2014 IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science

A New Corrugated Tooth like slot Microstrip

Antenna for WiMAX/Satellite Applications

P. Prasanna Kumar R. Nakkeeran

Department of Electronics Engineering Department of Electronics Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology School of Engineering and Technology
Pondicherry University Pondicherry University
pallepogu.prasanna96@gmail.com nakkeeranpu@gmail.com

Abstract—This paper describes a new corrugated tooth like corrugated tooth like slot constructed on patch, here the group
slot microstrip antenna fed with microstrip line. The proposed of vertical slots are tightly connected together as shown in
antenna is designed to achieve less than -10 dB return loss with Fig. 1. The geometry of proposed antenna is symmetric and
good impedance matching at center frequencies 2.6 GHz, inverse with respect to E-plane and H-plane, so a low
3.6 GHz, 5.5 GHz and 6.1 GHz. The substrate thickness is cross-polarization will result and also wide bandwidth is
0.8 mm with dielectric constant 4.4. The proposed antenna shows obtained.
gain more than 2.6 dB and above 90 % efficiency at all chosen
center frequencies. Low cross-polarization exist as, the geometry
of radiating patch is symmetric and inverse. The radiation
patterns are symmetric and ominidirectional in elevation and
azimuthal planes.

Keywords—corrugated tooth like slot; microstrip antenna;

return loss;satellite;WiMAX.

I. INTRODUCTION
In the present wireless communication systems, the main
requirements are the size reduction of antenna and wide
bandwidth. These are achieved through microstrip antennas
[1], which are having the features of light weight, reduced size,
conformability and low cost. But the main disadvantage of
microstrip antenna is narrow bandwidth. The slot geometry is
employed on patch to get wide bandwidth with reduced size.
There are different types of slot geometries exist. Among them,
the attractive slot geometries are tooth brush slot [2], comb like
slot [3] and U-slot [4], E-slot [5], H-slot [6]. Recently, a tooth Fig. 1. Corrugated tooth like slot microstrip antenna with detailed
dimensions (Unit: mm).
like slot geometry [7] is introduced for wideband applications.
The performance of antenna is function of geometrical The following design procedure is used to design the
parameters such as slot length, width and position. It is very proposed antenna with good radiation characteristics.
difficult to design an optimal one by varying all these
parameters. However, large area is required for these designs. A. Design procedure
Hence for the handheld devices these are not suitable.
In this paper, an attempt has been made to design the 1. The width of patch (Wp) can be calculated using
antenna with less complexity. The proposed antenna is only below formula [8].
function of length alone on the other hand it is independent of c 2
width and position. Thus the design is simple and it can be WP = (1)
used for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 2 fr ε r + 1
(WiMAX) and satellite applications. 2. The length of patch (LP) is considered as WP ≤ 1.5LP .
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Antenna 3. The length of slot is taken as ln ≤ λg 4 and the width
design is described in Section II. The results and discussion is of slot is chosen such that it is inversely proportional
presented in Section III, conclusion is given at section IV.
to the length of slot. Here λg is guided wavelength.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN
4. The feed line dimension is considered as λ0 4 , where
The proposed antenna has the substrate thickness of 0.8 mm
with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent 0.024. The λ0 is free space wavelength.

978-1-4799-2526-1/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

 5. The length and width of ground plane is shows same effect, but the resonant peak shifted left side to
Wg = 6h + WP and L g = 6 h + L p , respectively. Here 2.56 GHz, 3.58 GHz and 5.47 GHz, 6.1 GHz. It is shown in
Fig. 3.
h is thickness of substrate.
6. Perform EM tuning to select proper length of slot to
achieve return loss with good impedance matching,
because slot length shows more effect on resonant
frequency.
7. By using genetic algorithm function in IE3D, the
optimization technique is carried over entire antenna
to get optimized geometry.
The dimensions of the proposed antenna are calculated
using above procedure, the lengths of slot are l1=8.7 mm,
l2= 8.7 mm, l3=6 mm, l4=6.5 mm, l5=7.5 mm and the width of
all slot is fixed as 2 mm.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The simulation of the proposed antenna is carried out by
IE3D software for various parameters like return loss, gain,
antenna efficiency, radiation patterns.
A. Return Loss
The return loss of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 2.
It has been seen from result, the return loss at center
frequencies 2.6 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 6.1 GHz is
-20 dB, -15 dB, -40 dB, and -20.2 dB, respectively.

Fig. 3. The simulated return loss for different slot lengths

Fig. 2. The simulated return loss of the proposed antenna, l1=8.7 mm,
l2=8.7 mm, l3=6 mm, l4=6.5 mm, l5=7.5 mm.

Consider the lengths (l1=8.7 mm, l2=8.7 mm, l3=6 mm,
l4=6.5 mm, l5=7.5 mm) as reference. Then, by decreasing the
length of l1, l2, and l3 alone by 0.5 mm, it is observed that the
resonant peak shifted right side to 2.7 GHz, 3.69 GHz and 5.65
GHz, 6.12 GH. Later, by decreasing l4, l5 alone by 0.5 mm, it
Fig. 4. The simulated return loss for different slot widths and position
From the Fig 4, when the width of slot varying by keeping
length and position as constant, it is observed that there is no
significant effect on return loss. Similarly by varying position

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by keeping width and length as constant, it is clear that there is
no effect on return loss at all chosen center frequencies.
The effect of variation in lengths on the return loss is
shown in the TABLE I.
Fig. 6, it has been seen from the result the spurious radiation
loss of proposed antenna is very less, as it is directly
proportional to antenna efficiency.

TABLE I. VARIATION IN RETURN LOSS

Slot length (mm) Center frequency Return loss (dB)

(GHz)

For reference slot 2.6, 3.6, 5.5, 6.1 -20, -15,-40, -20.2
lengths

Decrease l1, l2, l3 2.7, 3.69, 5.65, 6.12 -12, -16.5, -33, -22
(alone) by 0.5

Decrease l4,l5 (alone) 2.56, 3.58, 5.47, 6 -16, -14, -45, -19
by 0.5

Fig. 6. Simulated efficiency of the proposed antenna

B. Antenna gain and efficiency
The total field gain of the proposed antenna with respect to
optimal length is 2.7 dBi, 3.3 dBi, 3.5 dBi, and 3.8 dBi at
center frequencies 2.6 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 6.1 GHz,
respectively, as shown in Fig. 5.
The comparison of proposed antenna with reference [7],
H. Wang et.al, is shown in TABLE II.
TABLE II. COMPARISON OF PROPOSED ANTENNA WITH
REFERENCE [7]

Parameters Reference [7] Proposed antenna

Operating frequency 5.1-6 2.5-2.78, 3.4-3.8,

(GHz) 5.15-6.4

Return loss (dB) -40,-15 -20, -15,- 40,-20.2

Impedance bandwidth 0.9 0.3, 0.5, 1.25

(GHz)

Patch dimensions 28 x 42 19 x 22
L x W (mm2)

Ground plane 60 x 60 25 x 27
dimensions
L x W (mm2)

Volume 60 x 60 x 1.524 25 x 27 x 0.8

L x W x h ( mm3)

Almost 90% size reduction is achieved with respect to the

Fig. 5. Simulated gain of the proposed antenna
antenna geometry discussed in reference [7]. Though, it can be
The efficiency of the proposed antenna for optimal length is used for next generation wireless communication system and
90%, 93%, 92%, and 93% at all center frequencies shown in satellite applications.

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C. Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of the antenna is symmetric and
omnidirectional due to the geometrical symmetry with respect
to E-plane and H-plane. The stable radiation pattern is
achieved with maximum gain of 2.6 dBi, 3.3 dBi at WiMAX
bands and 3.5 dBi, 3.8 dBi at C-bands through the proposed
antenna as shown in the Fig. 7, Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Azimuthal patterns at 2.6 GHz, 3.57 GHz and 5.52 GHz, 6.1 GHz

Fig. 7. Elevation patterns at 2.6 GHz, 3.57 GHz and 5.52 GHz, 6.1 GHz
IV.CONCLUSION
A new corrugated tooth like slot microstrip antenna fed
with microstrip line is designed using IE3D software. The
variation in lengths of first three slots shows the effect on
return loss at all center frequencies and resonant peak shifted to
left side from reference position, whereas the variation in
lengths of last two slots shows same effect, but the resonance
peak shifted right side from reference position. The radiation
patterns at all chosen center frequencies are symmetric in
elevation plane and omnidirectional in azimuthal plane with

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stable gains and wide bandwidth of 300 MHz at 2.6 GHz,
500 MHz at 3.6 GHz and 1.12 GHz at C-bands, respectively.
Hence, corrugated tooth like microstrip antenna fed with
microstrip line is suitable for use in WiMAX/satellite
applications.
REFERENCES
[1] J.D. Kraus, “Antennas for All Applications” 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, Inc.,
New York.
[2] J: Y. Sze and K.-L. Wong, “Broadband rectangular microstrip antenna
with a pair of toothbrush-shaped slots,” Electron Letters, vol. 34,
pp. 2186-2187, Nov. 1998.
[3] Jui-Han Lu, “Dual-Frequency Operation of A Single-feed Rectangular
Microstrip patch antenna with A Pair of COMB-SHAPED slots,”
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters: vol. 23, no. 3, Nov. 1999.
[4] K. F. Tong, K. M. Luk, K. F. Lee, R.Q. Lee, “A Broad-Band U-Slot
Rectangular Patch Antenna on a Microwave Substrate,” IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 954-960,
June, 2000.
[5] Aliakbar Dastranj, Habibollah Abiri, “Bandwidth Enhancement of
Printed E-Shaped Slot Antennas Fed by CPW and Microstrip Line,”
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol. 58, no. 4,
pp. 1402-1407, April 2010.
[6] Tze-Hsuan Chang and Jean-Fu Kiang, “Compact Multi-Band H-Shaped
Slot Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 4345-4349, Aug. 2013.
[7] H. Wang, X. B. Huang, D. G. Fang, and G. B. Han, “A microstrip
antenna array formed by microstrip line fed tooth-like-slot patches,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,vol. 55, pp. 1210-1214, Apr. 2007.
[8] E. O. Hammerstad, “Equations for Microstrip Circuit Design,” Proc.
Fifth Europ. Microwave Conf., September, 1975.

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