
 Today, pile foundation is much more common than any other type of deep
foundation.
 It is used;
1.where the soil is compressible,
2.where the soil is water logged and
3.when stratum of required bearing capacity is at
greater depth.
The major uses of piles:
 To carry vertical compression loads,
 To resist uplift loads
 To resist horizontal or inclined loads
 Classification of Piles:
Based on the function;
1. End bearing Pile
2. Friction Pile
3. Compaction Pile
4. Tension Pile or Uplift Pile
5. Anchor Pile
6. Fender Pile and Dolphins
7. Batter Pile
8. Sheet Pile

Based on the material & composition;

1. Concrete Pile
2. Timber Pile
3. Steel Pile
4. Composite Pile: Concrete & Timber, Concrete & Steel

Based on the method of installation;

1. Driven Pile
2. Cast-in-situ Pile
3.Driven and cast- in- situ Pile
 Load carrying capacity of Pile:
What is ultimate load bearing capacity?
What is allowable load and how is it determined?

 Ultimate load bearing capacity of a pile is defined as

the maximum load which can be carried by a pile and
at which the pile continues to sink without further
increase of the load.
 The allowable load is the safe load which the pile can
carry safely, which can be determined from ultimate
load bearing capacity dividing by suitable F.O.S.
 Methods of determining
‘Load carrying capacity’
The load carrying capacity of a pile can be determined by the
following methods:

1) Dynamic formulae
2) Static formulae
3) Pile load tests, and
4) Penetration test

1) Dynamic formulae:
# Engineering News formula
# Hiley’s formula
 Engineering News formula:
• Proposed by A.M. Wellington in the following general form;
 
Qa=
Where, Qa= allowable load
W= wt. of the hammer
H= height of the fall
F= F.O.S, taken as “6”
S= final set (penetration)
C= empirical constant
2.5 for drop hammer,&
0.25 for single and double acting
hammers.
Cont…
• Drop
  hammer:
Q a=
 Single acting steam hammer:
Qa =
 Double acting steam hammer:
Q a=

Where, a= effective area of a piston

p= mean effective steam
pressure
 Hiley’s formula:
•IS:  2911 gives the following formula based on the original expression of Hiley:
Q d=
Where, Qd= ultimate load on a pile
C= toatal elastic compression
C = C1+C2+C3, temporary elastic compression of dolly
and packing, pile & soil respectively.
= efficiency of hammer
=efficiency of hammer blow (i.e. ratio
of energy after impact to striking energy
of ram)
Cont…
•=  ,for W>eP
= , for W<eP

Where, P= wt. of a pile, helmet, follower

e= coefficient of restitution (0 to
0.5)

 Allowable load is obtained by using F.O.S 2 or, 2.5.

 Static formula
 Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is
determined by the formula given below;

Qu= Qp + Qs
A FOS 2.5 or 3 may be adopted for finding
the allowable load.
 Ult. Bearing capacity of Cohesion less soil
Using SPT data
• i) Point Bearing load can be calculated by
Qp = Ab . σV. (Nq-1)
Where Ab = Area of c/s of pile tip(kN/m2)
σV = Effective overburden pressure at the pile tip
Nq = Bearing capacity factor.
ii) Skin frictional resistance Qs,
Qs = f.As = K. σV. tanδ. As
K = Earth pressure coefficient
σV = Average effective overburden pressure over embedded depth of pile
δ. = Angle of friction between pile material and soil
As = Embedded surface area of pile
Value of Nq
 Value of  K and

Value of K

Pile Material δ
(Deg) High Relative
Low Relative Density
Density
φ ≤ 29° φ > 29°

Steel 20 0.5 1.0

Concrete ¾φ 1.0 2.0

Wood ⅔φ 1.5 4.0

Ult. Bearing capacity of Cohesion less
soil Using SCPT data
•  i) Q p = qc1.Ab
• Ii) Qs = (qc2/200).Ab (Concrete)
Qp= (qc2/400).Ab (Steel)

Total Load =
 Ult. Bearing Capacity of driven piles in
cohesive soil
• Qu = Nc.Cb.Ab + α Cu. As
Where Nc = Bearing capacity factor = 9.0
Cb = Undisturbed shear strength of clay at the pile tip
Ab = Area of c/s of pile tip
α = Adhesion factor (0.45 in medium clay and 0.3 in highly
fissured clay)
Cu = Average Undrained Shear strength of clay adjacent to
shaft
As = Embedded surface area of pile
 Ult. Bearing Capacity of driven piles in c-φ
soil
Point bearing capacity of a pile in c-φ soil is given by:
                                                                            

where, Ab = area of cross-section of pile tip,

Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors (Figure 16.1),
c = unit cohesion,
γ = unit weight of soil,
B = diameter of pile,
Lf = embedded length of pile.
 Selection of Pile
Factors governing the selection of piles
They are:
 Length of the pile in relation to the load and type of soil,
 Characters of structure,
 Availability of the materials,
 Types of loading,
 Factors causing deterioration,
 Ease of maintenance,
 Estimated cost of types of piles, taking into account the initial
cost, life expectancy and cost of maintenance and,
 Availability of funds.