6/17/2020

H OLLOW C ORE D IAPHRAGM D ESIGN

DIAPHRAGM DESIGN BASED ON ASCE 7‐10

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Speaker

Dr. Ned Cleland
President
Blue Ridge Design, Inc.
Winchester, VA

H OLLOW C ORE D IAPHRAGM D ESIGN

DIAPHRAGM DESIGN BASED ON ASCE 7‐10

GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA

• 2015 IBC (references ASCE 7-10)
• ASCE 7-10 (rigid vs. flexible diaphragms, diaphragm design forces)
• ACI 318-14 (design and detailing) primary. No exceptions to the
design and detailing provisions of this document is made in the IBC
or ASCE 7.

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ASCE 7-10 12.8.4 HORIZONTAL

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES
• Rigid diaphragms
• Seismic story shear is to be distributed to vertical elements of
the seismic force-resisting system based on the relative lateral
stiffnesses of those elements

• Flexible diaphragms
• Seismic story shear is to be distributed to vertical elements of
the seismic force-resisting system based on tributary areas

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RIGID VS. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGMS

w

Stiffness K K K

Flexible 0.25wL 0.50wL 0.25wL

Rigid 0.33wL 0.33wL 0.33wL

L/2 L/2

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DIAPHRAGM: 
RIGID OR FLEXIBLE?

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ASCE 7-10 12.3 FLEXIBLE, RIGID

DIAPHRAGMS

Prescriptive Approach
&
Calculation Approach

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ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.1 DEFINITION FOR

FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM (PRESCRIPTIVE)
12.3.1.1 Flexible Diaphragm Condition. Diaphragms
constructed of untopped steel decking or wood
structural panels are permitted to be idealized as
flexible if any of the following conditions exist:

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ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.1 DEFINITION FOR

FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM (PRESCRIPTIVE)
12.3.1.1 Flexible Diaphragm Condition.
a. In structures where the vertical elements are steel
braced frames; steel and concrete composite braced
frames; or concrete, masonry, steel, or steel and concrete
composite shear walls.
b. In one- and two-family dwellings.

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DEFINITION FOR FLEXIBLE

DIAPHRAGM (PRESCRIPTIVE)
ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.1 Flexible Diaphragm Condition.
c. In structures of light-frame construction where all of the following
conditions are met:
1. Topping of concrete or similar materials is not placed over wood
structural panel diaphragms except for nonstructural topping no greater
than 1 1/2 in. thick.
2. Each line of vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system
complies with the allowable story drift of Table 12.12-1.

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DEFINITION FOR RIGID DIAPHRAGM

(PRESCRIPTIVE)
ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.2 Rigid Diaphragm Condition.

Diaphragms of concrete slabs or concrete-filled metal deck with

span-to-depth ratios of 3 or less in structures that have no
horizontal irregularities are permitted to be idealized as rigid.

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RIGID VS. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGMS

Is any of the following true?
1- & 2-family dwelling of light- Vertical elements one of the following:
frame construction •Steel braced frames
Structure of light-frame
•Composite steel and concrete braced frames
construction where conditions in
•Concrete, masonry, steel or composite shear walls
Y Section
12.3.1.1c.1,2 are met

Is diaphragm wood N Y Assume Flexible

START

structural panels or See Next Slide

untopped steel decking? Assume Rigid

N
Y
N Is diaphragm Is span-to-depth ratio ≤ 3 and
• Concrete slab? Y no horizontal irregularities?
• Concrete filled metal deck? PCI.ORG
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ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.3 DEFINITION FOR

FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGMS (CALCULATION)
ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.3 Calculated Flexible Diaphragm
Condition. Diaphragms … are permitted to be idealized as
flexible where the computed maximum in-plane deflection of
the diaphragm under lateral load is more than two times the
average story drift of adjoining vertical elements of the seismic
force –resisting system of the associated story under equivalent
tributary lateral load as shown in Fig. 12.3-1.

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ASCE 7-10 FIGURE 12.3-1

RIGID VS. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM
Is MDD > 2 (ADVE)?

De

MAXIMUM DIAPHRAGM
SEISMIC LOADING DEFLECTION (MDD)
AVERAGE DRIFT OF
VERTICAL ELEMENT
S (ADVE)

Y N

Assume Flexible Assume Rigid

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RIGID VS. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGMS

ASCE 7-10 12.3.1 Diaphragm Flexibility

The structural analysis shall consider the relative stiffnesses of

diaphragms and the vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting
system. Unless a diaphragm can be idealized as either flexible or rigid in
accordance with Sections 12.3.1.1, 12.3.1.2, or 12.3.1.3, the structural
analysis shall explicitly include consideration of the stiffness of the
diaphragm (i.e., semirigid modeling assumption).

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RIGID VS. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGMS

2015 IBC 1604.4 Analysis.

. . . A diaphragm is rigid for the purpose of distribution of story shear and

torsional moment when the lateral deformation of the diaphragm is less
than or equal to two times the average story drift. Except where
diaphragms are flexible, or are permitted to be analyzed as flexible, Where
required by ASCE 7, provisions shall be made for the increased forces
induced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting from
torsion due to eccentricity between the center of application of the lateral
forces and the center of rigidity of the lateral force-resisting system.
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ASCE 7-10 SECTION 12.10

DIAPHRAGMS, CHORDS AND
COLLECTORS

12.10.1 Diaphragm Design Forces

12.10.2 Collector Elements

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DIAPHRAGM DESIGN FORCES

ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.10-1

12.10‐1

Where
Fpx = diaphragm design force
Fi = the design force applied at level I
wi = the weight tributary to Level I
wpx = the weight tributary to the diaphragm at Level x

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DIAPHRAGM DESIGN FORCES

ASCE 7-10 Eq.12.10-2 – minimum threshold

ASCE 7-10 Eq.12.10-3 – maximum threshold

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DIAPHRAGMS, CHORDS, AND COLLECTORS

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DIAPHRAGM DESIGN FORCES

7
Floor Level

6 Fpx
Fx
5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Force (kips)
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FLOOR ACCELERATIONS FOR DIAPHRAGM

DESIGN: ASCE 7 METHOD
Fj
wj Fj j j
Fpj j
j

SRSS 

2 Each mode’s contribution is reduced by R

n
 S a T i  
Fj  i 1
 f w j , j

i
  g R 
and
PGA
0 .2 S D S I e  F p x / w p x  0 .4 S D S I e
but  0 .4 S D S
g
PGA PGA
 0 .5 Ie  Fp x / w p x  Ie
g g
o r 0 .5 I e  A c c e le r a tio n " M a g n ific a tio n "  1 .0 I e PCI.ORG
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FLOOR ACCELERATIONS FOR DIAPHRAGM

DESIGN: ASCE 7 METHOD
5
0 .5 I e  A c c e le r a tio n " M a g n ific a tio n "  1 .0 I e

Northridge Earthquake Data

Northridge earthquake and shaketable test data
RC Frames n  5
?
RC Frames 5< n 10
4 RC Frames 10 < n 20
Floor magnification

Walls 5 < n 10

Walls 10 < n  20
3 Steel Frames n 5
Steel Frames 5 < n 10
Steel Frames 10 < n  20
2
Steel Frames n > 20
Braced Frames n  5
1 Braced Frames 5 < n  10
ASCE 7  Range, Ie =1 Braced Frames 10 < n  20
Braced Frames n > 20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 7-story building
Peak ground acceleration (g) Repaired PCI building

 T h e u p p e r a n d lo w e r lim its in A S C E 7 d o n o t s e e m to b e r a tio n a l

 T h e c o m p u ta tio n o f flo o r a c c le r a tio n s b a s e d o n th e a s s u m p tio n th a t a ll m o d e s
a r e e q u a lly r e d u c e d b y p la s tic ity d o e s n o t s e e m r a tio n a l e ith e r
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DIAPHRAGM DESIGN FORCE

Recommendations in PCI’s Seismic Design
Manual, based on results of research:

For structures assigned to SDC B or C, if every

floor diaphragm is designed for the force at the
uppermost level derived from the IBC, additional
load factors are not required for elastic diaphragm
response under the design earthquake.

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DIAPHRAGM DESIGN FORCE

Recommendations in PCI’s Seismic Design
Manual, based on results of research:

For structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, if lateral

forces are resisted entirely by special moment
frames, additional load factors are not required if
every floor diaphragm is designed for the force at
the uppermost level derived from ASCE 7.

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DIAPHRAGM DESIGN FORCE

Recommendations in PCI’s Seismic Design
Manual, based on results of research:

For structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, if shear

walls are part of the lateral force-resisting system,
it is sufficient to apply a diaphragm load factor of 2
to the force at the uppermost level derived from
ASCE 7 and to design each floor for that force.

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TRANSFER FORCES

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