CMCA

RELATED LEARNING EXPERIENCE

MIDTERM
PERIOD
2ND YEAR- SECOND SEM

[TRANS] RLE: PEDIATRIC PATIENT PROBLEMS

OUTLINE
I IN INFANTS
A Intussusception
B Failure to Thrive
C Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
D Colic
E Trisomy 21/ Down Syndrome
F Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
G Imperforated Anus FAILURE TO THRIVE
H Hydrocephalus CAUSES
I Otitis Media
• ENDOGENOUS OR ORGANIC
II IN TODDERS • EXOGENOUS OR INORGANIC
A Burns • MIXED
B Poisoning
C Child Abuse
D Cerebral Palsy
DIAGNOSIS
• Patient history that includes diet history
III IN PRESCHOOLER • Complete physical examination
A Leukemia • Laboratory tests
B Wilm’s Tumor
C Asthma
• X-Ray
D Urinary Tract Infection
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
IV IN SCHOOL-AGED • picky eating habits, poor weight gain, or smaller size
A Diabetes Mellitus
B Rheumatic Fever
compared relative to peers of similar age
C Rheumatic Arthritis / Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis • child's growth parameters are not tracking appropriately on
D Scabies growth curves.
E Pediculosis • scaling skin, spoon-shaped nails, and neuropathy may
F Impetigo indicate potential vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
• Wasting
• Stunting
IN INFANTS TREATMENT
INTUSSUSCEPTION • Psychological interventions
• Is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine folds • Making meal time positive
into the section next to it. • Treatment of underlying condition
• Avoid REFEEDING SYNDROME
CAUSES
• not clearly established or understood

RISK FACTORS
• certain infections
• diseases like cystic fibrosis
• intestinal polyps

DIAGNOSIS
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
• UTZ
• “Crib Death” is the sudden death of an infant, usually under
1 year of age, which remains unexplained after a complete
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS postmortem investigation, including an autopsy,
• Periodic abdominal pain examination of the death scene and review of the case
• Nausea and vomiting (sometimes green in color from bile) history
• Abdominal bloating
• Bloody stool

TREATMENT
• Enema
• Surgery
• Dexamethasone

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 TRANS: PEDIATRIC PATIENT PROBLEMS

COLIC
• Baby Colic, also known as Infantile Colic, is defined as
episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more
than three days a week, for three weeks in an otherwise
healthy child between the ages of two weeks and four
months.

HYDROCEPHALUS
• A condition in which accumulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF) occurs within the brain.

CAUSES
The cause is not known and is probably multifactorial.

TYPES
TRISOMY 21/ DOWN SYNDROME • CONGENITAL
• Caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of Present in the infant prior to birth, meaning the fetus
chromosome 21. developed hydrocephalus in utero during fetal
• It is typically associated with physical growth delays, mild to development.
moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial • ACQUIRED
features. Acquired as a consequence of CNS infections, Meningitis,
Brain tumors, Head trauma, or Intracranial Hemorrhage,
and it is usually painful.

CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE

• Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as Orofacial Cleft,
is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip (CL), cleft OTITIS MEDIA
palate (CP), and both together (CLP). TYPES
• Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
• Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
• Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)
• Adhesive Otitis Media

IMPERFORATED ANUS
• There are several forms of imperforate anus and anorectal
malformations. The new classification is in relation of the
type of associated fistula. IN TODDLERS
• The classical Wingspread classification was in low and high
anomalies: BURNS
o Low Lesion
• Is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine folds
o High Lesion
into the section next to it.
o Persistent Cloaca
CAUSES
• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• Radiation
• Non-accidental

SPINA BFIDA
• A birth defect where there is incomplete closing of
backbone and membranes around the spinal cord.
• The most common location is the lower back, but in rare
cases it may be the middle back or neck.

TWO MAIN TYPES

• Spina Bfida Occulata
POISONING
• Accidental poisoning is common, especially among toddlers
• Spina Bifida Cystica
aged between one and three years.

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 TRANS: PEDIATRIC PATIENT PROBLEMS
• Children explore their environment as part of their normal,
natural development.
• A child may also be poisoned if they are given the wrong
medicine or a wrong dose of medicine.
• Young children do not know the difference between what is
safe and what is dangerous. It is your responsibility to make
your home safe for children.
CHILD ABUSE
• Child Maltreatment is physical, sexual, and/or
psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children,
especially by a parent or a caregiver.
• "All forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual
abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or
other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the
child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context
of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.” (WHO)
CEREBRAL PALSY
CLASSIFICATIONS
• Spastic
• Ataxic
• Athetoid
• Mixed
IN PRE-SCHOOLERS
LEUKEMIA
• Is a hematological malignancy or a cancer of the blood,
which develops in the bone marrow.
• Childhood Leukemia is the most common childhood
cancer.
TYPES
• Acute Leukemia- typically develops and worsens quickly
(over periods of days to weeks).
• Chronic Leukemia- develops over a slower period of time
(months), but is more difficult to treat than acute leukemia,
and is more common in adults than in children.
WILM’S TUMOR
• Is a cancerous tumor in the cells of the kidney. Fortunately,
with the right treatment, Wilms tumor is highly treatable.
ASHTMMA
• A chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs. These
airways, or bronchial tubes, allow air to come in and out of
the lungs.
• In childhood asthma, the lungs and airways become easily
inflamed when exposed to certain triggers, such as inhaling
airborne pollen or catching a cold or another respiratory
infection.
BANEZ, RENCEL HOPE B | BSN-2A
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
• An infection in any part of the urinary system – kidneys,
ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the
lower urinary tract – the bladder and the urethra.
• Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are
men.
IN SCHOOL-AGED
DIABETES MELLITUS
• A disorder in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are
abnormally high because the body does not produce
enough insulin or fails to respond normally to the insulin
produced.
• Diabetes describes a group of conditions with high blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemia) caused by decreased
insulin production, decreased effect of insulin, or both.
RHEUMATIC FEVER
• An inflammatory disease that can develop as a
complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet
fever.
• Most common in 5- to 15-year-old children, though it can
develop in younger children and adults.
• Can cause permanent damage to the heart, including
damaged heart valves and heart failure.
RHEUMATIC ARTHRITIS / JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC
ARTHRITIS
• Formerly known as Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, is the
most common type of arthritis in children under the age of
16.
SCABIES
• Also known as the Seven-Year Itch, is a contagious skin
infestation by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes
Scabiei.
• It is contagious and can spread quickly through close
physical contact in a family, child care group, school class,
nursing home or prison.
PEDICULOSIS
• Is An infestation of lice (blood-feeding ectoparasitic
insects).
• The condition can occur in almost any species of warm-
blooded animals including humans.
• The crawling stages of this insect feed on human blood,
which can result in severe itching.
IMPETIGO
• Bacterial infection that involves the superficial skin
• The most common presentation is yellowish crusts on the
face, arms, or legs.
• Less commonly there may be large blisters which affect the
groin or armpits.
REFERENCES
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BANEZ, RENCEL HOPE B | BSN-2A 4