FEATURES:- A tornado is a swirling vortex or column of air with a hollow core.

The
circulating air often contains debris and dust and moves in a upward spiral at high speeds. The
bottom of the tornado column makes contacts with the ground, while the top of the tornado
can extend 5 or more miles into the sky.

INCIDENTS:- Most tornadoes are found in the Great Plains of the central United States.
Other places also includes Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. Even New
Zealand reports about 20 tornadoes each year. Two of the highest concentrations of tornadoes
outside the U.S are Argentina and Bangladesh.

SIZE:- Tornadoes come in three different sizes. The three sizes are:-
✓ Weak ✓ Violent
✓Strong
DURATION:- Tornadoes can last from several seconds to several minutes to more than an
hour. Most of the tornadoes last less than 10 minutes. The longest tornado recorded is the Tri-
State tornado that lasted for about 3.5 hours.

CAUSES:- Tornadoes form when warm, humid air collides with cold, dry air. The denser
cold air is pushed over the warm air, usually producing thunderstorms. The warm air rises
through the coldest air, causing an updraft. The updraft will begin to rotate if winds very
sharply in speed or direction.
EFFECTS:- Tornadoes effect the environment by destroying buildings and trees. Tornadoes
also kill animals, which effects the food chain and disrupts the whole environment. Tornadoes
destroy our farms, which means there will be food shortages around the surroundings area.

NAME:-
❖ Tri- State Tornado – May 18, 1925 United States
❖ Dixie Tornado Outbreak – April 24, 1908 Great Plains, Midwestern and United States
❖ Joplin Tornado – May 22, 2011 Joplin, Missouri and United States
FEATURES:- A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth,
that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber
below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic
plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater.
INCIDENTS:- It killed 100,000 people in the direct impact. But it led to tens of millions more
deaths later. In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted on Sumbawa, an island of
modern-day Indonesia. Historians regard it as the volcano eruption with the
deadliest known direct impact: roughly 100,000 people died in the immediate
aftermath.
SIZE:- Volcanoes are divided into four sizes on the basis of there height.:-
o Cinder Cone (up to 375 m) o Shield (up to 8500 m)
o Composite (up to 2300 m) o Lava Dome (up to 110 m)
DURATION:- A volcano can last from weeks to months. There have been 98 confirmed
eruptions with start dates in 1750 or later that have lasted at least 60 months
(5 years or more)

CAUSES:- A pressure change that occurs within the volcano forces the magma to overflow the chamber.
The common causes of volcanic eruptions are :
❑ A movement of tectonic plates which is the most common reason for a volcano eruption.
❑Another kind is when the plates move away from each other allowing magma to rise and fill
the gap.
❑Finally, a decrease in external pressure can trigger an eruption.
EFFECTS:- Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious disease, respiratory illness,
burns, injuries from falls, and vehicle accidents related to the slippery, hazy conditions
caused by ash. When warnings are heeded, the chances of adverse health effects from
a volcanic eruption are very low.
NAME:-
• Apoyo (Nicaragua) Caldera, 600 m / 1969 ft
• Berlin (West Antarctica, ) Shield volcanoes, 3478 m / 11,411 ft
• Whaleback (California, United States) Shield, 2605 m / 8547 ft
FEATURES:- Wildfire, also called forest, bush or vegetation fire, can be described as any uncontrolled
and non-prescribed combustion or burning of plants in a natural setting such as
a forest, grassland, brush land or tundra, which consumes the natural fuels and spreads
based on environmental conditions (e.g., wind, topography).

INCIDENTS:- The Great Fire of 1910, also occasionally referred to as the "Big Burn,"
is believed to be the largest single fire in recorded U.S. history. It
burned more than 3 million acres in Idaho, Montana and Washington

SIZE:- There are three basic sizes of forest fires:

• Crown fires (burn through the top layer of foliage on a tree.)
• Surface fires ( burn only surface litter and duff.)
• Ground fires (burn organic matter in the soil beneath.)
DURATION:- A volcano can last from weeks to months. The Chinchaga Fire started in
logging slash in British Columbia, Canada, on 1 June 1950 that grew out
of control and ended five months later on 31 October

CAUSES:- 90% of all wildfires are caused by humans. Human acts of carelessness such as leaving campfires
unattended and negligent discarding of cigarette butts result in wildfire disasters every year.
Accidents, deliberate acts of arson, burning of debris, and fireworks are as well other substantial
causes of wildfires. Natural causes account for about 10% of all wildfires. Nevertheless, wildfires
occurring as a result of natural causes vary from one region to another depending on the vegetation,
weather, climate and topography. There are only two main natural causes which are lightning and
volcanic eruptions.

EFFECTS:- There are several effects of forest fire. Some of them are:-
✓ Loss of Ecosystems and Biodiversity ✓Soil Degradation
✓ Forest Degradation ✓ Economic Losses
✓ Air Pollution ✓ Destruction of Watersheds
▪ Amazon Forest Fire (2019)
NAME:- ▪ Bandipur forest fires (2019)
▪ Camp Fire (2018)
▪ Uttarakhand Forest Fire (2016)