DISEASE

FREQUENCY(MORBIDITY AND
MORTLAITY)
PRESENTED BY RABIA ZULFIQAR

87003
MORTALITY

• Mortality is the condition of being mortal or susceptible to death, the

opposite of immortal.
OR
• A demographic event, average risk of dying of a person in the group
during a time span.
• Epidemiologist often investigate the health status of population.
• In many high income countries the fact and the cause of the death
recorded on a standard death certificate.
• The International Statistical Classification of disease and related health
problems provide guidelines on classifying deaths.
LIMITATION OF DEATH CERTIFICATE

• In many countries basic mortality statistics not available due to lack of

resources.
• Often provide invaluable information.
• Usefulness of date depend on many factors including the completeness of
records and the accuracy in assigning the cause of death.
LIMITATION OF VITAL REGISTRATION SYSTEM

• WHO mortality data base includes only one third of adult in the world.
• In some countries the vital registration covers only part of the country.
• In other countries this system covers the whole country.
VERBAL AUTOPSY

• Indirect method of accessing biomedical cause of death.

• Information from sign, symptoms and circumstances preceding death.
• In many middle and low income countries, verbal autopsy is only
method use to obtain estimate of the distribution of the cause of the
death.
TOWARDS COMPARABLE ESTIMATE

• Occurrence of miscoding.
• Systematic biases in diagnosis.
• Incorrect or incomplete death certificate.
• Misinterpretation of ICD rules.
• Poorer segment of population may not be covered.
• The age at death occur may not be given accurately.
• Other factors also include late registration, missing data and error in classifying
the cause of death.
DEATH RATE

• Also known as crude mortality rate

DISADVANTAGES

• It does not take into account the fact that chance of dying varies according to
age, sex, race and other factors.
• Not appropriate to use it for comparing different time period or geographical
areas.
AGE SPECIFIED DEATH RATES

• Average number of deaths occurring in a given age group per 1000 individuals in that age
group in the year.
PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY

• Mortality in a population is describe by using proportionate mortality.

• Actually the ratio, the no. of death from a given cause per 100 0r 1000
total death in some period of time.
INFANT MORTALITY

• Commonly used as indicator of the level of health in a community.

• Rate of death of children during first year of life
CHILD MORTALITY RATE

• Child mortality rate based on death of children aged 1-4 years.

• It is frequently used as basic health indicator.
• Injuries, malnutrition and infectious disease are common cause of death in this
age group.
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE

• Maternal mortality rate ranges from 3 per lac live birth in high income countries to over
1500 per lac in low income countries.
ADULT MORTALITY RATE

• The probability of dying between the age of 15 and 60 years per 1000
population.
• The adult mortality rate offer a way to analyze health gaps between countries in
the main working age groups.
MORBIDITY
MORBIDITY

• The condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition.

• Death rates are particularly useful for investigating disease with a high case fatality.
• However many disease have low case fatality.
• In this case data on morbidity are more useful then mortality rate.
• Morbidity are helpful in clarifying the reason for particular trends in mortality.
• Change in death rate could be due to change in morbidity rate.
• For example recent declines in cardiovascular disease mortality rates in manty
developing countries due to a fall in either incidence or in case fatality.
OTHER SOURCES OF MORBIDITY DATA

• Hospital admission and discharges.

• Outpatient and primary health construction
• Registers of disease event
DISABILITY

• Epidemiologist not only the occurrence of the disease but also the consequences of
disease.
✓ Impairments
✓ Disabilities
✓ handicap
• Impairments:
any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or
function.
• Disability:
Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the
range considered normal for a human being.
HANDICAP

• A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability, that

limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for that individual.
• It is difficult to measure the prevalence of disability .
• but it is becoming increasingly important in societies where acute morbidity and fetal
illness are decreasing.
HEALTH DETERMINANTS

• Defined as the underlying social, economic cultural and environmental factor that are
responsible for health and disease, most of which are outside the health sector.
✓ Health indicators:
• A health indicator is a variable, that can be measured directly to reflect the state of
health of people within a community.
• WHO present the most recent data for 50 health indicator each year
• Health indicators can also be used as components in the calculation of a broader social
development index.
RISK FACTOR

• Refers to an aspect of personal habits or an environmental exposure, that is associated

with an increases probability of occurrence of disease.
• Since risk factors can usually be modified.