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Abstract - As the electric power supplied by solar [4]. Solar arrays were developed for power satellites
arrays depends on the insolation, temperature and in the space program [6]. In high power applications,
array voltage, it is necessary to control the operating parallel connected converters are often used to provide
points to draw the maximum power of the solar array. power [7].
The object of this paper is to investigate the maximum As the power supplied by solar arrays depends on
power tracking algorithms which were often used to the insolation, temperature and array voltage, it's
compare the tracking efficiencies for the system necessary to draw the maximum power of the solar
operating under different controls. Besides, different array. Several papers 15-91 had proposed different
type dc/dc converters were designed to evaluate the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controls in
converter performance. A simple method which the past years. A simple DSP-based MPPT algorithm
combines a discrete time control and a PI that adjusts the solar array voltage with a discrete PI
compensator is used to track the maximum power control to track the MPP for the converter system is
points (MPP's) of the solar array. The implementation used in this paper to achieve the maximum power
of the proposed converter system was based on a transfer and high efficiency for the solar energy
digital signal processor (DSP) and the experimental system. The tracking efficiencies of different MPPT
results are presented. controls and the performance of different dc/dc
converters are evaluated through the simulations and
experimental results.
I. INTRODUCTION
Lately, the problem of energy crunch is more and 11. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR ARRAYS
more aggravating. Very much exploitation and
research for new power energy are proceeded around The traditional I-V characteristics of a solar array,
the world. In particular, the solar energy attracts lots when neglecting the internal shunt resistance, is given
of attention. In recent years, the development of by the following equation [11:
power semiconductor technology results in easier
conversion between AC and DC. Therefore, the use of
solar energy is emphasized increasingly and regarded
as an important resource of power energy in next
century.
Solar array represents the fundamental power where I , is the light generated current, I&#,is the
conversion unit of a photovoltaic system [1,2]. reverse saturation current, q is the electronic charge,
Crystalline silicon cell technology is well established. A is a dimensionless factor, K is the Boltzmann
The modules have a long lifetime (20 years or more) constant, T is the temperature in "K, %is the series
and their best production efficiency is approaching resistance of the cell.
18%. Solar energy can be utilized in two ways: solar Equation (1) was used in computer simulations to
heatingkooling and solar electricity. Some appliances obtain the output characteristics of a solar cell as
can be connected directly because they work on dc at shown in Fig. 1. From these figures, it is observed that
the system voltage. Other appliances may need a the output characteristics of a solar cell is non-linear
voltage adaptor to adjust the voltage [5] or a power and vitally affected by the solar radiation, temperature
inverter to increase the voltage and change it to the ac and load condition. Each curve has a maximum power
forms[3]. The application of solar arrays for point (Pmax), which is the optimal operation point for
residential or storage systems have been addressed in the efficient use of the solar array.
%1 rt?
Sense V(k) I(k)
,
Sense V(k), I(k
,
b y -
I c
dl /dV= -I N &
I
Fig. 2 Control flow chart. (a) Perturbation and observation method. (b) Incremental conductance method.
87
performance under rapidly changing atmospheric
conditions, four sensors are required to perform the
computations. The drawback is that sensor devices
require more conversion time thus result in a large
amount of power loss.
B. Control variable
2 . Power-Feedback Control
Maximum power control is achieved by forcing
the derivative (dP/dV) to be equal to zero under power
feedback control. A general approach to power
feedback control is to measure and maximize the
power at the load terminal. This has an advantage of
unnecessarily knowing the solar array characteristics.
However, this method maximizes power to the load
not power from the solar array. Although a converter
with MPPT offers high efficiency over a wide range
of operating points, but for a bad converter, the full
power may not be delivered to the load due to power
loss. Therefore, the design of a high performance
converter is a very important issue.
88
Table 1 re, and K2reqfor dc converters
t I
I
\
( / I ;>'
'Drq = D l rD ' D
vo VR Vm voc
89
C. System control Rearranging equation (1 3) in finite-difference
form gives
The block diagrams of the MPPT control and the
compensator for digital implementation are shown in Y ( n+ 1)- Y ( n ) U (n + 1) - U ( n )
Fig. 7 The proposed control consists of two loops, the T =K,U(n)+Kp[ 1 ~ 4 )
maximum power point tracking loop is used to set a L _1
corresponding to the charger input, the voltage where T is the sampling time.
regulating loop is used to regulate the solar array Taking the Z-transform of equation (14) yields
output voltage according to ye/,which is set in the
MPPT loop. The functions of the two loops are
performed by a DSP-based controller. The controller
senses the solar array current and voltage to calculate Equation (15 ) can be expressed in state variable
the solar array output power, power slope and v for form as
maximum power control.
x(n + 1) = Ax ( n )+ B U ( n ) (16)
Y ( n )= C X ( n ) +DU(n) (17)
Vref Drive DCDC Solar
9K~+Ki’s + circuit + converter + array - where A=l, B=K,T, C=l, D=Kp, and X ( n ) is the
state variable.
I Vf
V. SIMULATIONS
AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
90
elliciency conqarison for different MPP?’ techiiiques
is shown in Table 3 and Fig. 13.
VI. CONCLUSION
The purpose of the MPPT is to adjust the solar
operating voltage close to the MPP under changing
atmospheric conditions. In this paper, different MPPT
techniques and dcldc converters were investigated and
compared. A simple method which combines a
discrete time control and a PI compensator is used to
track the MPP’s of the solar array. The proposed
converter system based on a DSP was constructed and
Fig. 8 Efficiencies of dc/dc converters the experimental tests were carried out, the tracking
efficiency was confirmed by simulations and
In this paper, different maximum power point experimental results.
tracking techniques (P&O, IncCond, Voltage-
feedback) and direct method were investigated and
compared using measured results. Owing to the REFERENCE
algorithms of the P&O method and power-feedback
control are similar, power-feedback control was not [ I ] T.Markvart, “Solar Electricity”, John Willy & Sons,
considered in this paper. The implementation of the 1994.
MPPT controls was based on a DSP controller. [2] S.Roberts, “Solar Electricity”, Prentice Hall, 1991.
Fig. 9-12 show the measured wave forms under [3] F. Harashima and H. Inaba, “Microprocessor-
-
changing atmospheric conditions. Fig. 9(a) Fig. 12(a) Controlled SIT Inverter for Solar Energy System”,
IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. IE-34,
show the results under slowly changing atmospheric
conditions. Fig. 9(b) -Fig. 12(b) show the results no. 1, pp50-55, Feb. 1985.
[4] B.K.Bose, P.M.Szczesny and R.L.Steigerwald,
under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The
measured insolation values were used to find the “Microcomputer Control of a Resi-dential
theoretical maximum array power values, which were Photovoltaic Power Condictioning System”, IEEE
compared with the measured maximum array power Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. IA-21,110. 5,
values. It is obviously observed that the system with pp1182-1191, Sep. 1985.
direct method (without MPPT) has a large amount of [5] Z. Salameh, F.Dagher and W.A.Lynch, “Step-Down
power loss. The system with P&O or IncCond method Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic
shows excellent performance under changing System”, Solar Energy, vol. 46, no. 1, pp.278-282,
atmospheric conditions. And further, in this paper 1991.
tracking efficiency was used to evaluate tracking [6] S..J. Kim, J.R. Lee and B. H. Cho, “Large Signal
performance for different MPPT. The tracking Analysis of Space craft Power Systems” IEEE PESC,
pp.2873-2880, 1989.
efficiency qT is defined as:
[7] K.Siri, T.-F.Wu and C.Q.Lee, “Maximum Power
Tracking in Parallel Connect-ed Converter System”,
1: Pdt IELEC‘91, pp. 128-1 33, 1991.
[8] C.R.Sullivan and M.J.Powers, “A High-Efficiency
Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic
Arrays in a Solar-Power Race Vehicle”, IEEE
PESC‘93, pp.574-580, 1993.
where t l is start-up time of the system and t 2 is
[9] K.Siri, V.A.Caliskan, and C.Q.Lee, “Peak Power
close-down time of the system, P is the array output
Tracking in Parallel Connected Converters”,
power, and P, is the theoretical maximum array
PESC‘92, pp1401-1406, 1992.
power. [lo] S.M. Alqhuwainem, “Matching of a dc motor to a
It has been shown that the P&O and IncCond
photovoltaic generator using a step-up converter
methods successfully followed the rapidly solar with a current-locked loop”, IEEE Trans. on Energy
insolation changes and tracking efficiencies are above Conversion, vol. 9, no. 1 , March 1994.
80%. The efficiency with voltage feedback control is [I I ] K.H. Hussein and G.Zhao, “Maximum Photovolatic
about 75% under slowly changing conditions, and Power Tracking :An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing
only about 65% under rapidly changing conditions. Atmospheric Conditions”,IEE Proc.-G, vol. 142, no. 1 ,
However, the direct method has significant power loss Jan. 1995.
without MPPT and the efficiency is below 30%. The
91
1
Measured insolation
.. . .
08-
07-
06.
04-
0'31
0.2
01
r Power 1 02-
01-
power
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
timq * 5 min hmq *5 mm
(a) (b)
Fig. 9 Tracking wave forms with IncCond method. (a) Small variation (65 - S5mw/cm2). (b) Large variation (42 -
88mw/cm2 ).
1 1.
0.9 1 Measured insolation 4I 09-
0.8. 08-
0.7 - 07.
0.6. 06.
0.5 - 05-
-1 Simulated maximum power 04-
Measured maximum power 03-
Power error
I
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
timq *5 min time, * 5 min
(4 (b)
Fig. 10 Tracking wave forms with P&O method. (a) Small variation (60 - 83mw/cm2 ). (b) Large variation (35 -
87mw/cmL ).
Measured 'insolation
0.91 I 0.9 -
0.8 -
O
07 8 I l 0.7.
06- 0.6.
05- 0.5 -
04- 0.4.
-Measured maximum power
03- 0.3-
02- 0.2 -
0.1- 0.1-
0 0
10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 11 Tracking wave forms with voltage-feedback control. (a) Small variation(68 - 86mw/cm2 ). (b) Large variation (55
- 90mw/cm2 1.
92
1 - - - 1
06 08
07 07
06 06
05 05
04 04
03 03
02 02
01 01
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
timq 5 min timq’5 min
(a) (b)
Fig. 12 Tracking wave forms with direct method. (a) Small variation (65 - 86mW/cm2). (b) Large variation (44 -
8 5 m W/cm’ ).
-
Algorithm 1 Insolation
IncCond method
Small variation (65 - 85mW/cm2) 0.88
Large variation (42 - 88mW/cm2) 0.86
P&O method
Small variation (60 - 84m W/cm’ ) 0.85
Large variation (35 - 8 7 m ~ / c m ’) 0.82
Voltage-feedback Small variation (68 - 86m W/cm2) 0.73
control
Large variation -
(55 9 0 m W / c m 2 ) 0.65
Direct method
Small variation -
(65 86m W/cm2) 0.30
Large variation (44 - 85 m W/cm2) 0.26
0.3
0.8 ._-
0.3
0.2
0.1
n
” InCond PbO Voltage Direct
Method Method Feedback Method
93