Cyber-Physical System Aspects of Microstrip Patch

Antenna of Radar Sensor Application

Abdullah Masuk
Mechatronics Department
Debrecen University
Debrecen, Hungary
masuk.unideb.hu@gmail.com
Orosz Miklós Kende Almusawi Husam Istvan Balajti
Mechatronics Department Mechatronics Department Mechatronics Department
Debrecen University Debrecen University Debrecen University
Debrecen, Hungary Debrecen, Hungary Debrecen, Hungary
kende0211@gmail.com husam@eng.unideb.hu balajti.istvan@eng.unideb.hu

Abstract—The paper focuses on Patch Microstrip Antennas Fig. 1 shows the Cyber-Physical system architectonic for
for Radar Sensors Systems (RSS) in the Cyber-Physical Systems bi-directional coordination.
(CPS) environment. The CPS and subfield Internet of Things
(IoT) present a diagram of existing investigation on RSS using
Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA). The subject primary concern
is to draw attention to the PCB MPA opportunities and their
fabrication challenges. To do these three different types of PCB
antenna design characteristics are investigated.

Keywords—Cyber-physical system, Sensors, Radar Antennas,

Internet of Things, Microstrip Patch Antenna
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Cyber-physical System
Cyberphysics or Cyber-Physical systems (CPS) has
pulled in much consideration from industry 4.0, government
and the scholarly community because of their recognized Fig. 1: CPS structure for bi-directional coordination
effect on society, the economy and peoples’ daily lives. The
development of CPS offers extra openings for the advanced The field of industrial remote services is used as an
industry to use innovation for enhancements to development example to show the potential usefulness and emerging
new forms of different frequency band sensors and sensor, communication needs of CPS. Manufacturers have
communication systems [1]. The complexity of the CPS field been employing industrial remote service for several years to
of interest contains subjects for modeling purpose in electric provide clients with rapid and effective support by remotely
vehicles and mechatronics systems [2]. Design and accessing and managing machinery [30]. CPS opens up new
Development of Continuous Passive Motion for Fingers and opportunities to increase productivity and get closer to the
Wrist Grounded-Exoskeleton Rehabilitation System [3]. It objective of no unscheduled downtime.
has solid mathematical background as introduced in [4,5] and
connection to state-of-the-art big data processing algorithms B. Radar Systems Need
[6,7,8]. Even has strong connection to the medical doctor Task of the Radar Sensors Systems (RSS) is to detect,
biology [9,10]. The radar systems are essential part of modern track and identify or recognize objects, especially moving
CPS which is gathering interest not only for military but for targets, in the production lines, cars, drones and people. Fig
civilian applications as well. A strong general overview is 2 shows RSS working principle and its main subsystems. The
given in [11] and [12]. More comprehensive study on microstrip antenna types looks like an alternative for a low-
advance multipath effect and Noise-Modulated Radar test profile, light-weight antenna systems at low cost. In
measurements are published in [13,14] and [15]. The comparison to conventional radars, photolithography based
detection, tracking and identification of the drones has gained manufacturing technology allows for the mass production
attention nowadays and [16] indicates same progress in this manufacture of microstrip antennas with reproducible
field of research. Time delay estimation is a problem of great performance and in a shorter timeframe [31].
practical importance among mechatronics engineering too. It
is proven in [17] a time delay estimation method based on
quadric correlation and wavelet analysis. The subject interest
is growing for Educational and Commercial Applications
[18]. This is important for us, because a mechatronics radar
engineering demo kit development is under comprehensive
study in University Debrecen Faculty of Engineering. One of
the crucial elements of the design is the antenna systems
related learning environment accomplishments. For the
continued evolution of advanced radar technology and the
emergence of new domains such as CPS deployment in cost
effective construction, the CPS concept is expected to remain
high in the near future [29]. Fig. 2: Radar systems working principle [32]
C. Hystorical relation between the Patch-Micrstrip Antenna
and Radar system
Deschamps introduced the Microstrip Patch Antenna
(MPA) in 1953. The first MPAs were patented by Baissinot
and Gutton from France in 1955 [33]. In the early 1970s, the
first practical implementation was done by Howell and
Mansoon. Development accelerated in the 1970s, taking
advantage of the availability of excellent dielectric substrates
[34]. Edge feed patches and probe feed patches were
developed at the same research time interval [35].
The MPS have been extensively investigated for many
years due to its simple structure. When installed on stiff
surfaces, they are compatible with monolithic microwave
integrated circuit (MMIC) designs and mechanically durable.
It common today to install an antenna with a fix circuit
board for various CPS using PCB technology. As it shown
above the MPA are ideal for satellite, missile, and airplane
applications, as well as RSS, biomedical applications, and
reflector feeds in air navigation. They are also suitable for
embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices like cellular
phones and pagers. WLANs are connected to RSS are widely
employed around the world.
II. REQIREMENT & CONSIDERATION
Fig. 4: Impedance and “S” parameter frequency analysis
Modern antennas for usage in CPS shall be standardized.
Among many standard requirements the antenna Impedance
Match connection to the transmitter or receiver systems are
the most important in the CPS application, which is generally
accepted 50 Ohm. The arithmetic mean between 30 Ohm
(optimal power handling) and 77 Ohm (lowest loss) for air
dielectric cable is 53.5 Ohm, while the geometric mean is 48
Ohm. So, choosing 50 Ohm for air dielectric is a compromise
between power handling capabilities and signal loss per unit
length. The most important equations for MPRs of CPS are
in [35]. Effective dielectric constant is,
(𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 +1) (𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 −1) ℎ 1
𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = + [1 + 10 ]−2 (1)
2 2 𝑊𝑊

MPA is made consisting of a conducting patch with any Where W is the microstrip patch width, h is the dielectric
planar or nonplanar shape on one side of a dielectric substrate substrate height, 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 is the dielectric constant and 𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
and a ground plane on the other. It is a widely used printed dielectric effective constant. The microstrip patch width is,
resonant antenna for microwave wireless communication
systems that require semi-hemispheric coverage in a few 1 2
𝑊𝑊 = � (2)
frequency bands. 2𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 �𝜇𝜇0 𝜀𝜀0 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 + 1
A vast number of microstrip patch antennas have been
examined. An extensive list of the geometries, as well as their On both side of the microstrip patch, the length is
key characteristics is accessible. One of the main advantages increased. Thus, the effective length is,
of microstrip patch antennas is that they are more cost- 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐿𝐿 + 2∆𝐿𝐿 (3)
effective and are generally less than other antenna types.
They can also be made with a low weight. Fig. 3 shows the 1
𝐿𝐿 = − 2∆𝐿𝐿 (4)
microstrip patch antenna with the default patch is equable at
2 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 �𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟�𝜇𝜇0𝜀𝜀0
the origin.

Thus, the microstrip antennas’ the resonance frequency

with length L and the dielectric constant 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 is,
1
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = (5)
2𝐿𝐿�𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟�𝜇𝜇0𝜀𝜀0
The effective length and effective dielectric constant are
considered when the fringing has finite impact. In this case,
the resonance frequency 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 is,

1
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = − 2∆𝐿𝐿 (6)
2𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 �𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟�𝜇𝜇0𝜀𝜀0
Fig. 3: The microstrip patch antenna

A. Design Aspects and Results of Microstrip Patch Antenna
This section demonstrates the design aspects of the MPA
for the operating frequency range of 2.4 GHz as reference
frequency. The necessary formulations for the design of the
MPA is simulated by using MATLAB toolboxes with the
metallic conductor. Fig. 4 shows a few results, Impedance
and “S” parameter given by frequency analysis of the MPA.
B. Optimized 3D Pattern and Bandwidth
The first example is the Logperiodic Dipole PCB Antenna
(LPDA) appears to be related to the Yagi antenna, but in
addition to their many related properties, their differences are
very significant. The frequency range of the LPDA antenna
is in each case between the highest and the lowest frequencies
determined by the dipole.
 In addition, its use is not optimal, it is advisable to install
another dipole in the antenna to achieve them. Fig. 5 depicts
the 3D pattern of the LPDA. After observing the 3D radiation
pattern of the optimized antenna, the Gain is 6.41 dBi and the
first notch is decreasing with the frequency range increases.
Table I. summarizes the MPR, Gasket and the LPDA PCB
antenna characteristics calculated at 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and
9.6 GHz frequencies. Fig. 6 shows the half-power beamwidth
value for scaler frequency analysis of the MPA PCB design.
The calculated Gain of the MPA radiation element at 2.4 GHz
frequency range is 10.1 dB. The simulation indicates that the
Gain, the Bandwidth, and the First Sidelobe levels are
changing marginally at observed frequencies, but the First
Notch position increases as the antenna frequency increases.
But for the Gasket type antenna the simulation indicates that
the Gain decreasing, the Bandwidth widening, the First
Sidelobe levels are increasing rapidly at observed
frequencies.
The Gain is increasing for Gasket PCB antenna type with
the increase of frequency, but the radiation pattern shape
distorted and determined by gasket pattern sizes. Fig. 7
depicts the details of the pattern. After the Gain simulation of
the antenna projected onto the horizontal and vertical planes
of the space, and then the direction of the main radiation and
the angle it captured, based on the range in which the gain is
greater than 3 dB. Fig. 8 shows the LPDA current distribution
on the upper part and its directivity pattern on the lower part.
The phased array design applications of PCB antenna
types are frequently observed in CPS environment. The
microstrip patch antenna is utilized as array elements because
of its planar configuration and ease of integration with micro-
strip technology. Consequently, it is necessary to investigate
the performances of the PCB array antennas. Simulation for
2 and 5 element linear array PCB antenna type carried out for
future feasibility studies prepare. Table II summarises the key
findings. The observation is that the Gain of the antennas are
increasing with the increase of the number of optimally
spaced to each other PCB single element, while the
beamwidths are narrower.

Fig. 5: 3D pattern of LPDA

TABLE I. CARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT PCB ANTENNAS

(SINGLE ELEMENT)

Gain BW FN SLL
TYPE
[dBi] [Deg] [Deg] [dBi] Fig. 7. Directivity pattern of Gasket antenna

MPA 10.1 60° 175° -18.7

Gasket 7,98 70° 200° -17.8

LPDA 6.41 80° 190° -18.1

Note: BW-Beamwidth, FN-First Null, SLL-SideLobe Level

Fig. 8: Logperiodic Dipole PCB Antenna (LPDA) current (upper) and

Fig. 6: Elevation pattern of MPA Directivity pattern (lower)
 TABLE II. CARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT PCB ANTENNAS
(MULTI ELEMENTS)

Type /
Fequency Gain BW FN SLL
[dBi] [Deg] [Deg] [dBi]
[2.4 GHZ]

MPA (2) 11.4 45° 180° -23.7

MPA (5) 14.4 20° 50° -19.1

Gasket (2) 10.4 20° 50° 7.7

Gasket (5) 14.0 10° 30° 11.6

LPDA (2) 8.48 70° 150° -22.2

LPDA (5) 11.9 40° 80° -18.4

All antennas were designed on a FR4 PCB board with
dielectric properties, the appropriate material was selected
during the simulation. The permittivity of the dielectric
material used is several times that of air. The conductive
material of the antenna is the copper layer of the PCB, the Fig. 10. In house Logperiodic Dipole PCB Antenna fabrication
conductivity of which is also a factor in the characteristics of
the antenna. The fabrication design layer of the LPDA PCB IV. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE IN APPLICATIONS
antennas shown in Fig 9. OF CPS SUCH AS RADAR SYSTEM
MPA provides various advantages over traditional
microwave antennas, one of which is that their frequency
ranges are similar from 100 MHz to 100 GHz. Table III lists
the many advantages and disadvantages of MPA that is
demonstrated in the reference [31].

TABLE III. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

Advantage Disadvantage

Light weight Less efficiency

High bandwidth Low gain

Complex feed structure of
Thin/small
arrays at higher ohmic loss
Less power handling
Fig. 9: PCB production of dedicated antenna types in CPS No need cavity backing
capacity
III. ANTENNA FABRICATION CHALLANGIES Circulation & linear
Surface waves excitation
polarization
During the production of the antennas, authors made use of
the MATLAB toolkit, which makes it possible to generate a Matching network & feed Need high performance
Gerber file for PCB fabrication support. It makes it possible lines simultaneously arrays for complex feed
for the CNC machine in the mechatronics department to fabricated structures
construct antennas. When developing the plans for Dual and triple frequency Difficult to achieve the
manufacturing, it was necessary to take into consideration the operation capability polarization purity
PCB board and milling tool parameters. The milling path was Some of the negative effects of disadvantages can be
generated around the antennas, and then it was saved as an reduced. An array configuration can be used to overcome low
object in the CNC job. The steps involved are depicted in gain and low power handling capacity. The choice of feeding
Figure 10. The cutting of the antennas was planned out in strategy is influenced by a number of factors. MPA can be
exactly the same manner. The antennas had not yet undergone customized for all application in a standardized way and their
their concluding round of testing. benefits can compared to those traditional patch antennas.
 V. FINDINGS
The improvement of efficiency, gain, return loss and
directivity is our primary goal as it is proven in [36]. In
antenna theory, we require an electrically tiny antenna
(0.25λ–0.5λ) for modest directivity and an electrically large
antenna or antenna with a long electrical length for larger
directivity (many wavelengths long). To improve directivity,
we lengthen the electrical length of the patch antenna by
introducing a geometrical form cut that lengthens the current
channels, allowing the antenna to operate at lower
frequencies. Further information on the mechatronics radar
engineering demo kit development studies of the University
of Debrecen could be found in [37, 38, 39].
VI. CONCLUSION
This study presents a theoretical survey on microstrip
patch antennas, while it highlights a few CPS subsystems that
required RSS applications. The MPA antenna structure
design of RSS usage combined with the requirement aspects
of CPS. Three types of antennas such as MPA, Gasket and
Log periodic Dipole PCB Antenna key performances are
investigated. Their most important characteristics of the
single and array antenna elements such as Gain, Beamwidths
and SideLobe Levels have been calculated compared and
demonstrated. The most difficult aspects of the PCB design
are creating, altering, and coordinating required different type
of substrate layers, physical connections within production
processes. The security concerns such as low sidelobes and
interference mitigation is frequently may be a major concern
in CPS, which aspect with connections of production lines
environment specialties will be investigated in the future
articles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Róbert Mikuska for their
continued support in antenna fabrication and generous help
during antenna performance measurements.
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