1.2 Communication and Internet Technologies

O LEVELS 2210 TOPICAL BOOK 1.
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O LEVELS 2210 TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
O LEVELS 2210
COMPUTER SCIENCE TOPICAL PAST

Compiled By: Engr. Shahzadah Ashraf Bande’Shah PAPERS
Edited By: Muhammad Jawwad BOOK 1.2
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1.2 Communication and Internet Technologies
In this booklet you will be able to learn about:
1.2.1 Data transmission

• show understanding of what is meant by transmission of data
• distinguish between serial and parallel data transmission
• distinguish between simplex, duplex and half-duplex data transmission
• show understanding of the reasons for choosing serial or parallel data transmission
• show understanding of the need to check for errors
• explain how parity bits are used for error detection
• show understanding of the use of serial and parallel data transmission, in Universal
Serial Bus (USB) and Integrated Circuit (IC)
1.2.2 Security aspects

(This section links with section 1.4 of the syllabus.)
• show understanding of the security aspects of using the Internet and understand what
methods are available to help minimize the risks
• show understanding of the Internet risks associated with malware, including viruses,
spyware and hacking
• explain how anti-virus and other protection software helps to protect the user from security
risks
1.2.3 Internet principles of operation

• show understanding of the role of the browser
• show understanding of the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• show understanding of what is meant by hypertext transfer protocol (http and https) and
HTML
• distinguish between HTML structure and presentation
• show understanding of the concepts of MAC address, Internet Protocol (IP) address,
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and cookies
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1.2.1 Data Transmission:

When data is sent from one device to another, it is important to consider how that data is
transmitted. It is also important to ensure that the data hasn’t been changed in any way.
Data transmission can be either over a short distance (for example, from computer to printer) or
over longer distances (for example, over a telephone network). Essentially, three factors need to be
considered when transmitting data (each factor has to be agreed by both sender and receiver for
this to work without error):
• The direction of the data transmission (i.e. in one direction only or in both directions)
• The method of transmission (how many bits are sent at the same time)
• The method of synchronization between the two devices.
In digital data transmission these things are considered since each one of them contributes to the
correct transfer of data. Each of the above mentioned question can be tackled in a different way and
have its advantages and disadvantages
Data Transfer
Information flows through the computer in many ways. The CPU is the central point for most
information. When you start a program, the CPU instructs the storage device to load the program
into RAM. When you create data and print it, the CPU instructs the printer to output the data.
Because of the different types of devices that send and receive information, two major types of data
transfers take place within a computer: parallel and serial.
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Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex Data Transmission Methods

Simplex: is in one direction only (i.e. from sender to receiver). Example: data being sent from a
computer to a printer. Radio broadcast. Television Broadcast.
Half-Duplex: is in both directions but not at the same time (i.e. data can be sent from ‘A’ to ‘B’ or
from ‘B’ to ‘A’ along the same line, but not at the same time). Example: a walkie-talkie conversation
between two people where only one person speaks at a time.
Full-Duplex: is in both directions simultaneously (i.e. data can be sent from ‘A’ to ‘B’ and from ‘B’ to
‘A’ along the same line, both at the same time). Example: broadband connection on a phone line.
Ethernet net cable.
Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

Definition One-way Both way Both way
communication only communication but communication and
only one way at a time simultaneous
Example Computer to monitor Talk back radio Internet / Cell phone
communication (Walkie-Talkie) communication
Serial and parallel data transmission:

Data transmission
Refers to the process of transferring data between two or more digital devices. Data is transmitted
from one device to another in analog or digital format. Basically, data transmission enables devices
or components within devices to speak to each other.
Data is transferred in the form of bits between two or more digital devices. There are two methods
used to transmit data between digital devices: serial transmission and parallel transmission. Serial
data transmission sends data bits one after another over a single channel. Parallel data transmission
sends multiple data bits at the same time over multiple channels.
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Serial Data Transmission

When data is sent or received using serial data transmission, the data bits are organized in a specific
order, since they can only be sent one after another. The order of the data bits is important as it
dictates how the transmission is organized when it is received. It is viewed as a reliable data
transmission method because a data bit is only sent if the previous data bit has already been
received.
Example of Serial Data Transmission
Advantages:
 Low cost due to less wires.
 Fast since no syncing is required1.
 Can be used over long distances.
Disadvantages:
 Speed is slower as compare to parallel (if used over short distances)
 Data needs to be broken down and then reassembled after transmission which creates an
overhead.
Application
Serial data transfer is mostly used for computer-to-computer transfer or from a computer to an
external device located some distance away. Other devices that use serial transfers are:
 USB (Universal Serial Bus) port and devices (USB printers, scanner, webcams etc.)
 Modems
 SATA (Serial ATA) hard disks, CD/DVD drives etc.
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Parallel data transmission

When data is sent using parallel data transmission, multiple data bits are transmitted over multiple
channels at the same time. This means that data can be sent much faster than using serial
transmission methods.
Example of Parallel Data Transmission
Two examples of parallel interfaces can be seen below. In the first parallel interface, the data is sent
and received in the correct order. In the second parallel interface, the data is sent in the correct
order, but some bits were received faster than others.
Example of Parallel Transmission – Data Received Correctly
Example of Parallel Transmission – Data Received Incorrectly
Advantages:
 Fast over short distances as multiple bits are transferred
 Data does not need to be broken and reassembled during transmission which saves time.
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Disadvantages:
 Expensive since more wires are required.

 Can only be used over short distances.
 Requires syncing i.e. all bits should reach destination at the same time or the data is
considered corrupted and requires retransmission.
Application
Parallel transmission either takes place within a computer system (on a computer bus) or to an
external device located a close distance away. It is also used to transfer data between:
 Internal data transfer inside computer (buses)

 CPU and interface cards (i.e. graphics card, sound cards etc.)
 Computer to printer
Difference between serial and parallel data transfers

Serial Data Transfer Parallel Data Transfer
Transfers single bit at a time Transfers multiple bits at a time
Low cost due to less wires High cost due to more wires
Can be used over long distances Cannot be used over long di
Mostly used for computer-to-outside Mostly used for internal computer
communication communication
Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transmission

Asynchronous Transmission
In asynchronous transmission, data is transmitted character by character. There are irregular gaps
between characters in this transmission. It is cheaper t implement because data is not saved before
it is sent.
It uses a special start signal. The signal is transmitted at the beginning of each message. The start
signal is sent when the character is about to be transmitted.
A start bit has a value of 0. It is called space state. The value of 0 indicates that a character is about
to be transferred. It alerts the receiver and it gets ready to receive the character. If start bit has a
value 1, it indicates that the line is idle. It is also called mark state.
Synchronous transmission
In the synchronous mode, the saved data is transmitted block. Each block may consist of many
characters. It uses a clock to control the timing of bits being sent. A large amount of information can
be transmitted at a single time with this type of transmission.
Synchronous transmission is much faster than asynchronous because there is no gap between
characters. This transmission is suited for remote communication between a computer and related
devices like printers etc.
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1.2.2 Security Aspects

Internet security is a catch-all term for a very broad issue covering security for transactions made
over the Internet. Generally, Internet security encompasses browser security, the security of data
entered through a Web form, and overall authentication and protection of data.
Internet security relies on specific resources and standards for protecting data that gets sent through
the Internet. This includes various kinds of encryption.
Other aspects of a secure Web setup includes firewalls, which block unwanted traffic, and anti-
malware, anti-spyware and anti-virus programs that work from specific networks or devices to
monitor Internet traffic for dangerous attachments.
Internet security is generally becoming a top priority for both businesses and governments. Good
Internet security protects financial details and much more of what is handled by a business or
agency’s servers and network hardware. Insufficient Internet security can threaten to collapse an e-
commerce business like amazon, eBay, Ali Baba and many more, or any other operation where data
gets routed over the Web.
Internet Risks
Cyberbullying: Bit of the topic and syllabus but worth mentioning here for youth, On the Internet,
cyberbullying takes various forms, an online resource that educates parents about Internet safety.
Cyberbullying includes sending hateful messages or even death threats to children, spreading lies
about them online, making nasty comments on their social networking profiles, or creating a website
to bash their looks or reputation. Cyberbullying differs from schoolyard bullying, Teachers can't
intervene on the Internet. And cyberbullies don't witness their victims' reactions, the way they might
if they insulted others to their faces. "They don't see you crying," which may make it easier for them
to continue. Often, kids don't tell parents they're being cyberbullied; they're afraid their parents will
overreact or yank Internet privileges.
Malwares and its types: "Malware" is a term for any software that gets installed on your machine
and performs unwanted tasks, often for some third party's benefit. Malware programs can range
from being simple annoyances (pop-up advertising) to causing serious computer invasion and
damage (e.g., stealing passwords and data or infecting other machines on the network). Additionally,
some malware programs are designed to transmit information about your web browsing habits to
advertisers or other third party interests without you knowing.
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Types of Malwares:
 Virus: Software that can replicate itself and spread to other computers or that are
programmed to damage a computer by deleting files, reformatting the hard disk, or
using up computer memory.
 Adware: Software that is financially supported (or financially supports another program)
by displaying ads when you're connected to the internet.
 Spyware: Software that surreptitiously gathers information and transmits it to
interested parties. Information gathered includes visited websites, browser/system
information, and your computer's IP address.
 Hacking: Hacking is identifying weakness in computer systems or networks to exploit its
weaknesses to gain access. Example of Hacking: Using password cracking algorithm to
gain access to a system
Difference between cracking and hacking

Hacking is breaking into a computer system to steal personal data without the owner’s consent or
knowledge (e.g. to steal a password file).
Cracking is where someone edits a program source code (i.e. looks for a ‘back door’ in the software
so that the code can be exploited or changed for a specific purpose). This is usually done for a
malicious purpose (e.g. legitimate software could be altered by a cracker to perform a different task
e.g. send a user to a specific website).
Essentially, hacking isn’t necessarily harmful whilst cracking is ALWAYS totally illegal and is
potentially very damaging.
Internet Security Soft wares

Antivirus software and Internet security programs can protect a programmable device from attack
by detecting and eliminating viruses; Antivirus software was mainly shareware in the early years of
the Internet, but there are now several free security applications on the Internet to choose from for
all platforms.
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1.2.3 Internet principles of operation

The internet is a world-wide system of computer networks and computers. All computers attached
to the internet can communicate with each other providing a number of rules and protocols.
Internet Service Provider (ISP): An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides
services accessing and using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various
forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. A monthly
fee is usually charged for this service. The ISP will set up a user account which will contain a
username and a password.
Internet Protocol (IP) Address: Each device on the internet is given a unique address known as the IP
address, this is a 32-bit number which is usually written in the form:
109.108.158.1
A home computer is given an IP address when it connects to the internet. This is assigned by the ISP
and is unique for that particular internet session. The only IP addresses that remain fairly unchanged
are web servers. An IP address can be used instead of typing in the full URL. For example:
http:// 91.198.174.192
Would take you straight to the device corresponding to this address.
IP addresses an MAC addresses

IP addresses: An IP address or Internet Protocol address is the address assigned to your mobile,
printer or computer by the network that uses Internet protocol for communication. Your IP can
change with the change in network.
If you want to find your IP address open command prompt
 windows->type cmd, or windows->run->cmd and enter ipconfig on windows or ifconfig.
MAC address: Mac address is your machine address. This address will never change. It is the unique
machine address given to your device.
Difference b/w IP addresses and MAC addresses: The IP address gives the location of a device on
the internet, whereas the MAC address identifies the device connected to the internet. You can
think of the IP address as the address of the house you live in (it will have some unique way of
identifying it, such as a post or zip code). Using this example, the MAC address can be thought of as a
way of uniquely identifying each person living in that house. It is possible to move house (so your IP
address will change) but the same people will be living in the new house (so their MAC addresses will
remain unchanged).
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HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

HYPERTEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE (HTML) is used when writing and developing web pages. HTML
isn’t a programming language but is simply a mark-up language. A mark-up language is used in the
processing, definition and presentation of text (for example, specifying the color of the text). HTML
uses <tags> which are used to bracket a piece of code; for example, <td> starts a standard cell in an
HTML table, and </td> ends it. Whatever is between the two tags has been defined. Here is a short
section of HTML code:
When writing HTML code, it is very important to realise that there is a difference between the
structure and the presentation.
STRUCTURE: is the essential part of the HTML document; it includes the semantics (meaning) and
structural mark-up of the document.
PRESENTATION: is the style of the document; i.e. how the document will look (or even sound if it
includes multimedia elements). These two features must be kept separate throughout the designing
of a web page. At the end of the design process, the author should have an HTML document (which
contains the structure and the actual content) and a separate CSS (CASCADING STYLE SHEET) file.
The CSS file will contain everything to control the actual presentation of the web page.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) is a set of rules that must be obeyed when transferring
files across the internet. When some form of security (e.g. SSL certification or encryption – see
Chapter 8) is used, then this changes to https (you also often see the padlock sign in the status bar).
The letter s after http refers to http over secure. It is slower to use https than http; https is usually
only adopted where sensitive or private data is being transferred across the internet.
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Web Browsers
A WEB BROWSER is software which allows a user to display a web page on their computer screen.
Web browsers interpret or translate the HTML code from website and show the result of the
translation. This can often be in the form of videos, images or sound. Most web browsers share the
following features:
• They have a HOME page

• They have the ability to store a user’s favorite websites/pages
• They keep a history of the websites visited by the user
• They give the ability to go backward and forward to websites opened.
The web browser will break up the URL into three parts:
The web browser translates the web server name into an IP address which is part of the URL. The
HTML code is returned and is shown as a correctly formatted page on the computer screen. It is also
possible that cookies may be sent from the web browser to the web server when the code is
executed.
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1 (a) State what is meant by the terms:
Parallel data transmission .........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Serial data transmission ...........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Give one benefit of each type of data transmission.
Benefit .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Serial data transmission
Benefit .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Give one application of each type of data transmission. Each application must be different.
Application ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Serial data transmission
Application ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
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2 (a) State what is meant by the term USB.
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[1]
(b) Describe two benefits of using USB connections between a computer and a device.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................................
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[2]
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4 (a) Nikita wishes to print out some documents and connects her printer to the computer using
one of the USB ports.
(i) Identify what type of data transmission is being used.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Give three reasons for using a USB port.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................................................................
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3 .......................................................................................................................................
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[3]
(iii) The printer runs out of paper while it is printing the documents. A signal is sent to the
processor to request that the problem is dealt with.
Name this type of signal.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) State one suitable application for each printer below. A different application must be given for
each printer.
Inkjet printer ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
3D printer ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Turn over
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(c) Name another type of printer and describe one way in which it is different from the printers
named in part (b).
Give an application for this printer.
Type of printer ...........................................................................................................................
Description ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Application ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
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6 (a) Three descriptions of data transmission are given below.
Tick (✓) the appropriate box in each table to show the:
• type of transmission
• method of transmission
Description 1:
Tick Tick
Type Method
(✓) (✓)
Data is transmitted several bits at
a time down several wires in both simplex serial
directions simultaneously.
half-duplex parallel
full-duplex
Description 2:
Tick Tick
Type Method
(✓) (✓)
Data is transmitted in one direction
only, one bit at a time, down a simplex serial
single wire.
full-duplex
Description 3:
Tick Tick
Type Method
(✓) (✓)
Data is transmitted one bit at a
time down a single wire; the data simplex serial
is transmitted in both directions
but not at the same time.
full-duplex
[6]
(b) Give two reasons why serial transmission, rather than parallel transmission, is used to
connect devices to a computer.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................................
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[2]
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11 Describe the use of structure and presentation in a HTML document.
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4 Five statements about serial half-duplex data transmission are shown in the table below.
Tick (3) to show whether each statement is true or false.
true false
Statement
(3) (3)
Data is transmitted in one direction only, one bit at a time.
Data is transmitted in both directions, multiple bits at a time.
Data is transmitted in one direction only, multiple bits at a time.
Data is transmitted in both directions, but only one direction at a

time. Data is transmitted one bit at a time.
Data is transmitted in both directions, but only one direction at a
time. Data is transmitted multiple bits at a time.
[5]
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7 Computer A is communicating with computer B.
(a)
Draw an arrow or arrows to show simplex, duplex and half-duplex data transmission. The
direction of the data transmission must be fully labelled.
Simplex data transmission
Computer A Computer B

Duplex data transmission
Computer A Computer B

Half-duplex data transmission
Computer B Computer A

[6]
(b)
State a use for the following data transmission methods. The use must be different for each
data transmission method.
Simplex ��
��
Duplex ��
��
[2]
[Turn over
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(c)
A computer includes an Integrated Circuit (IC) and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) for data
transmission.
Describe how the computer uses these for data transmission, including the type of data
transmission used.
IC ��
��
��
��
USB ��
��
��
��
[4]
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11 A company sells smartphones over the Internet.
Explain how the information stored on the company’s website is requested by the customer, sent
to the customer’s computer and displayed on the screen.
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��[7]
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10
10 RockICT is a music business that has a website to allow customers to view and buy the products
it sells.
The website consists of web pages.
(a) Describe what is meant by HTML structure and presentation for a web page.
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(b) The URL for the music company’s website is:
https://www.rockict.net/index.htm
Part 1 Part 2
(i) Identify what Part 1 and Part 2 represent in this URL.
Part 1 ................................................................................................................................
Part 2 ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe what is meant by https.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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11
(c) When a customer enters the website, a message is displayed:
“RockICT makes use of cookies. By continuing to browse you are agreeing to our use of
cookies.”
Explain why the music company uses cookies.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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[2]
© UCLES 2018 2210/11/M/J/18

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6 (a) Explain what is meant by HTML.
...................................................................................................................................................
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(b) HTML uses both structure and presentation.
Describe what is meant by the two terms.
Structure ....................................................................................................................................
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Presentation ..............................................................................................................................
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[2]
(c) Explain the function of a web browser.
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3 (a) Explain what is meant by:
(i) Serial data transmission
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Parallel data transmission
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A computer in a factory is connected to a printer. The printer is located in an office 1 km away
from the factory.
Identify which data transmission method would be most suitable for this connection.
...................................................................................................................................................
Give two reasons for your choice.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................................
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[3]
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10 (a) Describe what is meant by HTML.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) The following URL is typed in:
http://www.cie.org.uk/ComputerSciencePapers
This URL is composed of three parts.
State the part of this URL that is the:
File name ..................................................................................................................................
Protocol ....................................................................................................................................
Web server name .....................................................................................................................

[3]
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10(c) At the end of the flight, all of the data are sent to the aeroplane engine manufacturer using
the Internet.
The computer in the aeroplane has a MAC address and an IP address.
State what is meant by these two terms.
MAC address ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
IP address .................................................................................................................................
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[2]
(d) When sending this data, security is very important. Data are sent over the Internet using
Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol.
Name the two layers that make up TLS.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
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4
4 A file server is used as a central data store for a network of computers.
Rory sends data from his computer to a file server that is approximately 100 metres away.
It is important that the data is transmitted accurately. Rory needs to be able to read data from and
write data to the file server at the same time.
(a) (i) Use ticks (3) to identify the most suitable data transmission methods for this application.
Method 1 Tick Method 2 Tick

(3) (3)
Serial Simplex
Parallel Half-duplex
Duplex
[2]
(ii) Explain why your answer to part (a)(i) is the most suitable data transmission.
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6
5 Raj is using the Internet to do some online shopping. He visits a website that tells him that it uses
cookies.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term cookies.
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(b) Give two examples of the use of cookies.
Example 1 .................................................................................................................................
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Example 2 .................................................................................................................................
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[2]
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3
3 (a) An example of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is:
http://www.cie.org.uk/index.htm
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
Identify the three parts that make up this URL.

...
.....................................................................................................................................
Part 1 ........................................................................................................................................
...
.....................................................................................................................................
Part 2 ........................................................................................................................................
Part 3 ........................................................................................................................................
...
[3]
.....................................................................................................................................
...
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(b) Describe what is meant by an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
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......
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
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© UCLES 2017 2210/13/O/N/17 [Turn over

Page 34 of 60
8
7 Six internet terms and six definitions are listed.
Draw a line to connect each term to a correct definition.
Internet term Definition
A program that allows a user to view

Browser
webpages
Internet Service Provider The main protocol that governs the

(ISP) transmission of data using the Internet
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol The website address that is typed into the
(HTTP) address bar
Uniform Resource Locator An address given to each device on a network.

(URL) It is provided by the network
A unique address given to a device on a

MAC address
network. It is provided by the manufacturer
A company that provides a connection to

IP address
access the Internet
[5]
© UCLES 2018 2210/12/O/N/18

Page 35 of 60
9
9 (a) Computers can transmit data using different methods.
Describe the three data transmission methods given.
(i) Serial data transmission
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Parallel data transmission
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Duplex data transmission
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Page 36 of 60
4
5 Data can be transferred using half-duplex serial transmission.
(a) Describe serial transmission.

......
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
......
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
......
.........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Give one application of serial data transmission.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Describe half-duplex data transmission.

......
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
....................................
......
.........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2018 2210/13/O/N/18

Page 37 of 60
5
6 Sarah stores data electronically.
Describe three methods that she could use to avoid loss of stored data.
Method 1 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Method 2 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Method 3 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]

Page 38 of 60
8
8 Alice enters a URL into a web browser to access a webpage.
(a) State what URL represents.
U ........................................... R ........................................... L ........................................... [1]
(b) Explain how the web browser uses the URL to access the webpage.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2018 2210/13/O/N/18

Page 39 of 60
Page 40 of 60
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – May/June 2015 2210 11
1 (a) parallel
any one from:
– 8 bits/1 byte/multiple bits sent at a time

– using many/multiple/8 wires/lines (1 mark)
serial
any one from:
– one bit sent at a time

– over a single wire (1 mark) [2]
(b) parallel
– faster rate of data transmission (1 mark)
serial
any one from:
– more accurate/fewer errors over a longer distance

– less expensive wiring
– less chance of data being skewed/out of synchronisation/order (1 mark) [2]
(c) parallel
any one from:
– sending data from a computer to a printer

– internal data transfer (buses) (1 mark)
serial
– connect computer to a modem (1 mark) [2]
Page 41 of 60
2 (a) – universal serial bus

– description of USB [1]
(b) Any two from:
– devices are automatically detected and configured when initially attached

– impossible to connect device incorrectly/connector only fits one way
– has become the industry standard
– supports multiple data transmission speeds
– lots of support base for USB software developers
– supported by many operating systems
– backward compatible
– faster transmission compared to wireless [2]
Page 42 of 60
4 (a) (i) serial [1]
(ii) Any three from:

– automatically detects the hardware/installs drivers
– plug only goes in one way/can’t connect incorrectly
– supports different data transmission speeds/a range of data transmission speeds
– has become the industry standard/universally used
– backwards compatible (with earlier versions of USB ports) [3]
(iii) interrupt [1]
(b) 1 mark each use of printer, max 1 mark per printer.
inkjet printer – (small quantities of) documents

– photographs
3D printer – (physical) prototype (from CAD)

– (physical) model (from a blueprint) [2]
(c) 1 mark for naming printer + 1 mark for description + 1 mark for application
Laser printer
– uses toner/powder ink

– uses (positive and negative) charged drums // rotating drum
– uses static charge
– no moving head
– faster at printing
– high volume output/high speed
– producing flyers/leaflets/magazines [3]
This is an example, other types of printers can be credited.
Page 43 of 60
6 (a)
Tick Tick
Type Method
() ()
simplex serial
full-duplex
Tick Tick
Type Method
() ()
simplex serial
full-duplex
Tick Tick
Type Method
() ()
simplex serial
full-duplex
[6]
(b) Any two from:

– single wire means there is less chance of interference/data corruption
– single wire reduces costs
– more reliable over greater distances
– bits will still be synchronised after transmission [2]
Page 44 of 60
11 1 mark for each correct point

– Presentation is used to format colour/style
– Structure is used to create layout
– In a HTML document structure and presentation are often kept separate
– By keeping the presentation separate it is easier to update colour/font
– Presentation is often stored in a file called a CSS …
– … the CSS in then linked to the HTML document to implement the presentation requirements
– (Mark-up) tags are used to define the structure of the document …
– … presentation and formatting can also be included within the tags [4]
Page 45 of 60
O LEVELS 2210 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
2210/11 PUBLISHED May/June 2017
Question Answer Marks
4 1 mark per correct tick 5
Statement True False

Data is transmitted in one direction only, one
9
bit at a time.
Data is transmitted in both directions,
9
multiple bits at a time.
Data is transmitted in one direction only,
9
multiple bits at a time.
Data is transmitted in both directions, but
only one direction at a time. Data is 9
transmitted one bit at a time.
Data is transmitted in both directions, but
only one direction at a time. Data is 9
transmitted multiple bits at a time.
Page 46 of 60
7(a) 1 mark for correct arrow(s), one mark for correct description 6
OR
(Direction of data is) one way only // unidirectional
(Direction of data is both ways) at same time / simultaneously / concurrently
AND
(Direction of data is both ways) but at different times / not at the same time /
not simultaneously / not concurrently
Page 47 of 60
7(b) 1 mark each use, must be different. 2
Simplex e.g.:
Microphone to computer
Sensor to computer
Computer to printer
Computer to speaker
Computer to monitor
Webcam to computer
Sending data to a device // sending data from a device
Duplex e.g.:
Telephone call
Voice over IP
Computer to printer (only award once)
Instant messaging
Broadband connections
Video conferencing
Sending data to and from devices e.g wireless technology
Computer to modem
7(c) 2 marks for IC, 2 marks for USB 4
IC
• parallel transmission // description of parallel
• for sending data internally
USB
• serial transmission // description of serial
• for sending data externally (to and from peripherals / between
devices)
Page 48 of 60
11 Seven from: 7
Requested
• a web browser is used
• user enters the URL / web address (into the address bar) // clicks a
link containing the web address // clicks an element of the webpage
• the URL / web address specifies the protocol
• protocols used are Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) / Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
Sent
• the URL / web address contains the domain name
• the Internet Service Provider (ISP) looks up the IP address of the
company
• the domain name is used to look up the IP address of the company
• the domain name server (DNS) stores an index of domain names and
IP addresses
• web browser sends a request to the web server / IP address
Received
• Data for the website is stored on the company’s web server
• webserver sends the data for the website back to the web browser
• web server uses the customer’s IP address to return the data
• the data is transferred into Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML)
• HTML is interpreted by the web browser (to display the website)
Page 49 of 60
2210/11
O LEVELS 2210 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June
TOPICAL 2018
BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED
10(a) Any four from: 4

− Structure and presentation are defined using (mark-up) tags
− Structure and presentation dictate the appearance of the website
− Structure is used for layout
− Example of structure
− Presentation is used for formatting / style
− Example of formatting
− Separate file / CSS can be used for presentation content
10(b)(i) 1 mark for each correct part 2
− domain (name)
− file name/webpage name
10(b)(ii) Any two from: 2

− Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure // it is the access protocol // It is a protocol
− It means the website uses SSL/TLS
− It means data sent (to and from the webserver) is encrypted
10(c) Any two from e.g. : 2

− To store items that a customer has added to an online shopping basket
− To store a customer’s credit card details
− To store log-in details
− To track what product a customer browses // Track music preferences
− Targeted advertising // making recommendations
− Personalises/customises the experience
− Shows who are new and returning customers
− To speed up log-in times
− To speed up/allow single click purchases
− Improves the experience
© UCLES 2018 Page 11 of 12

Page 50 of 60
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2015 2210 12
6 (a) Any three from:

– hypertext mark-up language
– used to create/develop/author webpages
– translated by a browser to display webpages
– uses (opening and closing) tags to display/format content [3]
(b) Structure:
– instructs how the layout of the content is displayed
Presentation:
– instructs how the content will be formatted e.g. colour/style/CSS [2]
(c) Any three from:

– displays web page
– interprets/translates the HTML document
– interprets/translates embedded scripting, for example JavaScript
– provides functions, such as bookmarks and history
– identifies protocols, such as https, SSL [3]
Page 51 of 60
3 (a) (i) Any two from:
serial
– one bit sent at a time // bits sent sequentially

– over a single wire
– synchronous or asynchronous
[2]
(ii) Any two from:
parallel
– several bits / a byte sent at a time

– using many / multiple wires
– synchronous
[2]
(b) – serial
Any two from:
– serial data transmission more reliable over long distances

– less likely for the data to be skewed/out of synchronisation
– less interference as only a single wire
– it is a cheaper connection as only single wire needed // cheaper to set up
– a fast connection is not required as a printer is limited by its printing speed
[3]
10 (a) Any three from:
– hyper text mark-up language

– uses both structure and presentation
– web-authoring language/software // used to create websites/webpages
– uses tags to define e.g. colour / font / graphics / layout
[3]
(b)
File name: ComputerSciencePapers
Protocol: http(://)
Web server name: www.cie.org.uk

[3]
Page 52 of 60
10 (c) Any one from:
MAC address
– Media Access Control (address)

– unique number that identifies a device (connected to the Internet)
– address is made up of manufacturer id + serial number of device
– address is allocated by the manufacturer
Any one from:
IP address
– Internet Protocol (address)

– location/address of a device on the Internet
– address is unique for given Internet session
– address is supplied when a device connects to the Internet
– address is allocated by the network [2]
(d) – record (layer)

– handshake (layer) [2]
Page 53 of 60
2210/12
O LEVELS 2210 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED 2017
3(b) Five from: 5

• Correct column headings / place holders by example
• Correctly place a 1 or a 0 for each column
• Identify the columns to be added
• Add together the (denary) values identified «
• « this will give a total which is the denary number/answer
• Answer is 10
4(a)(i) Method 1 Tick (9) Method 2 Tick (9) 2
Serial 9 Simplex
Parallel Half-duplex
Duplex 9
4(a)(ii) Any four from (Max 3 for serial): 4

• Serial has less/lower interference
• Serial is (more) reliable/accurate over distances
• In serial the bits won’t be skewed
• In serial it is easier to collate the bits together again after transmission
• Duplex transmits data in both directions at the same time

• simplex/half-duplex/remaining methods won’t allow read and write at same time

Page 54 of 60
2210/12
TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED 2017
5(a) Any four from: 4

• Data / files
• Stored in a text file
• Downloaded to a user’s computer when a website is visited // webserver sends to web browser
• Stored on a user’s computer
• Stored by a browser
• Detected by the website when it is visited again
5(b) Any two from: e.g. 2

• To store personal information/data
• To store login details
• To save items in an online shopping basket
• To track/save internet surfing habits // to track website traffic
• To carry out targeted advertising
• To store payment details
• To customise a webpage // to store user preferences
• Store progress in online games/quizzes
6 1 mark for each correct term, in this order: 4

• Interrupt
• Compiler
• ALU/Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• ARQ/Automatic repeat request

Page 55 of 60
2210/13
TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED 2017
2 1 mark for each correct file format e.g. 3
File type File format

Pictures .JPEG
.doc, .txt, .rtf,
Text
.docx, .odt .pdf
.mp3, .wav, .aif,
Sound
.flac, .mid
Video .mp4, .flv, .wmv
3(a) – Part 1 (access) protocol 3

– Part 2 domain (name)
– Part 3 filename
3(b) Four from: 4

– IP address is used to identify a device (on the Internet / network)
– IP address is allocated by the network/ ISP
– Can be used in place of URL
– IP addresses can be IPv4 or IPv6
– IP address can be static «
– ... meaning it doesn’t change each time it is connected to the Internet
– IP address can be dynamic «.
– « meaning that it can change each time a device is connected to the Internet
– Any valid example (e.g. xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx)

Page 56 of 60
2210/12
O LEVELS 2210 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED
7 1 mark for each correct line (to a maximum of 5) 5

A program that allows a user to view
Browser
webpages
Internet Service Provider The main protocol that governs the

(ISP) transmission of data using the Internet
Hypertext Transfer Protocol The website address that is typed into

(HTTP) the address bar
Uniform Resource Locator An address given to each device on a

(URL) network. It is provided by the network
A unique address given to a device on

MAC address a network. It is provided by the
manufacturer
A company that provides a connection

IP address
to access the Internet

Page 57 of 60
2210/12
TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED
8 Four from: 4
• Used to attend to certain tasks/issues
• Used to make sure that vital tasks are dealt with immediately
• The interrupt/signal tells the CPU/processor (that its attention is required)
• A signal that can be sent from a device (attached to the computer)
• A signal that can be sent from software (installed on the computer)
• The interrupt will cause the OS/current process to pause
• The OS/CPU/ISR will service/handle the interrupt
• They have different levels of priority
• After the interrupt is serviced, the (previous) process is continued
• It enables multi-tasking to be carried out on a computer
• A valid example of an interrupt e.g. ‘out of paper’ message for a printer
9(a)(i) Two from: 2

• Data is transmitted one bit at a time
• Data is transmitted using a single wire
• Bits arrive in order/sequence
9(a)(ii) Two from: 2

• Data is transmitted multiple bits at a time/simultaneously
• Data is transmitted using multiple wires
• Bits may arrive out of sequence/skewed (and are reordered)
9(a)(iii) 1 mark for each: 2

• Data is transmitted in both directions
• « at the same time/simultaneously

Page 58 of 60
2210/13
TOPICAL BOOK 1.2
PUBLISHED
4(a) 1 mark for each correct conversion 3

01101010 11111111 00001000 10010011
4(b) • Computers use switches / logic gates 2

• Only uses 2 states / On or Off / 1 or 0
5(a) • Bits sent one at a time 2

• Uses a single wire
5(b) USB / SATA / Wifi /PCI Express / Any appropriate serial device 1
5(c) • Data is transferred in two directions 2

• Data is sent in only one direction at a time

Page 59 of 60

1.2 Communication and Internet Technologies

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1.2 Communication and Internet Technologies

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O LEVELS 2210 TOPICAL BOOK 1.

COMPUTER SCIENCE TOPICAL PAST

[All Variants Included + Marking

For More Resources:

Join Our Facebook Page:

shahzadah.ashraf +92333 2076121

1.2 Communication and Internet Technologies

In this booklet you will be able to learn about:

1.2.1 Data transmission

1.2.2 Security aspects

1.2.3 Internet principles of operation

1.2.1 Data Transmission:

• The method of synchronization between the two devices.

Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex Data Transmission Methods

Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

Serial and parallel data transmission:

Serial Data Transmission

Example of Serial Data Transmission

Parallel data transmission

Example of Parallel Data Transmission

Example of Parallel Transmission – Data Received Correctly

Example of Parallel Transmission – Data Received Incorrectly

 Expensive since more wires are required.

 Internal data transfer inside computer (buses)

Difference between serial and parallel data transfers

Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transmission

1.2.2 Security Aspects

Difference between cracking and hacking

Internet Security Soft wares

1.2.3 Internet principles of operation

Would take you straight to the device corresponding to this address.

IP addresses an MAC addresses

If you want to find your IP address open command prompt

 windows->type cmd, or windows->run->cmd and enter ipconfig on windows or ifconfig.

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

• They have a HOME page

1 (a) State what is meant by the terms:

Parallel data transmission .........................................................................................................

Serial data transmission ...........................................................................................................

(b) Give one benefit of each type of data transmission.

Parallel data transmission

Serial data transmission

Parallel data transmission

Serial data transmission

2 (a) State what is meant by the term USB.

(i) Identify what type of data transmission is being used.

(ii) Give three reasons for using a USB port.

Name this type of signal.

Inkjet printer ..............................................................................................................................

Give an application for this printer.

Type of printer ...........................................................................................................................

6 (a) Three descriptions of data transmission are given below.

Tick (✓) the appropriate box in each table to show the:

11 Describe the use of structure and presentation in a HTML document.

Tick (3) to show whether each statement is true or false.

Data is transmitted in one direction only, one bit at a time.

Data is transmitted in both directions, multiple bits at a time.

Data is transmitted in one direction only, multiple bits at a time.

Data is transmitted in both directions, but only one direction at a

7 Computer A is communicating with computer B.

Simplex data transmission

Duplex data transmission

Half-duplex data transmission