Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 1 No. 2 Apr.

2018
www.geidco.org DOI：10.14171/j.2096-5117.gei.2018.02.006

Full-length article

Modeling of fast charging station equipped with

energy storage
Yu Zhang1, Yang He2, Xudong Wang3, Yufei Wang2, Chen Fang1, Hua Xue2, Chaoming Fang4
1. State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Research Institute, Shanghai 200437, China.
2. Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
3. Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
4. State Grid Suining Power Supply Co., Ltd, Suining 629000, China

Abstract: The popularization of EVs (electric vehicles) has brought an increasingly heavy burden to the development of
charging facilities. To meet the demand of rapid energy supply during the driving period, it is necessary to establish a
fast charging station in public area. However, EVs arrive at the charging station randomly and connect to the distribution
network for fast charging, it causes the grid power to fluctuate greatly and the peak-valley loads to alternate frequently,
which is harmful to the stability of distribution network. In order to reduce the power fluctuation of random charging, the
energy storage is used for fast charging stations. The queuing model is determined to demonstrate the load characteristics
of fast charging station, and the state space of fast charging station system is described by Markov chain. After that the
power of grid and energy storage is quantified as the number of charging pile, and each type of power is configured
rationally to establish the random charging model of energy storage fast charging station. Finally, the economic benefit is
analyzed according to the queuing theory to verify the feasibility of the model.

Keywords: Electric vehicle, Energy storage, Fast charging, Markov chain, Queuing theory.

1 Introduction fuel vehicles, the pure EVs have shorter driving distance
and longer charging time, in order to improve the endurance
In the context of the energy crisis and environment of the EVs and meet the rapid energy supply during the
degradation, the energy structure has been accelerating the journey, it is necessary to establish a fast charging station
transition of low-carbon economy, and the electrification in the appropriate area and plan fast charging facility for
of transportation is an important access to realize this the station[1]. However, EVs arrive at charging station
transition. As a result, EVs are generally accepted as the randomly and connect to the distribution network for fast
clean means of transportation. Compared with traditional charging, which will seriously affect the safe and stable
operation of the grid. With the rapid development of battery
charging technology, the fast charging mode has a serious
Received: 12 February 2018/ Accepted: 3 March 2018/ Published: 25
impact on the grid. Since the energy storage can improve
April 2018 the electric energy demand of the EVs from the grid, reduce
Yu Zhang Chen Fang
the cost of additional construction and retrofitting brought
zhangyu@sh.sgcc.com.cn fangc02@gmail.com by the charging station, and promote the electric energy
Yang He Hua Xue balance of supply and demand between the distribution
1394392689@qq.com distributedpower@163.com network and the fast charging station, the energy storage
Xudong Wang Chaoming Fang can be used at charging station[2].
wxudong@sjtu.edu.cn fchaoming33@163.com Recently, the research about the utilization of energy
Yufei Wang storage for fast charging station and alleviating the impact
power_shanghai@163.com of EV charging on the grid has been gradually increasing.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

145
Global Energy Interconnection
In order to realize the flexible interaction of the electric
energy between the grid and the charging station, the
energy storage system is integrated into the charging
station to form a charging-discharging/swapping-storage
integrated station [3-6]. The study in [7] optimizes the
capacity of energy storage in the fast charging station.
It shows that the energy storage not only plays a role in
smoothing the load, but also saves the cost of electricity
purchase. According to the operational data, the application
of energy storage to the electric bus fast charging station
can reduce the total cost by 22.85% [8]. Reference [9]
proposes a framework to optimize the offering/bidding
strategy of an ensemble of charging stations coupled with
energy storage. It accounts for degradation of the energy
storage, robust scheduling against price uncertainty, as
well as stochastic energy demand from EVs. The results
show the viability of the proposed framework in providing
cost savings to an ensemble of EV charging stations. In
[10,11], they apply energy storage and photovoltaic to
charging station micro-grid system for reducing the impact
of EV charging power on the grid, it is essential to use
energy storage to meets the demand for EVs charging, and
improve the local photovoltaic consumption. Accordingly,
a multidimensional discrete-time Markov chain model
is utilized, in which each system state is defined by the
photovoltaic generation, the number of EVs and the state
of energy storage[12].The work in [13] apply the energy
storage in the charging station to buffer the fast charging
power of the EVs, it proposed the operation mode and
control strategy of the energy storage system, analyzed
the dynamic characteristics of the energy storage system
at different pulse charging power, and finally verified the
rationality of the control strategy.
In this paper, the characteristics of charging load are
determined by queuing theory. The two-dimensional
continuous time parameter Markov chain is used to
describe the state of charging station, and the economic
model of charging station is established. Then the paper
proposes a method of power quantification to simplify the
model, and analyze the influence of the configuration of
energy storage under different power limit of grid on the
revenue.
2 L oad characteristics analysis of fast
charging station
The behavior of EVs arrive at the charging station
has a great randomness, and the number of vehicle varies
with time and follows the Poisson distribution with the
parameter λ [14-16]. When EVs arrive at a charging
station, they may accept charging service if the charging
146
Vol. 1 No. 2 Apr. 2018
station has an idle charging facility. Otherwise, they will
wait in line, or the EV users would not like to wait and
leave the charging station. Charging vehicles obey the first-
come, first-served queuing rule, and the service quality can
be described by system blocking rate.
The hybrid queuing system is a combination of
waiting queuing system and loss queuing system; it
allows a certain length of queuing capacity. When the
queuing length exceeds the allowable capacity of the
system, the new arrival vehicles are refused to enter the
queuing system. Since the initial state of charge of the
vehicles are different, assuming that the charging service
time (grid charging and storage charging) is subject to
the negative exponential distribution with the parameter µ ,
the charging duration of the storage system is also
subject to the negative exponential distribution with the
parameter ν [16], and this paper will not consider the
technology level of energy storage. If the charging station
has k independent charging piles and the system allows
the queuing length to be a finite capacity N, the charging
station conforms to a standard M / M / k / N hybrid
queuing system model. Charging station queuing system
is life-death process, the process that the EVs arrive at
the charging station to receive services is born; birth rate
is the arrival rate. The process that the EVs to leave after
completing charging service is death, the mortality rate is
the service rate.
For the M / M / k / N hybrid queuing system, assuming
that the number of EV at the charging station is n, the
arrival rate and service rate are shown below.
λ , 0ĸn < N nµ , 1ĸnĸk
λn = 
(1) , µn = 
0 , nĹ N kµ , k < nĸ N
When the number of EVs at the charging station meets
the equation n < N , the system average arrival rate and the
system average service rate are as follows.
 λn = λ
 (2)
µ n = min(nµ , kµ )
When the number of EVs at the charging station meets
the equation n ĹN , the system average arrival rate λ = 0,
and the charging station rejects the new arrival vehicles. As
result, the system is in a loss state, as shown in Fig. 1.
λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
0 1 2 … k k+1 k+2 … N
μ 2μ 3μ kμ kμ kμ kμ kμ
Queuing state Lossing state
Fig. 1  State transition relation
M / M / k / N queuing system steady-state equilibrium
equations are as follows[17].
 Yu Zhang et al. Modeling of fast charging station equipped with energy storage

 1λ
n
π n =   π 0 , 0ĸnĸk
 n!  µ 
 n
(3)
 1 λ
π n = n − k   π 0 , k < nĸ N
 k k!  µ 
Where πn is the steady-state probability of receiving
N
service for n EVs in the charging station, and ∑ π n = 1.
n=0
−1
 k −1 1  λ  n N 1  λ  n 
 π 0 =  ∑   + ∑ n − k   
n! µ k k!  µ   (4)
n = 0   n = k  simulations of 500 EVs in one day are performed to obtain
The EVs that exceeding the allowable capacity N will
be denied to enter the station, so that the system loss rate is:
N power demand exceeds the limited power provided by the
1 λ (5)
Plost = π N = N − k   π 0

k k !  µ 
The loss rate is the ratio of the number of customers
who leave the charging station after ending service to
the total number of arrival. It is an important indicator to
measure the service quality of the fast charging station
queuing system. Given the number of charging pile k,
determine the loss rate correspond to different system
arrival rate. Thus, it gives the maximum system arrival
rate by limiting the system allowable loss rate at the given
number of charging pile.
3 State modeling of fast charging station
The EVs get the power from the grid and the energy
storage system. Under the condition that certain service
quality is guaranteed, the grid provides with a limited
charging power to the charging station system and
the discharging power of the energy storage system is
adjustable. The grid is used to meet the stable charging
demand, while the energy storage system is used to meet
the random charging demand and buffer the intermittent
charging power. The energy flow of the charging station is
shown in Fig. 2.
3.1 Charging power simplified model
According to the distribution of charging vehicles in
traditional gas stations, with reference to the statistics data
of Norwegian National Oil Company [18], Monte Carlo
the curve of load demand and energy storage charging-
discharging power, as shown in Fig. 3. When the charging
grid, the energy storage system is discharging to meets
the remaining charging power demand. If the grid power
is surplus and the storage capacity is not full, the grid will
charge the energy storage system.
Assuming there are T charging piles in the charging
station, the power of single charging pile is p, the number
of grid charging pile is S, and the number of storage
charging pile is R. For this reason, the maximum power
provided by the grid to the charging station is quantified
as S, which means S EVs can be charged at the same time.
The capacity of the energy storage system is quantified
as R, which is the number of charger provided by the
full capacity of the energy storage system during the
continuous service time μ, and r is the number of charger
quantified by the discharge power of the energy storage
system, r<min{T, S+R}. L is the number of EVs allowed
to be queued. Therefore, the fast charging station can
theoretically provide S+R EVs for continuous charging
service at the same time. Considering the inherent number

Power grid ESS Power demand

Stable power Stochastic power

compensation

Fig. 2  Energy flow of energy storage fast charging station

147
Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 1 No. 2 Apr. 2018

2000 (S+j, j) indicates that there is no surplus charging pile

The power range of energy storage system charge and discharge
Instantaneous load power Average load power or power in the station, the arriving vehicles need to be
1500
Power limiting
queued; (S+L+j, j) indicates that the system capacity is
value Sp full and refuse other EVs to arrive.
1000
 −(λ + Sν ) λ  0 
Charging power/kW

 
µ −(λ + ( S − 1)ν + µ )  0
500
Q=  (6)
     
 
0
 0 0  −( S + R ) µ 
Rechargeable
power range of R
-500 energy storage
Discharge of φ = ( S + 1)( R + 1) + ∑ i + L( R + 1) (7)
energy storage i =1
-1000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 The charging process of EVs is consistent with the
Time/hour birth-death Markov chain. The matrix of transfer rate Q
Fig. 3  Daily power curve of charging station load demand and the number of total state φ of the Markov chain as (6)
and the energy storage for charging and discharging and (7) respectively. It can be seen that the Markov chain is
irreducible, normalized and traversed [16].
of charging pile in the charging station, if S+R>T, the
actual number of effective charging pile is T, and the extra
4 Economic model of fast charging station
arriving EVs will queue. The system will block and deny
other EVs arriving when the number of EVs reaches the This paper analysis the system state under a certain
queue capacity L allowed by the system. arrival rate without considering the charging at different
3.2 Queuing model time, and simplifies the analysis of the impact of different
storage capacity at the charging station on economics.
Since the energy storage system needs the grid energy The revenue of fast charging station is simplified as
supply, the allowable queuing length is equal to the number the service fee charged for each charging EV, the cost
of quantified charging pile. The service process of charging for installation, maintenance, storage purchasing, and
station is described by M / M / k / N queuing system. Two the compensation own to customers losing that decline
situations as follows will result customer losing: service quality should subtract from the revenue. In order
1) All charging piles are using for charging, and the to calculate the revenue of charging station, the random
number of EVs waiting in line reaches the allowable charging model of fast charging station is divided into
capacity. The next arriving EV will be refused to come in grid charging state, storage charging state, queuing state
charging station. and loss state, as shown in Fig. 4.
2) Although some idle charging piles can serve, the Four states are as follow:
energy storage system does not have enough power or 1) Grid charging state: ρ ( g ) = {(i, j ) : 0ĸi ĸS ,0ĸ j ĸR};
energy to meet the charging needs and the queuing length 2) Storage charging state:
reach the ceiling of system, the station refuse other EVs to
, i − S ĸjĸR};
ρ ( s ) = {(i, j ) : S + 1ĸi ĸmin˄T , S + R˅
arrive.
Considering the stochastic assumptions and operating 3) Queuing state:
conditions of the fast charging station, the state space of the { i, j˅:
ρ ( q ) = {(i, j ) : min(T , S + R) < i ĸS + R + L} ∪˄
charging station system is captured dynamically by Markov 0 ĸj < i − S } ;
chain with two-dimensional continuous time, as shown 4) Loss state: ρ˄l˅, where the loss rate ρ lost at the state
in Fig. 4. One dimension of the state space is the number ρ˄l˅is:
of EVs that the charging station allowed, include the EVs
R +1
 i (i + 2 S + 1)  (8)
ρ lost = ∑ π  + Li 
that are receiving service and waiting in the line. Another i =1  2 
dimension is the capacity level of energy storage system. The charging station obtains the profit by charging the
(i, j ) represents two-dimensional state, where EVs for service fee, and deducting the system cost. The
0ĸi ĸS + j + L, 0 ĸ jĸR, for example, the state (0, 0) profit calculated as formula (9).
means that there is no EV charging in the station and the
energy storage unit does not store the energy. Likewise, (i, 0)
B= ∑ wi(s)π (s) + ∑ wi(s)π (s)
s∈ρ ( g ) s∈ρ ( s )

(0ĸiĸS ) indicates that there are i EVs being charged in (9)

the station but the storage energy unit still have no energy.
− ∑ Cbi(s)π (s) − RCa
s∈ρ ( l )

148
 Yu Zhang et al. Modeling of fast charging station equipped with energy storage

The number of charging pile

λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
0,R 1,R 2,R ⋅⋅⋅ S-1,R S,R S+1,R S+2,R ⋅⋅⋅
S+r-
1,R
S+r,R S+r+1,R ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ S+R+L,R
µ 2µ 3µ (S −1)µ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ µ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ
(S−2)v
(S−1)v

µ µ
⋅⋅⋅
Sv

)
µ µ

−1
µ

(R

R
2
λ λ λ

R
λ λ

3
λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
0,R
-1
1,R
-1
2,R
-1 ⋅⋅⋅ S-1,R-
1
S,R
-1
S+1,R
-1
S+2,R
-1 ⋅⋅⋅
S+r-
1,R-1
S+r,R-
1 ⋅⋅⋅ S+R-
1+L,R-1
µ 2µ 3µ (S −1)µ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ µ Sµ µ Sµ Sµ µ
µ
⋅⋅⋅

)
µ

)
−1
⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅

)
⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅

−1

−1
⋅⋅⋅

⋅⋅⋅

⋅⋅⋅
⋅⋅⋅

(R
(S − 2)v

(R
(R
2
(S−1)v

µ µ µ µ µ
Sv

λ λ λ λ
v

λ λ λ λ λ λ λ

3
3
0,2 1,2 2,2 ⋅⋅⋅ S-1,2 S,2 S+1,2 S+2,2 ⋅⋅⋅ S+r-
1,2 ⋅⋅⋅ S+L+2,2
Grid charging
i,j
µ 2µ 3µ (S −1)µ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ state
(S − 2)v
(S−1)v

µ µ µ
⋅⋅⋅ µ
Sv

Energy storage
λ λ λ λ λ λ i,j

2
λ

2
λ λ charging state
0,1 1,1 2,1 ⋅⋅⋅ S-1,1 S,1 S+1,1 S+2,1 ⋅⋅⋅ S+L+1,1
i,j Waiting state
µ 2µ 3µ (S −1)µ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ
⋅⋅⋅
(S −2)v
(S−1)v

µ µ µ
i:The number of EVs in
Sv

λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
charging station
0,0 1,0 2,0 ⋅⋅⋅ S-1,0 S,0 S+1,0 ⋅⋅⋅ S+L,0
j: The capacity level of
µ 2µ 3µ (S −1)µ Sµ Sµ Sµ Sµ
energy storage system

Fig. 4  State space of energy storage fast charging station

Where i(s) represents the total number of EVs in storage is set as R= 1, ..., 10, EV arrival rate range from 0
the charging station at the state s, and w is the revenue to 40.The system loss rate correspond to different arrival
for charging each vehicle. Cb is the compensation cost rate under different storage capacity can be obtained, as
for declining the service quality of the charging station shown in Fig. 5.
caused by customers losing, Ca is the cost for installation, As can be seen from the Fig. 5, the loss rate decreases
maintenance and storage purchasing. π (s ) is steady- when the capacity of the energy storage system increases.
state probability at the state s ≡ (i, j ), the steady-state While limiting the loss rate of the fast charging station
distribution π can be solved by (10). system, the arrival rate correspond to the different capacity
of the energy storage system can be determined. When
π ⋅ Q = 0
 (10) the EV arrival rate exceeds the service rate, it is a low
π ⋅ e = 1 probability that the energy storage unit being fully charged,
Where e = [1,1,  ,1]T .
0.5 R=1
5 Example analysis R=2
R=3
0.4 R=4
The birth-death Markov chain with two-dimensional R=5
Loss rate ρ lost

continuous time is used to describe the state of the energy 0.3

R=6
R=7
storage fast charging station, it analysis the performance R=8
and economy of the charging station by combining the R=9
0.2 R = 10
M / M / k / N hybrid queuing system. Due to the constraint
of grid charging power and energy storage system capacity,
0.1
the energy storage system can not continuously supply
power for EVs, so that the state of energy storage system
0
determine the number of EVs accommodated by the 0 10 20 30 40
charging station. Defined the number of grid charging pile Arrival rate/vehicle

S=5, the queuing length L=S=5, the capacity of energy Fig. 5  System loss rate under different arrival rate

149
Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 1 No. 2 Apr. 2018

as so as R increases, the system loss rate decreases less
and less. Therefore, under the high arrival rate, increasing
R merely can not effectively reduce the charging station
system loss rate.
To ensure the service quality of charging stations, the
average waiting time for queuing is limited [7]. Assuming
that the maximum average waiting time for EVs is 2
minutes, the number of charging pile changes from 1 to 20,
and the maximum arrival rate correspond to the number of
charging pile is shown in Fig. 6.
80
70
60
The simulation results show that as the EV arrival rate
increases, the revenue of charging station firstly increases
and then decreases. When the arrival EVs at a low rate,
the system cost is high, so the revenue is negative. When
the arrival EVs at a high rate, the charging station can not
support extra EVs exceeding the queuing capacity and
lose a large amount of customers, the service quality of
charging station will decline, and result high compensation
cost. Meanwhile, the greater the charging power provided
by the grid, the higher the arrival rate supported by system,
the more the earnings get. Therefore, the system should set
a reasonable power limit of grid, configure the appropriate
energy storage capacity according to the arrival rate to
Waiting timemax=2 min
achieve maximize benefit of charging station.

6 Conclusion
Arrival rate of EVs per hour

50

40
In this paper, the queuing model of fast charging
30 station system is proposed according to the characteristics
of EVs charging in station. The Markov chain with two-
20
dimensional continuous time is used to describe the state
10 of energy storage fast charging station system. Then
0
the stochastic charging model of fast charging station
0 5 10 15 20
Number of charger pile
is established to solve the system state probability.
Combining with the queuing theory and economic model,
Fig. 6  Maximum arrival rate varies with the number of
set reasonable power limit of grid, optimize the capacity
charging pile
of storage system. Finally, through the example analysis, it
is found that as the energy storage capacity increases, the
For the fast charging station, assuming the service fee charging station can serve more EVs. However, under the
of charging EVs w = 1.25, the compensation cost of loss condition of high arrival rate, the charging power provided
caused by the decline in the service quality Cb = 1.5, single by the energy storage system exceeds that provided by the
storage purchasing cost C a = 0.4. According to the setting grid; it can not effectively reduce the system loss rate. This
parameters, the model of energy storage fast charging paper considers a charging station with a relatively stable
station is simulated as shown in Fig. 7. The simulation arrival rate. As for the arrival rate varies greatly with time,
takes S=4, R=5 and S=5, R=5. the configuration of the energy storage system should be
changed according to the charging load to obtain more
profit.

3 S=4,R=5
S=5,R=5 Acknowledgements
2
This work was Supported by National Key Research
Charging station revenue B

1
Program of China (2016YFB0101800); SGCC Scientific
and Technological Project(520940170017); State Grid
Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company Scientific
0
and Technological Projects (5209001500KP).
-1
References
-2
0 10 20 30 40 [1] Li J, Zhang H, Xia X et al (2017) Optimal planning of electric
Arrival rate/vehicle
vehicle fast charging facilities in urban areas.Electric Power
Fig. 7  Revenue of charging station Construction, 38(01): 17-22

150

[2] Jia L, Hu Z, Song Y et al (2017) Joint planning of distribution
networks with distributed energy storage systems and electric
vehicle charging stations. Proceedings of the CSEE, 37(01): 73-
84
[3] Lou Y, Zhang Y, Jia Y et al (2013) Research on shifting the grid
peak load by EV charging discharging and storage integrative
station. Electrical Automation, 35(5): 41-43
[4] Yang M, Liu G, Fang X et al (2013) Discussion on operation
mode of charging-discharging-storage integrated station
considering power network statuses. Power System Technology,
37(5): 1202-1208
[5] Liu F, Yang X, Shi S et al (2015) Economic operation of
microgrid containing charging-swapping-storage integrated
station under uncertain factors of wind farm and photovoltaic
generation, Power System Technology, 39(3): 669-676
[6] Guo B, Niu M, Lai X et al (2018) Application research on
large-scale battery energy storage system under Global Energy
Interconnection framework. Globle Energy Interconnection,
1(1): 79-86
[7] Fang C, Zhang Y, Wang Y et al (2017) Optimized capacity
allocation of fast charging station with energy storage based on
queuing theory. Modern Electric Power, 34(147): 62-66
[8] Ding H, Hu Z, Song Y (2015) Value of the energy storage
system in an electric bus fast charging station. Applied Energy
[9] M. R. Sarker, H. Pandzic, K. Sun and M. A. Ortega-Vazquez
(2018) Optimal operation of aggregated electric vehicle
charging stations coupled with energy storage, IET Generation,
Transmission & Distribution, 12(5): 1127-1136
[10] Cheng Q, Liu L, Cheng Z et al (2016) Real-time operation
strategy for PV-based EV charging station considering
charging demand and random events. In: Transactions of China
Electrotechnical Society, 31(18): 142-150
[11] Su S, Jiang X, Wang W et al (2015) Optimal energy
management for microgrids considering electric vehicles and
photovoltaic energy storage. Automation of Electric Power
Systems, 39(9): 164-171
[12] J. Ugirumurera and Z. J. Haas (2017) Optimal Capacity Sizing
for Completely Green Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles.
IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2017: 565-
577
[13] Zhou N, Pu S, Wang Q et al (2013) Control strategy of energy
storage buffer system for fast charging electric vehicle station.
Power System Protection and Control, 2013(17): 127-134
[14] Li R, Su H (2011) Optimal allocation of charging facilities
for electric vehicles based on queuing theory. Automation of
Electric Power Systems, 35(14): 58-61
[15] Ge S, Feng L, Liu H et al (2013) Planning of charging stations
on highway considering power distribution and driving mileage.
Electric Power Automation Equipment, 33(7): 111-116
[16] SafakBayram, George Michailidis (2013) Electric Power
Allocation in a Network of Fast Charging Stations. IEEE
Transactions on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(7):
1235-1246
[17] M. Whaiduzzaman, A. Naveed and A. Gani (2018) MobiCoRE:
Yu Zhang et al. Modeling of fast charging station equipped with energy storage
Mobile Device Based Cloudlet Resource Enhancement for
Optimal Task Response, IEEE Transactions on Services
Computing, 11(1): 144-154
[18] K. Yunus, H. Z. De La Parra and M. Reza (2011) Distribution
grid impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicles charging at fast charging
stations using stochastic charging model. In: Proceedings of
the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and
Applications, Birmingham, 2011
Biographies
Yu Zhang is a senior engineer in state grid
shanghai electric power research institute,
his main research direction is power storage
application technology.
Yang He received his bachelor’s degrees in
electrical engineering and automation from
Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, in China,
in 2016. He is currently pursuing his master
degrees of electrical engineering in Shanghai
University of Electric Power, Shanghai,
China. His research interests are energy
storage configuration of PV charging station.
Xudong Wang is an IEEE fellow, he works as
a tenured professor at University of Michigan-
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute
and an adjunct professor at universities
in Shanghai. He has been engaged in the
research of wireless communication networks
for a long time, systematically expounded
the system architecture, protocols, and key
issues of wireless Mesh networks for the first time in the world. His
patented technology in the IEEE 802.11 Mesh network solves the
problem of non-extensible network performance. He is the editorial
board member of the internationally journal IEEE Transactions on
Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
Ad Hoc Networks and ACM Wireless Networks.
Yufei Wang received his Ph.D. degrees from
Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai,
China, in 2008, in electrical engineering.
He is currently an Associate Professor with
the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Shanghai University of Electric Power. His
research interests include analysis and control
of power quality, power energy storage
technology, and power load model.
151
Global Energy Interconnection
Chen Fang is a senior engineer in state grid
shanghai electric power research institute,
his main research direction is smart grid,
distributed energy and micro grid optimization
operation.
Hua Xue received her Ph.D. degrees from
Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai,
China, in 2009, in electrical engineering.
She is currently an Associate Professor with
the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Shanghai University of Electric Power. Her
152
Vol. 1 No. 2 Apr. 2018
research interests include active filter and harmonic compensation
technology.
Chaoming Fang received his master degree
from Shanghai University of Electric Power
in 2017. His major fields of interest are
optimization design and energy management
strategy of energy storage fast charging
station.
(Editor  Ya Gao)