Abstract

In this report, a novel substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity backed self- quadruplexing slot
antenna is proposed for quad-band wireless services. The Proposed antenna consists of a half mode
SIW cavity and two unequal length T-shape slots are etched on that HMSIW cavity. Antenna
radiates the electromagnetics wave from these two T slots and each slot is backed by a QMSIW
cavity. Four different resonant modes are excited by four 50 Ω microstrip lines to operate at four
distinct frequencies (8.6 GHz, 9.49 GHz, 10.445 GHz and 11.303 GHz). The band positions can
be controlled independently. The proposed antenna has low profile, high gain, and good radiation
efficiency with high front to back ratio.

Introduction

A transmission line is used to transmit electromagnetic energy from one point to another. We use
some basic type of Transmission lines like two wire transmission line, coaxial cable and microstrip
lines. For high power application there are metallic waveguides, however their integration with
planar structures is difficult. For higher frequencies we cannot use microstrip lines due to high
radiation losses.
SIW design bridges the gap between microstrip lines and rectangular waveguide. Dielectric filled
waveguide is converted into siw with the help of vias on side walls of waveguide. We discretize
the side walls by use of vias, so the upper copper layer, lower copper layer and via walls make a
waveguide like a structure.
Recent advancement in wireless communication demands high gain multiband antennas. A single
multiband antenna reduces cost and complexity of a multi-frequency wireless system. But
conventional multiband antennas have poor isolation among the ports that results in undesired
interference among the components connected with the ports.
Very few designs of self-quadruplexing antennas are available in open literature. The self-
quadruplexing antenna presented in [1] uses four unequal T shape slots, excited by four microstrip
lines and offers CP radiation. A Compact Self-Quadruplexing SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna
presented in [2] uses four V shape slots, excited by four microstrip lines.
In this paper, further miniaturization of Self-Quadruplexing SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna is
proposed. The size of cavity depends on frequency if we want to use it for lower frequency the
cavity size gets increases. To shrink the overall size of cavity, half mode SIW and quarter mode
SIW topologies were developed.
Miniaturization of SIW Antenna

There are vias at the sidewalls, transverse magnetic (TM) modes do not exist; TE10 therefore is the
dominant mode. Fig. 1. shows field for TE10 mode. when a siw works in dominant mode the
electric field is of maximum value at the vertical center plane along propagation direction and
minimum value at the via walls. Via walls are treated as electric walls (PEC boundary) because
there is short circuit at the side walls.

Fig. 1. TE mode E field in a waveguide

Main idea is that if fields are symmetric about any line you can bifurcate it in two half means you
can place the magnetic wall so the center plane can be considered as an equivalent magnetic wall.
There are some fringing fields at the open side walls.
This concept is used to design half mode SIW. Properties are nearly similar to SIW but HMSIW
has some fringing fields. In this way we can design the quarter mode SIW antenna or eighth mode
SIW antenna. This property is used in designing of compact microwave component.
 (a)

(c)

Fig. 2. Simulated E-field distributions within (a) full-mode SIW, (b) HMSIW, and(c)QMSIW at resonant
frequencies.

The electric field distributions in the square SIW cavity, HMSIW cavity and QMSIW cavity
resonating at the dominant mode TE110 are displayed in Fig. 2. As can be observed, the
symmetrical planes (i.e., A-A’, B-B’, C-C’, and D-D’) of the square SIW cavity can be regarded
as perfect magnetic walls.
SIW can be bisected along a fictitious quasi-magnetic wall and the SIW becomes an HMSIW. The
HMSIW can almost preserve the field distribution of the original SIW. Because the center
symmetrical plane of the HMSIW can also be equivalently regarded as a quasi-magnetic wall for
some particular modes.
The HMSIW can be further bisected into two parts again along the symmetrical plane. Hence, a
quartermode SIW cavity is realized by bisecting the SIW cavity twice along the symmetrical
planes as shown in Fig. 1(c). The QMSIW can almost preserve the field distribution of original
SIW.
Design Structure
In the first design step, as shown in Fig. 3, T-shape slot are etched in the top plane. Take length of
T-shape slots equal to λ0 /4 at the radiating frequencies. Adjust the feed location to obtain proper
input impedance matching. The radiating slot almost stops electromagnetic wave from spreading
further inside the cavity. Electromagnetic wave propagation to other side is considerably stopped
when the gaps between the via wall and slot, slot width are appropriately chosen such that isolation
more than 20 dB can be obtained.

Fig. 3. Layout of proposed Antenna for X band.

(a = 32mm, w = 26.5mm, l1 = 8.4, l11 = 5.52, l14 = 5.2, l2 = 5
.23, l22 = 4.5, l23 = 5.69, t1 = 3, t2 = 2.5, t3 = 1.6, t4 = 2.5)

Simulation results and discussion

The antenna is designed using CST Microwave studio. Commercially available dielectric material
RT/Duroid 5880 with dielectric constant 2.2, substrate thickness 0.787mm and loss tangent 0.0009
is used for the propose of simulation. The simulated reflection coefficient of proposed antenna in
dB versus frequency is shown in fig-4.
The microstrip feeds excite quarter mode SIW cavity and the slot radiates electromagnetic energy.
The optimization is carried out on the slot length and bending angle of slot. The resonant
frequencies of the proposed antenna depend upon their respective resonating slot lengths. Feed
position is also optimized to obtain proper input impedance matching.
In all the cases, isolations are better than 20 dB. High isolation enables independent control of the
operating frequencies.
10 dB impedance Gain(dB)
Bandwidth (GHz)
Port 1 9.44-9.56 5.3
Port 2 11.17-11.43 6.3
Port 3 10.4 – 10.5 5.9
Port 4 8.55 – 8.67 4.78

Table 1. Simulated antenna characteristics

 Fig. 4. Simulated reflection coefficients

Fig. 5. Variation of port isolation with respect to port 1

Fig. 6. Simulated isolation with respect to port 4

Fig. 6. Shows the radiating slot and excited quarter SIW cavity through port 1

• At 9.485
GHz

• At 11.303
GHz

• At 10.445
GHz
 • At 8.612
GHz

Table. 2. Simulated radiation patterns at (a) 9.485 GHz, (b) 11.303 GHz, (c) 10.445 GHz, and (d) 8.6 GHz.

Conclusion

Design 1 Design 2 Proposed design

Freq. in GHz(Tunable) 8.8/10.4/11.5/12.4 8.1/8.8/9.7/11.3 8.6/9.5/10.4/11.3
Gain (dBi) 5.2/6/6.25/7 5.5/6.9/7.47/7.45 4.8/5.3/6/6.3
Size(mm2) 37*37 34*34 32*16

Due to the quarter mode cavities, the antenna has a compact size and provides high gain, always
more than 4.5 dBi. When the antenna is excited from port 1, port 2, port 3, and port 4, slots
radiate at 9.5 GHz, 11.3 GHz, 10.445 GHz, and 8.6 GHz, respectively. Good isolation between
the ports enables independent control of the operating frequencies. The band positions can be
controlled independently as per application demand. here further miniaturization of SIW
antenna is obtained, preserving the advantages of design [2] like high gain, good isolation, high
FTBR.

References:
[1] Self-Quadruplexing Circularly Polarized SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antennas-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8979257
[2] Compact Self-Quadruplexing SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8753661
[3] Minimization of wideband LTCC bandpass filter using QMSIW and EMSIW cavities-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7325056