,qwurgxfwlrq: Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards

Chapter 2
Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards
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Geometric design the process whereby the layout of the road through the terrain is designed to
meet the needs of the road users. The principal geometric features are the road cross-section and
horizontal and vertical alignment. Appropriate standards and combinations of geometric design
elements should fulfill the following objectives:
¾ Topography, land use and physical features.

¾ Environmental considerations.
¾ Road safety considerations.
¾ Road function and control of access.
¾ Traffic volume and capacity.
¾ Design speed and other speed controls.
¾ Design vehicle and vehicle characteristics.
¾ Economic and Financial considerations.
¾ Alternative construction technologies.
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The design standards to be used for roads of various traffic volumes (AADT) are summarized in
the several following tables. Of these, Table 2-1 presents an overview of design standards relating
to road functional classification and traffic volumes, and illustrates the split between paved and
unpaved standards.
Tables 2-2 to 2-11 give several parameters of the Ethiopian Roads Authority’s ten design
standards, reflecting the government policy of design flexibility and emphasis on labor-based
techniques. These standards apply to divided highways, trunk and link roads, main access and
collector roads, and feeder roads.
Finally, Table 2-12 shows the variability of the shoulder widths for the different design standards,
including parameters associated with terrain and urban sections.
The determination of each particular standard item is discussed further in this manual.
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It is anticipated that there may be situations where the designer will be compelled to deviate from
these standards. An example of a Departure from Standard is the inclusion of a switchback or the
use of a gradient greater than the desirable value. Where the designer departs from a standard, he
must obtain written approval from ERA. The Designer shall submit the following information to
ERA:

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Chapter 2
Summary of Standards Geometric Design Manual-2002
¾ The number, name, and description of the road

¾ The facet of design for which a Departure from Standards is desired;
¾ A description of the standard, including normal value, and the value of the Departure
from Standards
¾ The reason for the Departure from Standards, and
¾ Any mitigation to be applied in the interests of safety.
The Designer must submit all major and minor Departures from Standards to the Design and
Research Division Manager for evaluation. If the proposed Departures from Standards are
acceptable, the Departures from Standards will be submitted to the General Manager for final
approval.

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Chapter 2
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Road Functional Design Design Traffic Surface Width (m) Design Speed (km/hr) Urban/Peri
Classification Standard Flow (AADT)* Type -Urban
Carriageway Shoulder Flat Rolli Mountaino Escarpment
ng us
***
DS1 10000–**15000 Paved Dual 2 x 7.3 See T.2-2 120 100 85 70 50
DS2 5000–10000 Paved 7.3 See T.2-2 120 100 85 70 50

7
5
8 DS3 1000–5000 Paved 7.0 See T.2-2 100 85 70 60 50
1
/ .
0 ,
$ 1 DS4 200–1000 Paved 6.7 See T.2-2 85 70 60 50 50
, .
1
DS5 100– 200 Unpaved 7.0 See T.2 -2 70 60 50 40 50
&
2 $
/ & DS6 50–100 Unpaved 6.0 See T.2-2 60 50 40 30 50
( &
& (
7 6 DS7 30–75 Unpaved 4.0 See T.2-2 60 50 40 30 50
) 2 6
( 5
( 6
DS8 25–50 Unpaved 4.0 See T.2-2 60 50 40 30 50
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5
DS9 0–25 Unpaved 4.0 See T.2-2 60 40 30 20 40
DS10 0–15 Unpaved 3.3 See T.2-2 60 40 30 20 40
* The design two-way traffic flow is recommended to be not more than one Design Standard step in excess of the first year AADT (excluding DS7). ** For traffic volume more than 15000 a different design approach
should be followed. *** The width of each lane is 3.65m

Chapter 2
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'6 3.0 3.0 0.5 – 2.5 0.5 – 2.5 n/a 3.5 2.5 5.0 (min)
(min)
'6 3.0 3.0 0.5 – 2.5 0.5 – 2.5 n/a 3.5 2.5 Barrier!
'6 1.5 - 3.0++ 1.5 - 3.0++ 0.5 – 1.5 0.5 – 1.5 n/a 3.5 2.5 n/a
'6 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 n/a 3.5 2.5 n/a
+++
'6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n/a 3.5 2.5 n/a
'6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n/a 3.5+++ 2.5 n/a
'6 1.0 (earth) 1.0 (earth) 1.0 (earth) 1.0 (earth) n/a n/a + n/a + n/a
'6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n/a n/a + n/a + n/a
'6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n/a n/a + n/a + n/a
'6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n/a n/a + n/a + n/a
* shoulders included in the carriageway width given in Table 2-1

** Shoulders included in the carriageway width given in Table 2-1
*** To be provided where urbanization requires this facility
+ Where these classes of roads pass through urban areas, the road shall be designed to Standard DS6
++ The actual shoulder width provided shall be determined from an assessment of the total traffic flow and level of non-motorized traffic for each road section
+++ Depending on the development of the town & Includes a shoulder
! Median with trees (DS1) is allowed for cross section shown in the table i.e. 2lane +parking lane + Footway if otherwise the median should be a covered and an open one
without trees or a lower width of a median barrier shall be designed . Similarly for DS2 Roads in the town section i.e. one lane + parking lane +footway should have a
covered median with no trees or other wise a lower width of a median barrier should be designed.

Chapter 2
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Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-
Urban
Design Speed km/h 120 100 85 70 50
Min. Stopping Sight Distance m 285 205 155 110 55
Min. Passing Sight Distance m 425 375 340 275 175
Min. Horizontal Curve Radius m 630 395 270 175 85
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Max. Gradient (desirable) % 3 4 6 6 6
Max. Gradient (absolute) % 5 6 8 8 8
Minimum Gradient % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Maximum Superelevation % 8 8 8 8 4
Crest Vertical Curve k 210 105 60 31 10
Sag Vertical Curve k 74 51 36 25 12
Normal Crossfall % 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Shoulder Crossfall % 4 4 4 4 4
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50
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Urban
% Passing Opportunity % 50 50 25 0 20
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes Yes No yes
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50

Chapter 2


Urban
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes No No No
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50


Urban
Transition Curves Required Yes Yes No No No
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50

Chapter 2

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Urban
Transition Curves Required No No No No No
Normal Crossfall (Paved) % 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Shoulder Crossfall (Paved) % 4 4 4 4 4
Normal and Shoulder % 4 4 4 4 4
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 50 50 50 50 50


Urban
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 30 30 30 30 40

Chapter 2


Urban
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 30 30 30 30 30

Urban
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 20 20 20 20 20
Max. Spacing of Passing m 500 500 500 500 500
Bays
Design Vehicle DV 2/3

Chapter 2


Urban
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 20 20 20 20 20
Bays
Design Vehicle DV 2/3


Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban
Crossfall (Unpaved)
Right of Way m 20 20 20 20 20
Bays
Design Vehicle DV 1


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Chapter 2

Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards

¾ Topography, land use and physical features.

¾ The number, name, and description of the road

DS2 5000–10000 Paved 7.3 See T.2-2 120 100 85 70 50

DS10 0–15 Unpaved 3.3 See T.2-2 60 40 30 20 40

* shoulders included in the carriageway width given in Table 2-1

7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'63DYHG

Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-

Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-

7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'68QSDYHG

Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-

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,qwurgxfwlrq: Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards

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,qwurgxfwlrq: Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards

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Chapter 2

Geometric Design Manual-2002 Summary of Standards

¾ Topography, land use and physical features.

¾ The number, name, and description of the road

DS2 5000–10000 Paved 7.3 See T.2-2 120 100 85 70 50

DS10 0–15 Unpaved 3.3 See T.2-2 60 40 30 20 40

* shoulders included in the carriageway width given in Table 2-1

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Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-

Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-

7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'6 8QSDYHG

Design Element Unit Flat Rolling Mountainous Escarpment Urban/Peri-

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7DEOH *HRPHWULF'HVLJQ3DUDPHWHUVIRU'HVLJQ6WDQGDUG'68QSDYHG