Akbari - Piran - Bazregar IJITCS V5 N1 7

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Design Model Free Switching Gain Scheduling Baseline Controller with

Application to Automotive Engine
Article · January 2013

DOI: 10.5815/ijitcs.2013.01.07
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I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science, 2013, 01, 65-73
Published Online December 2012 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/)
DOI: 10.5815/ijitcs.2013.01.07
Design Model Free Switching Gain Scheduling

Baseline Controller with Application to
Automotive Engine
Farzin Piltan
Industrial Electrical and Electronic Engineering SanatkadeheSabze Pasargad. CO (S.S.P. Co), NO:16 , PO.Code
71347-66773, Fourth floor , Dena Apr , Seven Tir Ave , Shiraz , Iran
Email: SSP.ROBOTIC@gmail.com
Mehdi Akbari
Email: SSP.ROBOTIC@yahoo.com
Mojdeh Piran
Mansour Bazregar
Abstract— Internal combustion (IC) engines are fuel. More specifically, its fuel contains chemical
optimized to meet exhaust emission requirements with energy and together with air, this mixture is burned to
the best fuel economy. Closed loop combustion control output mechanical power [1-3]. In an internal
is a key technology that is used to optimize the engine combustion engine, a piston moves up and down in a
combustion process to achieve this goal. In order to cylinder and power is transferred through a connecting
conduct research in the area of closed loop combustion rod to a crank shaft. The continual motion of the piston
control, a control oriented cycle-to-cycle engine model, and rotation of the crank shaft as air and fuel enter and
containing engine combustion information for each exit the cylinder through the intake and exhaust valves
individual engine cycle as a function of engine crank is known as an engine cycle. The fuel ratio can be used
angle, is a necessity. This research aims to design a new to determine which fuel system should have a larger
methodology to fix the fuel ratio in internal combustion impact on how much fuel is injected into the cylinder
(IC) engine. Baseline method is a linear methodology [4-9]. Since a direct fuel injector (DI) has immediate
which can be used for highly nonlinear system’s (e.g., injection of its fuel with significant charge cooling
IC engine). To optimize this method, new linear part effect, it can have a quicker response to the desired
sliding mode method (NLPSM) is used. This online amount of fuel that is needed by an engine. Although a
optimizer can adjust the optimal coefficient to have the port fuel injector (PFI) may have a slower response due
best performance. to its wall-wetting dynamics, the fuel ratio will impact
the combustion characteristics of an engine. Fuel ratio
also can be used to regulate or control two fuel types.
Index Terms— IC Engine, Fuel Ratio, Port Fuel For example, an engine may have the ability to run on
Injection, Direct Injection, Baseline Method, Linear gasoline and ethanol. The gasoline could be injected by
Part Sliding Mode Method a PFI, while the ethanol could be injected by a DI [1-9].
Controller is a device which can sense information
from linear or nonlinear system to improve the systems
I. Introduction performance [10-20]. The main targets to design
control systems (e.g., IC engines) are FR stability, good
The internal combustion (IC) engine is designed to alternative torque load rejection, and small FR error[5].
produce power from the energy that is contained in its
Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science, 2013, 01, 65-73
66 Design Model Free Switching Gain Scheduling Baseline Controller with Application to Automotive Engine
Several automotive engines are controlled by linear in cylinder, and the other parameters) to behavior of
methodologies (e.g., Proportional-Derivative (PD) system[1].
controller, Proportional- Integral (PI) controller or
The equation of an IC engine governed by the
Proportional- Integral-Derivative (PID) controller), but
following equation [1, 4, 25, 29, 43-44]:
when this systems works with various torque loads and
have uncertainty in dynamic models this technique has ̇ ̇ ̈
limitations. In some applications automotive engines are [ ] * +[ ]
̇ ̇ ̈
used in unknown and unstructured environment,
therefore strong mathematical tools used in new control [ ][ ̇ ̇]
methodologies to design high performance controller (1)
with acceptable performance. Baseline controller is an ̇
[ ] [ ]
influential linear cascade controller to certain and partly ̇
uncertain systems which it is free of system’s dynamic
model [21-40]. To control of this system linear baseline [ ]
methodology is introduced. Baseline methodology (BM)
is an influential linear controller to certain and partly Where is port fuel injector, is direct injector,
uncertain system dynamic. This methodology is work ̇ is a symmetric and positive define mass of air
based on system’s performance. When all dynamic and matrix, is the pressure of motor, is engine
physical parameters are known baseline methodology angular speed and is matrix mass of air in cylinder.
works superbly; practically a large amount of systems Fuel ratio and exhaust angle are calculated by [25, 29,
have external disturbance and gain scheduling 43-44]:
methodology reduce this kind of limitation. In various
dynamic parameters systems that need to be training on- ̈ ̇ ̇
* ̈ + * + {[ ]
line adaptive control methodology is used. Adaptive ̇ ̇
control methodology can be classified into two main
groups, namely, gain scheduling method and fuzzy
adaptive method [41-55]. Gain scheduling method is {[ ][ ̇ ̇ ]
used in systems which main controller is work based on (2)
conventional methodology. In this research in order to [ ]
solve disturbance rejection and uncertainty dynamic
parameter, switching gain scheduling adaptive method ̇
* + [ ]}}
is applied to baseline methodology. Sliding fuel ̇
methodology (SFM) is a powerful nonlinear robust
controller under condition of partly uncertain dynamic
parameters of IC engine [10-30]. Chattering
phenomenon and nonlinear equivalent dynamic The above target equivalence ratio calculation will be
formulation in uncertain dynamic parameter are two combined with fuel ratio calculation that will be used
main drawbacks in SFM [33-39]. The chattering for controller design purpose.
phenomenon problem in SFM is reduced by using linear
saturation boundary layer function but proves the
stability is very difficult and increases the error. 2.2 Baseline Methodology
Baseline partly sliding fuel method (BPSFM) is an
influential nonlinear method optimizer to certain and Design of a baseline methodology to control of fuel
partly uncertain systems which it is based on combine ratio was very straight forward. Since there was an
baseline and partly sliding mode method. output from the fuel ratio model, this means that there
would be two inputs into the baseline controller.
Similarly, the output of the controller result from the
two control inputs of the port fuel injector signal and
II. Theory direct injector signal. In a typical PID method, the
controller corrects the error between the desired input
2.1 Dynamic Formulation of IC Engine value and the measured value. Since the equivalence
Dynamic modeling of IC engine is used to describe ratio and fuel ratio are the two measured signals, two
the nonlinear behavior of IC engine, design of model controllers were cascaded together to control the PFI
based controller such as pure variable structure and DI inputs. The first was a PID controller that
controller based on nonlinear dynamic equations, and corrected the error between the desired equivalence
for simulation. The dynamic modeling describes the ratio and the measured equivalence ratio; while the
relationship between fuel to air ratio to PFI and DI and second was only a proportional integral (PI) controller
also it can be used to describe the particular dynamic that corrected the fuel ratio error. Figure 1 is shown
effects (e.g., motor pressure, angular speed, mass of air based line methodology, applied to IC engine.
Design Model Free Switching Gain Scheduling Baseline Controller with Application to Automotive Engine 67
( ) ( ) ( ) (3) ̇ ∑ (6)
( ) ( ) (4) ( ∑ ) (7)
( )
(8)
̇ ∑ (5)
Fig. 1: Block diagram of baseline method
where ζ is positive constant.

2.3 Sliding Fuel Methodology
Consider a nonlinear single input dynamic system is If S(0)>0 () (13)
defined by [11]:
To eliminate the derivative term, it is used an integral
( ) term from t=0 to t=
(⃗ ) (⃗ ) (9)
Where u is the vector of control input, ( ) is the ∫ ( ) ∫

( )
derivation of , ̇ ̈ is the state (14)
( ) ( )
vector, ( ) is unknown or uncertainty, and ( ) is of
( )
known sign function. The main goal to design this
controller is train to the desired state;
( )
̇ ̈ , and trucking error vector is
Where is the time that trajectories reach to the
defined by [16]:
sliding surface so, suppose S( ) defined as;
̃ ̃ ̃( ) (10)
( )
( ) ( ) (15)
A time-varying sliding surface ( ) in the state
space is given by [22]:
( ) ( ) ̃ (11) and
where λ is the positive constant and calculate it is ( ) ( ) ( )

play important role to have the best performance. The ( ) ( )
| ( )| (16)
main target in this methodology is kept the sliding
surface slope ( ) near to the zero. Therefore, one of
the common strategies is to find input outside of
( ) [28]. Equation (11) guarantees time to reach the sliding
| ( )|
surface is smaller than since the trajectories are
( ) | ( )| (12)
outside of ( ).
( ) ( ) (17)
( ) ( ) (∫ ̃ )
( ̇ ̇ ) (23)
suppose S is defined as ( ̇ ̇ )
( )
( ) ( ) ̃
(18) in this method the approximation of is computed as
( ̇ ̇ ) [26]
( )
̂ ̂ ̈ ( ̇ ̇ )
(24)
( )
The derivation of S, namely, ̇ can be calculated as
the following;
̇ ( ̈ ̈ ) ( ̇ ̇ ) (19) III. Methodology
Proposed methodology is focused on applied
switching method in baseline methodology to increased
A simple solution to get the sliding surface condition stability of the main controller. Switching methodology
when the dynamic parameters have uncertainty is the is a nonlinear robust and stable method and linear
switching control law [21-55]: baseline method is a nonlinear controller but it has a
̂ (⃗ ) ( ) (20) challenge in stability and robustness especially in
presence of uncertainty and disturbance. Based on (13)
where the switching function ( ) is defined as to improve stability switching formulation is applied to
[11, 16] baseline methodology;
( ) { (21) ( ̈ (( ̈ ̈ )
( ̇ ̇ ))
(25)
and the (⃗ ) is the positive constant. Suppose by (( ̇ ̇ )
(7) the following equation can be written as, ( ) ))
( ) ̇
To resolve uncertain problem this research is focused
[ ̂ ( )] (22) on to design SISO sliding mode switching baseline
methodology. According to the linear system theory,
( ̂) | | convergence of the tracking error to zero is guaranteed
[6]. Supervisory gains adjusted by partly sliding mode
and if the equation (11) instead of (10) the sliding method. The result scheme is shown in Figure 2.
surface can be calculated as
Fig. 2: Block diagram of a partly sliding mode optimizer baseline method: applied to IC engine
was implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK

IV. Results and Discussion
environment.
This part is focused on compare between baseline
method (BM) and baseline partly sliding mode fuel Close loop response of fuel ratio without any
method (BPSFM). These two methods were tested by disturbance: Figure 3 is shown the methodology of
step fuel ratio and equivalence ratio. The simulation fuel ratio based on two methods: BPSFM and BM.
Fig. 3: BM vs. BPSFM without disturbance
Based on Figure 3; by comparing fuel ratio response BM’s (23%). Based on Figure 4, BM has moderately
without disturbance in BM and BPSFM, BPSFM’s oscillation in fuel ratio response with regard to torque
overshoot about (0.0%) is lower than BC’s (18%). load disturbance but BPSFM has stability in trajectory
responses.
Close loop response of fuel ratio in presence of
torque load disturbance: Figure 4 shows the power
disturbance elimination in BPSFM and BM with torque
V. Conclusion
load disturbance for fuel ratio. The disturbance rejection
is used to test the robustness comparisons of these two This paper reveals a new method for supervisory
methodologies for fuel ratio. It found fairly fluctuations control of IC engine to reduce the fuel and fix the fuel
in BM responses. ratio .This method is used to simultaneously control the
mass flow rate of both port fuel injection (PFI) and
direct injection (DI) systems to regulate the fuel ratio of
PFI to DI to desired levels. The research results explain
the supervisory performance of IC engine. In this
context, this research proposes a new linear baseline
methodologies for IC engine to reach the following
target, improvement the fuel ratio performance by
online tuning the baseline optimizer, development of
system’s supervisory method by new linear method,
develop the business by design a small and cheaper
controller model.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the anonymous
Fig. 4: BM vs. BPSFM with torque load disturbance
reviewers for their careful reading of this paper and for
their helpful comments. This work was supported by
Based on Figure 4; by comparing fuel ratio response the SSP Research and Development Corporation
in presence of torque load disturbance in BM and Program of Iran under grant no. 2012-Persian Gulf-2B.
BPSFM, BPSFM’s overshoot about (0%) is lower than
[15] Farzin Piltan , M. A. Bairami, F. Aghayari, S.

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Farzin Piltan was born on 1975,
[46] Farzin Piltan, S. Siamak, M. A Bairami, I. Nazari,” Shiraz, Iran. In 2004 he is jointed the
Gradient Descent Optimal Chattering Free Sliding research and development company,
Mode Fuzzy Control Design: Lyapunov Approach,” SSP Co, Shiraz, Iran. In addition to
International Journal of Advance Science and 7 textbooks, Farzin Piltan is the main
Technology, 45: 73-90, 2012. author of more than 50 scientific
papers in refereed journals. He is
[47] Farzin Piltan, H. Rezaie, B. Boroomand, Arman
editorial board of international
Jahed,” Design robust back stepping online tuning
journal of control and automation (IJCA), editorial
feedback linearization control applied to IC engine,”
board of International Journal of Intelligent System and
International Journal of Advance Science and
Applications (IJISA), editorial board of IAES
Technology, 42: 183-204, 2012.
international journal of robotics and automation,
[48] Farzin Piltan, I. Nazari, S. Siamak, P. editorial board of International Journal of
Ferdosali ,”Methodology of FPGA-based Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems and reviewer of
mathematical error-based tuning sliding mode (CSC) international journal of robotics and automation.
controller” International Journal of Control and His main areas of research interests are nonlinear
Automation, 5(1): 89-110, 2012. control, artificial control system and applied to FPGA,
robotics and artificial nonlinear control and IC engine
[49] Farzin Piltan, M. A. Dialame, A. Zare, A. modelling and control.
Badri ,”Design Novel Lookup table changed Auto
Tuning FSMC: Applied to Robot Manipulator”
International Journal of Engineering, 6(1): 25-40,
2012.
Mehdi Akbari is an industrial
[50] Farzin Piltan, B. Boroomand, A. Jahed, H. management researcher of research
Rezaie ,”Methodology of Mathematical Error- and development company SSP. Co.
Based Tuning Sliding Mode Controller” He is now pursuing his Master in
International Journal of Engineering, 6(2): 96-112, industrial management. He is an
2012. expert Industrial and Quality
[51] Farzin Piltan, F. Aghayari, M. R. Rashidian, M. Management in this company. His
Shamsodini, ”A New Estimate Sliding Mode research activities deal with the IC
Fuzzy Controller for Robotic Manipulator” engine control, artificial intelligence and supply chain
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, management.
3(1): 45-58, 2012.
[52] Piltan, F., et al. "Design sliding mode controller for Mojdeh Piran is an industrial
robot manipulator with artificial tunable gain". management researcher of research
Canaidian Journal of pure and applied science, 5 and development company SSP. Co.
(2), 1573-1579, 2011. She is now pursuing her Master in
[53] Farzin Piltan, A. Hosainpour, E. Mazlomian, industrial management. She is an
M.Shamsodini, M.H Yarmahmoudi. ”Online expert Industrial and Quality
Tuning Chattering Free Sliding Mode Fuzzy Management in this company. Her
Control Design: Lyapunov Approach” research activities deal with the IC
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, engine control, artificial intelligence and expert system.
3(3): 2012.
[54] Farzin Piltan, S. Emamzadeh, Z. Hivand, F.
Shahriyari & Mina Mirazaei . ” PUMA-560 Robot
Mansour Bazregar is an industrial

management researcher of research
and development company SSP. Co.
He is now pursuing his Master in
industrial management. He is an
expert Industrial and Quality
Management in this company. His
research activities deal with the IC
engine control and supply chain management.
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Akbari - Piran - Bazregar IJITCS V5 N1 7

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Design Model Free Switching Gain Scheduling Baseline Controller with

Article · January 2013

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Design Model Free Switching Gain Scheduling

Fig. 1: Block diagram of baseline method

where ζ is positive constant.

Where u is the vector of control input, ( ) is the ∫ ( ) ∫

where λ is the positive constant and calculate it is ( ) ( ) ( )

was implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK

Fig. 3: BM vs. BPSFM without disturbance

[15] Farzin Piltan , M. A. Bairami, F. Aghayari, S.

of Engineering Science and Technology, 3 Manipulator Position Sliding Mode Control

Mansour Bazregar is an industrial

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