Enhanced ERD (EERD):

Generalization:
(Specific) ECONOMY PASSENGER, BUSINESS CLASS PASSENGER
(General) PASSENGER

(Specific) SPARROW PIGEON PARROT

(General) BIRD

(Specific) UNDERGRAD STUDENT GRAD STUDENT

(General) STUDENT

SPECIALIZATION:
(General) PASSENGER
(Specific) ECONOMY PASSENGER, BUSINESS CLASS PASSENGER

(General) BIRD
(Specific) SPARROW PIGEON PARROT

(General) STUDENT
(Specific) UNDERGRAD STUDENT GRAD STUDENT
SPECIALIZATION RULE:
These are set of rules that describe whether an instance
(record) of a super-type can exist without being member of a
sub-type or not.
Moreover these set of rules describe whether an instance of a
super-type can be member of two or more sub-types
simultaneously or not.
a) Completeness Constraint:
This is set of rules that describes whether an instance
(record) of a super-type can exist without being member
of a sub-type or not.
i) Total Specialization Rule:
This is a rule that describe an instance (record) of a super-
type can not exist without being member of a sub-type.

ii) Partial Specialization Rule:

This is a rule that describe an instance (record) of a super-
type can exist without being member of a sub-type.
b) Disjoint Constraint:
These are set of rules that describe whether an instance
of a super-type can be member of two or more sub-
types simultaneously or not.
i) Disjoint Rule:
This rule describes that an instance of a super-type can
not be member of two or more sub-types
simultaneously.

ii) Overlap Rule:

This rule describes that an instance of a super-type can
be member of two or more sub-types simultaneously.