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2.1 Introduction
1
2.2 Amplitude Modulation
c(t ) Ac cos(2fct ) (2.1)
Ac : carrier amplitude
fc : carrier frequency
1+kam(t) S(t)
X
Accos(2fct)
The output of the modulator
s(t ) Ac1 kam(t )cos(2fct ) (2.2)
Where m(t) is the baseband signal , ka is the amplitude sensitivity.
1. kam(t ) 1, for all t (2.3)
2. f c W (2.4)
where W is the hightest freqency of m(t ) 2
s(t ) Ac cos(2fct ) Ackam(t ) cos(2fct ) (2.2)
Recall
cos(2fct )
1
( f fc) ( f fc)
2
m(t ) cos(2fct ) M ( f fc ) M ( f fc )
1
2
s( f ) ( f fc ) ( f fc ) M ( f fc) M ( f fc)
Ac kaAc
(2.5)
2 2
where M ( f ) is the Fourier Transform of m(t )
Receiver
Major limitations
1.AM is wasteful of power. 4
2.AM is wasteful of bandwidth.
2.3 Linear Modulation Schemes
Linear modulation is defined by
s(t ) sI (t ) cos(2fct ) sQ (t ) sin(2fct ) (2.7)
sI (t ) In - phase component
sQ (t ) Quadrature component
5
Notes:
1.sI(t) is solely dependent on m(t)
2.sQ(t)is a filtered version of m(t).
The spectral modification of s(t) is solely due to sQ(t).
6
Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
s(t ) Acm(t ) cos(2fct ) (2.8)
8
Costas Receiver
I-channel and Q-channel are coupled together to
form a negative feedback system to maintain synchronization
0
1 2 1 2 2
Ac cos sin m (t ) Ac m (t )sin(2 )
2
4 8
1 2 2
Ac m (t ) (sin2 2 )
4
The phase control signal ceases with modulation.
(multiplier +
very narrow band LF)
9
Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing (or QAM)
Two DSB-SC signals occupy the same channel
bandwidth, where pilot signal (tone ) may be
needed.
s(t ) Acm1(t ) cos(2fct ) Acm2(t ) sin(2fct )
10
Single-Sideband Modulation (SSB)
The lower sideband and upper sideband of AM signal
contain same information .
The frequency-discrimination method consists of a
product modulator (DSB-SC) and a band-pass filter.
The filter must meet the following requirements:
a.The desired sideband lies inside the passband.
b.The unwanted sideband lies inside the stopband.
c.The transition band is twice the lowest frequency of
the message.
a. H ( f f c ) H ( f f c ) 1
b.The phase response is linear :
H ( f fc ) H ( f fc ) 1 for W f W (2.13)
BT W fν (2.14)
12
Consider the negative frequency response:
Hf
fc W fc fv fc fc fv fc fv fc fc fv fc W
W fv 0 fv 2 fc fv 2 fc 2 fc fv 2 fc W
13
and │H(f+fc)│ is
H f fc
2 f c W 2 f c f v 2 f c 2 f c f v fv 0 fv W
14
So, we get │H(f-fc)│ +│ H(f+fc)│ is
H f fc
W fv 0 fv 2 fc fv 2 fc 2 fc fv
H f fc
2 f c f v 2 f c 2 f c f v fv 0 fv W
15
Consider –W<f<W we get:
W fv 0
fv
W
Which is equal to
W W
m(t) m’(t)
HQ(f)
17
Television Signals (NTSC)
18
2.4 Frequency Translation
A cos(2 f t )
Up conversion
f2=f1+fl , fl=f2-f1
Down conversion
f2=f1-fl , fl=f1-f2
19
2.5 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
20
2.6 Angle Modulation
Basic Definitions:
Better discrimination against noise and interference
(expense of bandwidth).
s(t ) Ac cosi (t ) (2.19)
The instantaneous frequency is
f i (t ) lim f Δt (t )
Δt 0
i (t t ) i (t )
lim
Δt 0
2t
1 d i ( t )
(2.21)
2 dt
For an unmodulated carrier, i (t ) is
i (t ) 2fct c (2.22)
where c is constant 21
1. Phase modulation (PM)
i (t ) 2f ct k p m(t )
kp : phase sensitivity of the modulator
s(t) Ac cos2f ct k p m(t ) (2.23)
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
fi (t ) f c k f m(t ) (2.24)
t
i (t ) 2π f ct 2π k f m( )d (2.25)
0
22
generating FM signal generating PM signal
2.7 Frequency Modulation
FM is a nonlinear modulation process , we can not apply
Fourier transform to have spectral analysis directly.
1.Consider a single-tone modulation which produces a
narrowband FM (kf is small)
2.Next consider a single-tone and wideband FM
(kf is large)
f
2πfct sin(2f mt ) (2.30)
fm
f
M odulation index (2.31)
fm
i (t ) 2πfct sin(2f mt ) (2.32)
(2.19) => s(t ) Ac cos2fct sin(2f mt ) (2.33)
Narrowband FM , is smaller th an one radian.
Wideband FM , is larger tha n one radian.
24
Narrowband FM
s(t ) Ac cos2f ct sin(2f mt )
Ac cos(2f ct ) cos sin(2f mt ) Ac sin(2f ct ) sin sin(2f mt ) (2.34)
Because is small,
cos sin(2f mt ) 1
sin sin(2f mt ) sin(2f mt )
s(t ) Ac cos(2f ct ) Ac sin(2f c t ) sin(2f mt ) (2.35)
25
The output of Fig 2.21 is
s' (t ) Ac cos(2f ct ) Ack f m( )d sin(2f ct )
Narrow band FM
27
AM
Wideband FM (large β)
s (t ) Ac cos2f c t sin( 2f mt ) (2.33)
exp (jx) cos x j sin x
s (t ) ReAc exp( j 2f c t j sin( 2f mt ))
Re~
s (t ) exp( j 2f c (t )) (2.38)
where Re denotes the real part and
~
s (t ) is the complex envelope defined by
~
s (t ) Ac exp[ j sin( 2f mt )] (2.39)
~
s (t ) c
n
n exp( j 2 nf mt ) (2.40)
28
Complex Fourier Transform
1 f
cn f s (t )exp( j 2 nf mt )dt
2 m
m 1 f
2 m
exp j sin(2 f mt ) j 2 nf mt ) dt
1 f
fm A
2 m
c 1 f (2.41)
2 m
Let x 2 f mt (2.42)
Ac
cn exp j( sin x nx ) dx (2.43)
2
Define the nth order Bessel function of the first kind as
2
d y dy
(A3, x 2
2
x ( x 2
n 2
) y 0)
dx dx
1
Jn ( ) exp j( sin x nx ) dx (2.44)
2
cn Ac J n ( )
s (t ) Ac J
n
n ( ) exp( j 2 nf mt ) (2.45)
29
s(t ) Ac Re J n ( ) exp j 2 ( fc nfm )t (2.47)
Ac J n ( ) cos2 ( f c nf m )t (2.48)
30
Figure 2.23 Plots of Bessel functions of the first kind for varying order.
Properties of J n ( )
1.J n ( ) ( 1)n J n ( ), for all n (2.50)
2.If is small
J0( ) 1
J1( )
2
Jn( ) 0 n2 (2.51)
3. J n2 ( ) 1
-
Observation of FM
1.An FM signal contains f c , f m , 2 f m , 3 f m , components.
2.For small , the FM signal is effectively composed of a carrier and
a single pair of side freqencies at f c f m narrowband FM
3.The amplitude of carrier depends on
1 2 Ac2
P Ac
2 2
n ( )
J
2
(2.54) 31
Example 2.2
32
Transmission Bandwidth of FM signals
With a specified amount of distortion , the FM signal is
effectively limited to a finite number of significant side
frequencies.
A.Carson’s rule
1 f
BT 2f 2 f m 2f (1 ) , = , f f m (2.55)
fm
33
f
B. BT 2nmax f m , J nmax ( ) 0.01 , BT 2nmax
Frequency Multiplier
v(t ) a1s(t ) a 2 s 2 (t ) ans n (t ) (2.56)
0
The frequency multiplier output
0
36
fi '(t ) nfc nkf m(t ) (2.59)
Varactor diode VCO FM modulator
32-1
Crosby Direct FM Transmitter
32-2
Demodulation of FM signals
The frequency discrimination consists of a slope circuit
followed by an envelope detector
H 2 ( f f c ) 2H 2 ( f ) , f 0
34
Appendix 2.3 Hilbert Transform
Fourier Transform-frequency-selective
Hilbert Transform-phase-selective
(±900shift)
Let g(t)G(f)
Denote the Hilbert transform of g(t) as
1 g ( )
gˆ (t ) d (A2.31)
t
The inverse Hilbert transform
1 gˆ ( )
g (t ) d (A2.32)
t
35
1
j sgn( f ) (A2.33)
t
1 f 0
sgn( f ) 0 f 0 (A2.34)
1 f 0
The Fourier transform of g (t ) is
Gˆ ( f ) j sgn( f )G( f ) (A2.35)
g(t) gˆ (t )
H(f)
36
Properties of the Hilbert Transform
(time domain operation)
If g(t) is real
1.gˆ (t ) and g (t ) have the same magnitude spectrum
2.Hilbert transform of gˆ (t ) is g (t ) (take H.F ofg(t )and
compare with A2.32)
3. g( t )ĝ(t )dt 0 g( t ) gˆ (t )
-
37
For a band-pass system , we consider
x(t) X( f )
X( f ) is limited within ± W Hz
W fc
x(t ) xI (t )cos(2 f ct ) xQ (t )sin(2 f ct ) (A2.48)
The complex evelope of x(t) is
x(t ) xI (t ) j xQ (t ) (A2.49)
x(t) band pass y(t)
system, fc
H(f) 2B
f
fc
h(t ) hI (t )cos(2 f ct ) hQ (t )sin(2 f ct ) (A2.50)
38
Define the complex impluse response
~
h (t ) hI (t ) j hQ (t ) (A2.51)
The complex representation of h(t )
~
h(t ) Re h (t ) exp( j 2 f c t ) (A2.52)
~
hI (t ), hQ (t ) and h (t ) are low - pass functions
From (A2.52) we have ( z v ju , 2v z z*)
~ ~
2h(t ) h (t ) exp( j 2 f c t ) h * (t ) exp( j 2 f c t ) (A2.53)
ApplyFourier transform to (A2.53)
~ ~
2 H ( f ) H ( f f c ) H * ( f f c ) (A2.54)
Since h(t ) is real
H * ( f ) H ( f )
~
and H ( f ) is limited to f B with B f c
~
H ( f fc ) 2H ( f ) , f 0 (A2.55)
~ ~
We can obtain H ( f ) from H ( f ) , H ( f ' ) 2 H ( f ' f c ) 39
x(t) band-pass h(t) y(t)
system
h ( ) x (t )d hˆ( ) xˆ (t )d
t , t
-
h( )x(t- )d
1
1
u h (u ) xˆ (t )d du,
d d
h ( ) x (t )d
1
t
1
u xˆ ( )d h (u )du
h ( ) x (t )d
h (u ) x (t u )du
2 h ( ) x (t )d
2 Re[h ( )] Re[ x ( t )]d 41
(A2.58) becomes
y (t ) Reh ( )Rex (t ) d
(A2.59)
Re h ( )x (t )d
1
2
1 ~
Re h ( ) exp( j 2fc ) ~x (t ) exp( j 2fc (t ))d
2
1
x (t )d
~
Re exp( j 2fct ) h ( )~
2
42
(1) F{e j 2nfc t
} e j 2nfc t j 2f c t
e dt
e j 2 ( f nfc ) t
dt
( f nf c )
dk
(2) F {e j 2nfct } e j 2nfct e j 2f ct dt , 令 nt k , dt
n
f
j 2 k dk
j 2f c k
e e n
,n 0
={
e j 2f c k
e
j 2
f
n
k
n
dk
n
,n 0
f
1 j 2 ( n f c ) k
e dk , n 0
={ n
n
e
1 j 2 ( n f c ) k
f
dk , n 0
1 f
( f c ), n 0
{ n n
= 1 f
n
( f c ), n 0
n
1 f
( f c ) ( f nf c )
n n
Comparing (A2.57) and (A2.61) we have
~
2 y (t ) h ( ) ~
~ x (t ) d (A2.62)
~
or 2 y (t ) h (t ) * ~
~ x (t ) (A2.63)
We can represent bandpass signals and systems
by theequivalent lowpass functions ~ x(t), ~y(t)
~
and h(t) without the factor exp( j 2fct )
43
2~y (t ) hI (t ) jh Q (t ) xI (t ) jxQ (t ) (A2.64)
hI (t ) xI (t ) hQ (t ) xQ (t )
jhQ (t ) xI (t ) hI (t ) xQ (t ) (A2.65)
let ~
y (t ) ~
y I (t ) j~y Q (t ) (A2.66)
2yI(t) hI (t ) xI (t ) hQ (t ) xQ (t ) (A2.67)
2yQ(t) hQ (t ) xI (t ) hI (t ) xQ (t ) (A2.68)
44
45
Procedure for evaluating the response
of a band-pass system
1. Replace x(t ) by ~ x (t )
x(t ) Re ~x (t ) exp( j 2fct )
~
2. h(t ) Re h (t ) exp( j 2fct )
~
3. Obtain 2 y (t ) h (t ) * ~
~ x (t )
4. y (t ) Re ~y (t ) exp( j 2fct )
46
To simplify the analysis
1. shift H 1( f ) to the right by f c to align to the band-pass frequency
2. set H 1( f f c ) 2 H 1( f ) , for f 0 (2.61)
Recall
BT BT BT
j 2πa( f f c ) f c f f c
2 2 2
BT BT BT
H 1( f ) j 2πa( f f c ) fc f fc (2.60)
2 2 2
0 elsewhere
From (2.60) and (2.61), we get
BT BT BT
j 4 a( f ) f
H 1( f ) 2 2 2
(2.62)
0 elsewhere
47
Recall FM signal s( t )
0
The complex envelope is
0
s1(t ) is a hybrid-modulated signal (amplitude , frequency)
2k f
However, provided that we choose m(t ) 1, for all t
BT
using an envelope detector, we have
2k f
s 1(t ) BT aAc 1 m(t ) (2.68)
BT
The bias term BT aAc can be removed by a second frequency
discriminator with H 2 ( f ) , where H 2 ( f ) H1( f ).
49
Balanced Frequency Discriminator
51-1
Stereo FM
In Figure 9-40, audio signals from both left and right
mircrophones are combined in an linear matrixing network
to produce an L+R signal and an L-R signal.
Both L+R and L-R are signals in the audio band and must
be separated before modulating the carrier for transmission.
This is accomplished by translating the L-R audio signal
up in the spectrum.
51-2
Stereo FM Transmitter
The 19-kHz pilot fits nicely between the L+R and DSB-SC L-
R signals in the baseband frequency spectrum.
51-5
Stereo FM
As indicated by its relative amplitude in the baseband
composite signal, the pilot is made small enough so that
its FM deviation of the carrier is only about 10% of the
total 75-kHz maximum deviation.
51-6
Stereo FM
vi(t) v0(t)
Nonlinear
Channel (device)
52
For FM signal
vi (t ) Ac cos2 f c t (t )
t
(t ) 2 k f m( )d
0
fc 2fc
In order to seperate the desired FM signal from the second
harmonic , we have
2 f c (2f W ) f c f W
f c 3f 2W (2.76)
The output of the band-pass filter is
3
v0 '(t ) ( a1 Ac a3 Ac 3 )cos 2 f ct (t ) ( no effect to m(t ))
4
An FM system is extremely sensitive to phase nonlinearities.
Common type of source : AM-to -PM conversion.
54
2.9 Super Heterodyne Receiver
(Carrier-frequency tuning , filtering , amplification , and demodulation)
AM radio receiver
fIF=fLO-fRF (2.78)
55
Commercial FM Broadcast、
Allocations and Sidebands
56
2.10 Noise in CW modulation System
1.Channel model: additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
2.Receiver model: a band-pass filer followed by an ideal demodulator
57
The filtered noise in narrowband noise representation :
n(t ) nI (t ) cos(2 f c t ) nQ (t ) sin( 2 f c t ) (2.79)
The filtered signal for demodulation is
x(t ) s (t ) n(t ) (2.80)
The channel signal - to - noise ratio
average power of s (t )
(SNR )C
average power of n(t )
The output signal - to - noise ratio
average power of the demodulated signal
(SNR )O
average power of noise at the output
(SNR)O
Figure of merit (2.81)
(SNR)C
58
2.11 Noise in Linear Receiver Using Coherent Detection
The DSB-SC system
C 2 Ac 2 P
(SNR)C,DSB 2
WN 0
C 2 Ac 2 P
(baseband) (2.84)
2WN 0
C:system dependent scaling factor 59
x(t ) s (t ) n(t )
CAc cos(2 f c t )m(t ) nI (t ) cos(2 f c t ) nQ (t ) sin( 2 f c t ) (2.85)
v(t ) x(t )cos (2 f c t )
1 1
CAc m(t ) nI (t )
2 2
CAc m(t ) nI (t )cos(4 f c t ) nQ (t ) sin( 4 f c t )
1 1
2 2
high frequency components
1 1
Low - pass filter y (t ) CAc m(t ) nI (t ) (2.86)
2 2
(2.86) indicates :
1. m(t ) and nI (t ) are additive at the receiver output.
2. nQ (t ) is completely rejected by thecoherent detector.
60
1
The average output signal ( CAc m(t )) power C Ac
2 2 P
2 4
Let BT 2W
1 1 2 1
The average noise ( nI (t )) power ( ) 2WN 0 WN 0
2 2 2
2 2 P
C Ac 2 2
C Ac P
(SNR ) O,DSBSC 4 (2.87)
W N0 2WN 0
2
(SNR)O
1 (2.88)
(SNR)C DSB-SC
1. Coherent SSB has the same figure of merit of DSB - SC
2. No trade - off between performance and bandwidth.
Serious problem! 61
2.12 Noise in AM Receivers Using Envelope Detection
s(t ) Ac 1 ka m(t )cos(2 f ct ) (2.89)
Ac cos(2 f ct ) Ac ka m(t ) cos(2 f ct )
Ac (1 k a P)
2 2
(SNR )C, AM (2.90)
2WN 0
At theoutput of the filter :
x(t ) s(t ) n(t )
Ac Ac k a m(t ) nI (t )cos(2 f c t ) nQ (t ) sin( 2 f c t ) (2.91)
62
y (t ) envelope of x(t )
A A k m(t ) n (t )
c c a I
2 2
nQ (t )
1
2
(2.92)
Assume Ac Ac k a m(t ) nI (t ) nQ (t )
y (t ) Ac Ac k a m(t ) nI (t )
2
A
1. c WN 0 (carrier power > noise power)
2
2. k a 1
2 2
A k P
(SNR)O, AM c a (2.94)
2WN 0
2
(SNR)O ka P
(2.95)
(SNR)C AM 1 k a 2 P 63
Supplements
Define the pre-demodulation SNR as
The average power of the modulated signal
SNR pre-de = The average noise power at the input of the demodulator
cos(2πfc t+θ)
θ is uniformly distributed over ﹝0, 2π﹞
S'(t)=Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t+θ)
At the receiver we may write
S(t)=C Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t+θ)
Ps E S 2 (t ) R s (0)
S x ( f ) df
E (CAc m(t ) cos( 2f c t )) 2
C 2 Ac E cos 2 ( 2f c t ) E m 2 (t )
2
C 2 Ac Rm (0) 2 C 2 Ac P
2 2
2
w
R m ( 0) P w
S m ( f ) df
C 2 Ac2 P 2
C 2 Ac2 P 2 C 2 Ac2 P
SNRc
N 0W 2 N 0W
64
Threshold Effect
Ac
where Ac r (t )
r (t ) sin (t ) (t )
(t ) (t ) tan
1
(2.137)
Ac r (t ) cos (t ) (t )
67
Note that the envelope of x(t) is of no interest to us (limiter)
Because Ac r (t )
sin (t ) (t )
r (t )
(t ) (t ) (2.138)
Ac
sin (t ) (t ) (2.139)
t r (t )
2 k f m( )d
0 Ac
The discrimina tor output is (Fig 2.40)
1 d (t )
v(t )
2 dt
k f m(t ) nd (t ) (2.140)
message additive noise
where
n d (t )
1 d
r (t ) sin (t ) (t ) (2.141)
2 Ac dt
68
Assume (t ) (t ) is uniformly distributed over (0, 2 ),
then nd (t ) is independent of message signal.
We may simplify nd (t ) as
nd (t )
1 d
r (t ) sin (t ) (2.142)
2 Ac dt
From definition of r (t ) and (t ) , we have
nQ (t ) r (t ) sin (t ) (2.143)
1 dnQ (t )
nd (t ) (2.144)
2 Ac dt
The quadrature component appears
69
From (2.140)
The average output signal power = kf2P
Recall d F .T
j 2f
dt
nQ(t) 1 d nd(t)
S NQ ( f ) 2 Ac dt S Nd ( f )
f2
S N d ( f ) 2 S NQ ( f ) (2.145)
Ac
noise is enhanced at high frequency
70
Assume that nQ(t) has ideal low-pass characteristic
with bandwidth BT
N0 f 2 BT
S Nd ( f ) 2
, f (2.146)
Ac 2
If BT W
2
At the receiver output
N0 f 2
S N0 ( f ) 2
, f W (2.147)
Ac
71
N0 W 2
Average power of n0 (t ) 2 f df
Ac W
2 N 0W 3
(2.148)
3 Ac2
1
2 noise quieting effect
2 2 Ac when increasing carrier power
3 Ac k f P
(SNR )O ,FM 3
(2.149)
2 N 0W Ac2
The average power of s(t ) is ,
2
the average noise power in message bandwidth is WN0
Ac2
(SNR )C ,FM (2.150)
2WN0
(SNR )O 3k 2f P
2
(2.151)
(SNR )C W
f k f Am ( SNR )o,FM ( f )2
FM
(2.29) 72
Example 2.5 Single-Tone Modulation
f
s(t ) Ac cos 2 f ct sin(2 f mt )
t
fm
f
We may write, 2 k f m( )d sin(2 f mt )
0 fm
d f
both side m(t ) cos(2 f mt )
dt kf
(f ) 2
The average power of m(t ) (across 1 load) is P
2k 2f
3 Ac2 ( f )2 3 Ac2 2 f
From (2.149), (SNR )O ,FM ,
4 N0W 3 4 N0W W
(SNR )O 3 f 3
( )2 2 (2.152)
(SNR )C FM 2 W 2
( SNR)O 1
compare to AM , (from Example 2.4)
(SNR )C AM 3
3 2 1
When , FM has better performance.
2 3
2
0.471
3
Define 0.5 as the transition between narrowband FM and wideband FM . 73
FM Threshold Effect (When CNR is low)
Ac nI (t )
Occasionally, P1 may sweep around the origin , ( r (t )> Ac )
(t) increases or decreases 2
' (t )
The discriminator output is equal to
P 1 2
r(t)
nQ(t) x(t)
P2
0
nI(t) Ac 74
Figure 2.44 Illustrating impulselike components in (t)
d (t)/dt produced by changes of 2 in (t); (a) and (b)
are graphs of (t) and (t), respectively.
75
A positive-going click occurs , when
d (t )
r (t ) Ac , (t ) (t ) d (t ) , 0
dt
A negative-going click occurs when
d (t )
r (t ) Ac , (t ) (t ) d (t ) , 0
dt
The carrier-to -noise ratio is defined by
2
Ac
(2.154)
2 BT N 0
The output signal-to-noise ratio is calculated as
1. The average output signal power is calculated assuming
BT
a sinusoidal modulation which produces f . (noise free)
2
2. The average output noise power is calculated when no
signal is present (The carrier is unmodulated). 76
Figure 2.45 Dependence of
output signal-to-noise ratio on
input carrier-to-noise ratio for
FM receiver. In curve I, the
average output noise power is
calculated assuming an
unmodulated carrier. In curve
II, the average output noise
power is calculated assuming
a sinusoidally modulated
carrier. Both curves I and II
are calculated from theory.
Ac2 Ac2
When 20 or 20 BT N 0 (2.155),
2 BT N 0 2
threshold effects may be avoided 77
The procedure to calculate minimum Ac ( 20)
1. Given and W, determine BT
(using Figure 2.26 or Carson's rule)
2
A
2. Given N0 , we have c
20 BT N 0
2
Capture Effect:
The receiver locks onto the stronger signal
and suppresses the weaker one.
78
FM Threshold Reduction (tracking filter)
• FM demodulator with negative feedback (FMFB)
• Phase locked loop
Figure 2.46
FM threshold extension.
Figure 2.47
FM demodulator with
negative feedback.
79
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis on FM
2W 3 (W )3
f0
I (2.161)
f 2 df 3 (W ) tan 1 (W )
W
3 f0 f 0
W
1 ( f ) 2
f0 82
Preemphasis for FM
The main difference between FM and PM is in the
relationship between frequency and phase.
f = (1/2).d/dt.
A PM detector has a flat noise power (and voltage) output
versus frequency (power spectral density). This is
illustrated in Figure 9-38a.
However, an FM detector has a parabolic noise power
spectrum, as shown in Figure 9-38b. The output noise
voltage increases linearly with frequency.
If no compensation is used for FM, the higher audio
signals would suffer a greater S/N degradation than the
lower frequencies. For this reason compensation, called
emphasis, is used for broadcast FM.
83
Preemphasis for FM
84
Preemphasis for FM
A preemphasis network at the modulator input
provides a constant increase of modulation index mf
for high-frequency audio signals.
Such a network and its frequency response are
illustrated in Figure 9-39.
The overall result will be nearly constant S/N across the 15-
kHz audio baseband and a noise performance improvement of
about 12dB over no preemphasis. Phase modulation systems
do not require emphasis.
86
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis on FM
87
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis on FM
92
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