CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICE &
MANAGEMENT
L01 Describe the construction industry with reference to company structures and other
activities
The construction industry has mainly developed in major three categories. They are,

 Health and safety

 Technology
 Professionalism

Health and safety

Safety is very important in all industry. In construction industry it’s very essential to maintain safety
measures. Therefore, rules and regulations are put in construction sites to avoid accidents and injuries.
In now a day’s health and safety has improved rather than earlier times by displaying safety boards,
putting safety nets and providing safety equipment’s like glouse, mask boots etc.
Technology
Technology helps us to work easier and faster. Also it has improved the efficiency, reduced costs and
increased the quality of the work. Earlier for surveying people has used chain, telescope, theodolite,
compass etc. but now because of the development of technology people are using total station, GPS etc.
Also in earlier times people used manual drawing for architecral and structural drawings but now a days
lot of software has become like autocad, civil 3D Revit etc
Professionalism
Professionalism is the skill, practice and responsibility of an experienced and matured person who can
fulfill a task in an expected manner according to their position. In construction industry professionalism
is increasing day to day due to heavy competition and the projects. (P1)
The construction industry has built with several people’s link

 Client
client is the person who initiates and finances the project. Directly and indirectly monitors the progress,
time,cost, and quality and command any variations to the design and construction phase.

 Main contractor
The person who undertakes to complete a construction project in accordance with the contract
documents on behalf of the employer.
 Client

Main Contractor

Architectur SC SC SC Own CPSC

HVAC Struct
ra Work
Mech.
SC

Elect
CPSU

CPSU
SU SU SU

 SU : Supplier
 SC : Subcontractor
 CPSC : Client purchased subcontractor ( Nominated subcontractor)
 CPSU : Client purchased supplier(Nominated supplier)
Labours also there for main contractors and subcontractors work. (P2)

Contractor is a person who undertakes to complete project in accordance with the contract documents
behalf of the employer. The contractors responsibility is to provide material,labour,equipment and
services which need for the project. The contractor will assume some works for sub contractors.

 design contract and maintain contracts

 turn-key contracts
 design and construct contracts
 GDC contracts
 deisgn,bid,construct;engineering,procument,construction;and design-to-build contracts
 general construction contract
 coordinate general construction contract
 divided contracts
 subcontracts
 services contract(P3)
For a construction company employees should asses properly.

Finance

 Financial policy.
 Investments and insurances.
 Cash requirements, supply of working capital.
 Design

 Design, design management, design procurement and co-ordination.
 Production drawings and specifications.
 Site inspection.

Estimating

 Estimating policy.
 Market research in relation to prices.
 Checking BoQs and estimates from subcontractors and suppliers.

Purchasing

 Policy on stock holding.

 Managing orders.
 Delivery programmes.

Construction

 Site layout and logistics.
 Working conditions and safety.
 Productivity and quality control

Plant

 Managing plant availability.
 Policy on plant ownership.
 Policy on plant maintenance.

Personnel

 Personnel policy.
 Recruitment, interviews and promotion.
 Training schemes and executive development.
 Staff availability.

Marketing

 Brand development.
 Promotion and publicity.
 Exploring new market avenues.
 Market research.

Office management

 Management of admin staff.

 Policy on office accommodation.
 Office layout and decoration.
 Legal

 Contractual arrangements.
 Legal representation of company.
 Drawing up of contractual documents.

IT

 IT strategy.
 Corporate infrastructure.
 End-user support.

Health and Safety/Quality Assurance

 Health and Safety / Quality Assurance plans and documentation.

 Training.
 Inspections.

Set out the key advances or pathways that that will be followed to accomplish destinations. They give the recipe to
progress, setting the bearing and extent of an association over the short, medium and long haul and coordinating
its assets to the changing business sector to meet partner desires. Separate methodologies may exist for various
units of an association, just as at various levels in a specialty unit.

For any technique to be successful, it must have segments tending to both center level issues, (for example,
creation and showcasing), and the upper level issues of incorporating the entire association into its financial
condition. (M1/D1)

L02 Explain different types of construction companies in the market and their
relationships within the tendering process

The construction industry has various tasks in site. because of that different type of companies had
made for different tasks
Small renovation contractors
Small renovation contractors work for the most part deal with employments requiring small quantities
of capital and the sort of work that doesn't require much evaluating or an enormous development
organisation.They ordinarily perform home changes or little business and office work.
Proprietor Manufacturer
The organization that goes about as a proprietor developer is certainly not a genuine contractual
worker. Such an organization fabricates structures just for its own possession, either to sell on
fulfillment, or to lease and work. Numerous proprietor manufacturers, every so often, act in the limit of
general contractual worker or as development administrator as a sideline to their principle business of
working for their own record.
General contractor
A general contractor is responsible for giving the entirety of the material, work, gear, (for example,
designing vehicles and apparatuses) and administrations essential for the development of the project. A
general contractual worker regularly procures specific subcontractors to play out all or segments of the
specialized work.
Heavy engineering and construction
Organizations which construct Street (Expressway, avenues) and dam, spans; utility frameworks; and
other overwhelming and structural designing activities, including subdivisions of land are called as heavy
engineering and construction.
Industrial companies
Industrial companies implies captive power plants, water supply, roads, waste management, drainage,
effluent treatment, bridges, dams, roads, and urban infrastructure development, water dock, port
offices etc. Industrial construction requires experts and experienced laborers who can perform various
tasks. Numerous modern development organizations are huge, worldwide firms. Constructions are
controlled by administrators, engineers, and designers. (P4)

The experts structure projects groups of master advisors to offer customers a gathering whose
individuals are acclimated with cooperating. A few sorts of collaboration are picked to understand issues
of financing or advancing new innovations and development techniques without expanding the client's
hazard. Numerous sorts of organizations have been presented on foundation ventures and, as the
experience has expanded, it has been used in other significant tasks.

 BOT/BOOT Build-work move/assemble possess work move.

BOT or BOOT is a venture structure where a private element gets a concession from the private or open
area to back, plan, build, and work an office expressed in the concession contract. At the point when
remuneration through income has secured the development, working expenses, and concurred benefit,
the responsibility for office and its activities is moved to the contracted association.

 PPP,P3 Public-private association.

PPP is a joint task where the open division represents all or part of the speculation PPP, P3 and the
privately owned business is answerable for the activity, or a privately owned business represents the
venture and general society is liable for all or parts of the activity.

 Public-private participation.
PPC is a joint effort among open and private divisions. The participation is principally venture the board
and obtainment. In Sweden, it has been utilized for framework ventures.

 Partnering
The objective of joining forces is to concentrate on shared objectives and decrease the streamlining of
explicit accomplice interests. The temporary workers take early part in the plan stage to encourage the
organization's creation aptitudes and creation techniques . The gatherings consent to the arrangement
with the understanding that they will share relatively the misfortunes and benefits as per the
arrangements and conditions that they have commonly consented would oversee their business
relationship.(P5)

A tender is a proposal or document to do work or offer a project at a set worth.

 Initial step of the tendering process is in which qualified contractors and suppliers are invited to submit
sealed bids for a construction project.
Formal tender documents are,

 Formal invitation
 Bill of quantities
 Drawings
 Form of tender
There is a suitable tendering process in construction industry

 Invitation to tenders
 Pricing and preparation of tenders
 Opening tenders
 Notifying the tenderers
 Tender evaluation / contractor selection
There are some tender types in construction industry
Competitive tendering

 Open tendering
 Selective tendering
Negotiated tendering
Serial tendering
Open tendering
Open tendering is the main tendering procedures used by each the government and personal
sector.The consumer advertises the offering on the newspaper giving details and key info of the
projected works to find contractors to tender.It is a request by the leader for appropriate contractor to
submit their bids or offers.
Selective tendering
It only allows tenders to be submitted through invitations.The list of contractors are prepared by
knowing background experience and suitability for the contract. The client regularly checks on the list of
contractors performances to keep them.
Negotiated tendering
In this tendering process, the client approaches a single contracting organisation based on their previous
track records and the terms of the contract are then negotiated.The negotiation begins with the
contractor naming his price until both parties agree on a acceptable tender price.
Serial tendering
This method is the combination of selective and negotiated tendering. It is used for large projects which
are carried out in phases, therefore the same tender is used for the latter phases. The benefit of serial
tendering is that there will be smooth transitioning, less additional expenses and familiar workforce to
complete the rest of the phases.
When associations or people wish to have another office, or complete renovation or support of a
current office, they will be engaged with some type of acquirement. There are a wide range of
techniques for getting this new office, not all of which include development as an answer. A total new
structure might be bought, for instance, or existing space might be rented. It is accepted, consequently,
that later pieces of this article will just apply once the choice has been taken – and recorded – to
continue with the development choiphase
The two most ordinarily utilized techniques for offering are single-arrange particular offering or two-
organize specific offering. Both include the greeting of tenders from firms on a pre-affirmed or specially
appointed rundown, picked in light of the fact that they fulfill certain base guidelines when all is said in
done criteria, for example, money related standing, experience, capacity and fitness. The opposition
component of the delicate is given based on cost and quality. (M2/D2)

L03 Discuss the key stages in a construction project, and how Building Information
Modelling informs the different stages
The construction industry is developing day to day in several topics. The BIM helps to construct a better
building. The development in construction industry is helps to reduce the time and cost. Now a days
companies are preventing the conventional methods and trying modern methods. There are some
certain development are given below
Precast flat pannel
Modernly it includes the creation of floor and divider components outside the building site. This requires
a seperate place for the plants and office. Once the pannel units are made by the plan detail and
prerequisite, they are brought to the site and put them.
3D volumetric modules
3D volumetric plan includes the creation of 3D gadgets as modules on the site. It is shown nearby during
establishment and has a secluded structure. The transportation of the modules canbe did in different
strategies. This can includes the transportation of the essential stuture or finish one with all inward and
outer completions, administration introduced inside it while the rest of the work is the gathering.
Precast cladding pannels
Cladding framework is an establishment of a material over another that at last go about as a skin or a
layer.this help in controlling the peneration of air components.
Twin wall innovation
This is a half breed arrangement of wall framework that joins the characteristics of erection speed and
precast cement with the basic intergity of insitu concrete. This kind of wall framework give basic
intergity and the wellbeing of a waterproof structure.
Precast concrete foundation
This framework is used for fast development of establishment. This technique is increasingly reasonable
for singular structure. The components which are fundamental for establishment work are fabricated
seperately and conveyed to the site and collected. The fabricated item should have the guaranteed
quality as determined by the creator.
Insulating concrete formwork
The protected cement formwork framework comprises of two divider pannels: polystyrene or square
boards. These are assembled rapidly to make the formwork as the mass of the structure.
There are so many advantages in using this modern methods rather than doing conventional
method.modern method helps to reduce time ,reduce cost reduce risks.
To ensure sustainable construction the quality and environmental impact of the materials used in
construction must be examined. This examine method is called as environmental profiling.
The environmental profiling is a standard method of measuring construction materials qualities over the
whole life time. To diagnose the materials quality that particular materials life cycle must be assessed.
For that all the stages of materials should be identified.
That means the life cycle of a material should be assessed which is from raw material extraction,
processing, use and eventual disposal. This is called as life cycle assessment.
Product declaration also provides some important points for sustainable construction.the life cycle
assessment is developed to provide understanding report that gives specific environment information
on a product in a common fact.in brief it measures the environment “footprint" of a product.
Green certification is provide to sustainable construction by several authorities. It gives

 Reduce costs and save money

 Market your business
 Receive recognition area
 Good for appearance
 Demand the building (P6)
There are various methods in planning a construction project. They are,

 bar charts
 critical path analysis
 line of balance techniques
 precedence diagrams
Macro projects have to advertised in this sort of way that they are marketed in the media (newspaper)
so as to call the agreement. His capabilities and undertaking are completed and ongoing. Typically must
do not forget their profile and their audit elements must also be taken under consideration. And after a
short listing, they want to choose the right candidate.
For a minor project can touch in telephone to ask quotations for the tasks. In minor venture the mission
owner will recall about the low value. So they'll ask quotation for with substances and without materials
prize variety with contractors. In here the initiatives proprietor rent a supervisor no longer a project
supervisor. The supervisor need to pay by means of go to so the whole value might be lessen.Gantt
charts are flat bar graphs, with each bar speaking to the span of a task; these give a review of how the
undertaking needs to continue.
There are some planning topics should concider
Cost plan
Development project the board requires cost control. Your arranging exercises have helped you distinguish the
errands that must be finished and allocate comparing work. Cost control begins with disseminating the all out
expense to the undertakings and building up detailing methodology to follow costs as your organization causes
them. You can accomplish close cost control with signature rules for buy requests and installments.

Schedule plan

Controlling the timetable for development ventures is basic since errands are commonly reliant and deferrals can
expand costs. Your arranging has set up the general calendar and indicates when specific undertakings must be
finished. Another strategy is to use outside occasions like grants to keep an eye on progress. On the off chance
that you have booked an achievement like the raising of the structure, you can go to the site on that day to check
whether the venture group has met the achievement. On the off chance that you realize that the undertaking
requires a structure grant at a specific date, you can check whether the grant has been given.

Quality plan

A significant capacity for development ventures is to control the nature of the materials and the work since it
influences the estimation of the structure you are building. At the point when you dole out obligation regarding
an undertaking in the arranging stage, you likewise need to allocate duty regarding the quality and for the
necessary documentation.Quality control has three sections. You need to distinguish the degree of value you
need, guarantee that the buy orders determine the quality and inspect the completed item to ensure you got
what you requested. (P7)

BIM (Building Information Modelling) is a process of creating and managing information on construction
projects, through the whole project period. There are some advantages in using BIM.
 Preconstruction project visualization
 Improved scheduling
 High level of customization and flexibility
 Increase productivity
 Easy maintenance of building life cycle
 Model based cost estimation
Building data displaying arrangements in the development segment came about to better work, more
prominent speed and efficiency and lower cost.
BIM takes into account a virtual infomation module to be imparted from the structure group to the
fundamental temporary worker and subcontractors and afterward to the administrator with every
particular expert adding explicit information to single shared model. This entire framework is intended
to lessen the data misfortunes that customarily happen particularly when another group assumes
control over a task.
There are four degrees of BIM. BIM Level 2 intends to permit the undertaking groups to deliver their
own models to normal benchmarks, with the goal that they can be traded and united utilizing a
restrictive IT framework. Both 4D and 5D (development programming and cost demonstrating
separately) are key territories of BIM; and the point is that the task group can completely comprehend
the interface between development, modified, and cost preceding any works initiating, with the point of
taking out conflicts and issues once the works have started. (P8)

BIM technology has been around for about a decade, a lot of buzz has been created about BIM in the field for the
past years. We all know that it stands for building information modeling but BIM is the process spanning the
generation and management of the physical and functional information of a project. The output of the process
are what we refer to as BIMs or building information models which are ultimately digital files that describe every
aspect of the project and support decisions making throughout a project cycle. It has been thought that BIM is
nothing more than 3D modeling but it actually involves more than that. BIM and the subsets of BIM systems and
similar technologies feature more than just 3D (width. Height. And depth) but may include further dimensions
such as 4D (time), 5D (cost), and even 6D (as - built operation)

The 7D model incoiporated suslainability components to the BIM -- it aliovis for professionals/designers to meet
Car targets for a specific element of a project and validate decisiona or test and compare options. The 8D
incorporates safety aspects in both the design and the construction process BIM and allied quantities
technologies provide opportunities for the project but alsó challenges for the project manager As automation is
increasingly used in quantification in the construction industry, BIM models will need to adapt accordingly to
allow for more sophisticated management components that incorporate 40 time and 5D cost modelling and
sharing these information with the project team in an integrated project delivery approach. However, BIM is just
not about new software and technology.

Innovation is a comprehensive idea that includes improvements in techniques, services or products. It’s about
embracing new thoughts that bring about alternate in order to help remedy the enterprise needs and growth its
competitiveness.

The software of innovation within the construction industry isn't always clean, despite the importance of this
quarter for universal financial improvement and increase. Every construction assignment is exclusive, which
means that the contractor must modify their procedures and resources for each project. Every web site is a
completely unique prototype whose configuration modifications through the years. The construction works is
positioned in a distinct region and calls for continuous motion of personnel and machinery. Further, time and
other factors can prevent specialists from applying previous experience successfully.

Innovation must broaden from the easy software of exact ideas to a procedure that may be systematically
controlled, measured and managed. Standardization of innovation is very essential. The important thing lies in
thinking about innovation as a management manner. Every part of the organization can manage, improve and
combine numerous components of innovation into different approaches within the corporation.

Innovations in the creation industry may be standardized as long as they're handled as a process. This process can
include the following steps:

 developing innovative web site solutions

Taking technological or organizational advancements calls for the dedication of the complete employer, the
innovation crew and the broader website crew. Organizations need to offer the human and material sources
wanted for innovation. This section could be very essential because deliberate activities ought to be adapted to
real conditions.

 Identity of needs and possibilities for innovation

Analysis of construction techniques at some stage in the planning stage, ability alternatives and progressive
thoughts that make contributions to accomplishing undertaking and business enterprise goals; This phase is
strongly encouraged by means of the size, complexity and complexity of the project, in addition to market call for,
business possibilities, rules, access to new technology, and so on.

 assessment

The team and business enterprise need to examine whether or not the objectives of the innovation venture are
finished. All levels of the innovation process have to be taken into consideration in addition to all related
elements.

 choosing revolutionary region answers

The choice to make innovative selections depends on the desires, blessings, and aggressive blessings anticipated
by way of the corporation, as well as the capacity to transfer innovation to different initiatives. Comparing
innovative alternatives should consider all mission and organisation goals.

There are some innovations given below

  Prefabrication
 Robotics
 Wearable technology
 Connected job sites
 Virtual reality. (M3/D3)

L04 Analyse how the construction industry has developed suitable collaboration
strategies in support of greater recognition of health and safety
Health and safety is major important matter in construction industry. There are so many chances to
happen accidents in construction site. There are some rules and regulations in construction site to
prevent the accidents. Also the rules has increased day by day due to some case studies.
The company’s should reduce risks around construction site to work safely to workers. It will help to
finish the work on time. It also help to reduce the unnecessary costs like hospital fee, traveling fee etc.In
addition, improving occupational health and safety standards with allow companies to carry out projects
more efficiently and on time,as well as improve their business profile with clients. By implementing basic
health and safety standards, companies can understand the benifits of human capital through the
company.The company should not only just provide workers with the correct tools to guarantee the
security, yet in addition prepare and aware them to understand the correct use and maintantenance of
these tools.
For example, a few companies center around preparing and explaining HSE rules and guidelines for
employess, contractors and suppliers,just as utilizing industry experience to execute these principles.
(P9)

Construction industry is giving a big amount to the country GDP. Although in construction industry it has
so many risks. To prevent that risks and assure the workers and occupants safety the government has
issued several rules and regulations.
The control of health and protection at work rules 1999-
This means. The policies were delivered to reinforce the health and protection at paintings and many
others. Act 1974. The MHSWR places duties on employers and employees together with individuals who
are clients, designers, important contractors or different contractors.
Some of the obligations overlap with the ones of CDM however wherein they cross beyond CDM extra
measures could be needed to comply fully with MHSWR.
They require the organization to:
I. Adopt an evaluation of the dangers to fitness and protection of their employees and others who
can be tormented by their paintings pastime. Employers with five or more employees must file
the tremendous findings of this chance evaluation.
 The subsequent trendy concepts of Prevention should be carried out. warding off
dangers.evaluating the dangers which can not be averted.
 preventing the dangers at supply.adapting the paintings to the character, especially as
regards the design of workplaces, the choice of labor equipment and the choice of running
and manufacturing strategies, with a view, particularly, to alleviating monotonous work and
 work at a predetermined work-fee and to lowering their effect on health.Adapting to
technical development.
 changing the dangerous by using the non-dangerous or the much less dangerous.growing a
coherent common prevention policy which covers era, enterprise of labor, operating
conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors referring to the running
surroundings.Giving collective shielding measures priority over person protective
measures.Giving appropriate commands to employees.
II. To make suitable arrangements for managing health & safety. Employers of five or more need to
report those arrangements
III. To employ equipped human beings, ideally their own employees, to help in the above measures.
Where there is a couple of capable person appointed there have to be good enough co-
operation among them.
IV. Set up procedures to be followed by using any worker have to conditions arise which could gift
serious or forthcoming risk i.E. An evacuation system.
V. Offer applicable records on health & protection in an comprehensible shape.
VI. Make certain co-operation and co-ordination between employers and the self-hired sharing a
place of business.
VII. Make sure employees are given adequate health and safety training and aren't given duties
beyond their competence or physical capabilities.
VIII. Offer brief employees with the perfect fitness & safety statistics to allow them to perform the
paintings competently
Personnel also have duties below MHSWR to:

 record any shortcomings in health & safety preparations.

 Report dangerous conditionsUse system in accordance with training and education.
 Take reasonable care of their very own fitness & safety and those of others who may be
tormented by their acts or omissions
The 1999 regulations revoke:

 The control of health and safety at work regulations 1992.

 The control of health and protection at paintings (change) rules 1994.
 The fitness and safety (young people) policies 1997.part three of the hearth Precautions
(workplace) regulations 1997
The control of health and safety at paintings regulations have been amended in October 2003 to remove
the civil liability exclusions in the 1999 rules and allow:

 personnel to assert damages from their agency in a civil motion, where they suffer injury or
contamination as a result of the business enterprise breaching the 1999 guidelines.
 Employers to deliver actions in opposition to employees for breaches of their obligations below
the 1999 guidelines.(P10)

In construction industry there should be good collaboration and communication between top level man
to bottom level man. For a example the engineers and supervisors and the labours should have a
decent relationship. Its assistance for quick development procedure
For the most part of the workers work together.so they have generally excellent correspondence and
great solidarity. They care about every single individual's wellbeing. For the most part the experience
labourer will control the unexperienced labourer in the dangerous work.
In the site if any accident happened there should be an individual to do the firstaid.also they should
send him hospital safetly. To do these kind of things from bottom level to high level people should have
good collaborations
If there is good communication and collaboration effort they can guarantee safe working spot.(P11)

The health and safety legislation will give responsibilities to laborers to prevent the risks when
construction works going on.
Laborers
Every laborer has a commitment to:

 Not abuse or meddle with anything accommodated wellbeing and security

 comply with safe work rehearses, with the purpose of staying away from injury to themselves as
well as other people and harm to plant and gear
 Comply with any course given by the executives for wellbeing and security
 Report all mishaps and occurrences at work quickly, regardless of how inconsequential.
 Take sensible consideration of the wellbeing and security of themselves as well as other people
 Wear individual defensive hardware and apparel where vital
Site supervisor
The Site Supervisor will:

 Be answerable for ICC Constructions site tasks completely.

 In co-activity with the board, guarantee that at any rate one organization representative on
location has a legitimate medical aid authentication.
 Make learned to all representatives and sub-exchanges that guests should answer to the site
office and be appropriately prepared to enter the task, i.e.: hard cap and wellbeing footwear.
 Be acquainted with ICC Constructions Safety Policy, The Occupational Health and Safety Act, and
Regulations for Construction Projects and all other important legislations.
 Implement and uphold ICC Constructions Safety Policy and legislations, make disciplinary move
when important to guarantee consistence.
 When ICC Constructions are the contractual workers on a task, conduct place of work gatherings
before beginning up and in any event once every two months or as the need emerges, from
there on with the proprietors and sub traders and guarantee that a Health and Safety
representative named that he go to the site Health and Safety Committee gatherings.
 Take quick actions to correct any perilous or unsafe conditions, any risky practice by and by
watched or answered to you in the zone of your immediate control and illuminate the individual
you accept to be mindful and the sub-exchange administrator.
 Ensure that any requests left by a Ministry of Labor Construction Health and Safety Officer are
conformed to as quickly as time permits.
 Assign explicit respinsibils to organization field engineers, organization work, or carpentry
foreman/laborers, sub-contractual workers and their foreman in regards to security.
 Endeavour to give protected and solid workplace and by activities and model advance an
earnest, constructive wellbeing demeanor in all staff.
 Record day by day in a day by day diary perceptions of site action identifying with the site
security and incidental wounds and medical aid treatment.
  Ensure that all emergency treatment prerequisites are given on the undertaking (see WSIB 950),
i.e.: medical aid box, departure gear, and so on.
 Ensure that the gear, material, devices, and defensive gadgets required to secure the specialist
are given and kept up in great condition and that the laborer utilizes same in the way proposed
to ensure the laborers.
 Ensure that housekeeping and tidy up is completed as regularly as is important to forestall an
unsafe condition and in a way that allows different contractual workers access to their work zone
(s).
 Investigate all mishaps and events. Promptly illuminate the Ministry regarding Labor when (M4)
Health safety legislations always impact positively to the construction industry.
These are the safety topics with relations with legislations
Safety topics

 Cranes - All lifting activities including lifting hardware must be appropriately arranged by an
equipped individual; fittingly managed; and completed in a protected way.
 Site organizations- Everything you have to think about sorting out a protected and building site.
 Slips, excursions and falls - prevent to avoid the dangers of slips, excursions and falls on building
site.
 Structural stability - Assess the dangers and prevent inadvertent structural breakdown during
modifications, destruction and disassembling; and the measures you have to take to prevent
accident in excavation.
 Work at height - when working at height there are some controls that we have to put. For
example when working at height we have to use towers, scaffolds, platforms and ladders and, as
a last resort, fall restraints and safety netting .
 Power - Work securely with power supplies and electrical gear; map overhead electrical cables
and underground links to prevent accidental contact with machinery.
 Fire - Identify the dangers of fire; control flammable materials and start sources; and make it
understood precisely what to do if fire breaks out.
 Mobile plant and vehicles - Assess the dangers, build up fitness to work and control access to
telehandlers, excavators, versatile work stages, dumpers and street vehicles.
 Demolition- All demolition, disassembling and structural adjustment should to be carefully and
planned to Carried out from the site. (D4)