MECHATRONICS-II

ASSIGNMENT - 1

SUBMITTED BY:

Sarthak Jain

(BFT/18/281)
 Mechatronics-II

Assignment I

Questions:

1. What is the need of control system? Why control system is important?

2. What is a control system? Explain by giving two example of control system?
3. What are the requirements of a good control system? Explain.
4. Write about proportional integral controller? Draw its block diagram.
5. What is PLC? Explain in brief.
6. Explain SCADA. Write about its various components.

Answers:

1. A combination of various elements connected as a unit to direct or regulate itself or any other
system in order to provide a specific output is known as a Control system.

The need of the Control systems is considered as one of the major aspects of our growing
technology. Every sector of the industry is linked with the control system in some or the other
way. They basically provide the desired responses or application when proper controlling is
provided to them. It is noteworthy here that the input and output of a control system must
have appropriate mathematical relationship between them. When there exists linear
proportionality between input and output of the system then it is known as a linear control
system, otherwise a non-linear system. Control system engineering ensures that there is a
strategic method to improving productivity and enhancing the best practices of your
company. It eliminates the redundant manual controls and reduce human errors that could
cost you a significant amount of money.
The most importance of a control system is having control system monitoring and continuous
improvement tools in place will allow your systems to be properly integrated. It can also
ensure there is communication across all subsystems to ensure complete reliability.

2. A control system is a system, which provides the desired response by controlling the output.
The following figure shows the simple block diagram of a control system.

Here, the control system is represented by a single block. Since, the output is controlled by
varying input, the control system got this name. We will vary this input with some mechanism.
In the next section on open loop and closed loop control systems, we will study in detail about
 the blocks inside the control system and how to vary this input in order to get the desired
response.
Examples of a Control System –

Adjusting flame of a gas stove burner.

➢ Sensors: Your Eyes.

➢ Actuator: Your Hands + Regulator
➢ Controller: Your brain, working as an PID Controller.

The thermostat heater is an example of closed loop control system. The thermostat senses the
temperature of the system and maintains the temperature.

Thermostat heater
Input Temperature
Plant Heater
Controller Thermostat
Output Temperature

3. Requirements of a good control system –

• Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the
limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating
conditions. Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase the
accuracy of any control system error detector should be present in the control
system.
• Sensitivity: The parameters of a control system are always changing with the change
in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance, or any other parameters. This
change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be
insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
• A good control system senses quick changes in the output due to an environment,
parametric changes, internal and external disturbances. A good control system should
be sensitive to its input only and should not be sensitive to the surrounding
parameters.
• Noise: Noise is a unwanted signal and a good control system should be sensitive to
these type of disturbances and should be able to reduce the noise effect for better
performance.
 • Stability: The stable systems has bounded input and bounded output. It is an
important characteristic of the control system. For the bounded input signal, the
output must be bounded and if the input is zero then the output must be zero.
• Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of the control
system. To obtain a good frequency response, bandwidth of a system should be large.
• Speed: It is the time taken by the control system to achieve its stable output. A good
control system possesses high speed. The transient period for such a system is very
small.
• Oscillation: Oscillation means the fluctuations of output of system. These oscillations
will affect the stability. The increase in the number of fluctuations of a system will
decrease the stability of the system. For a good control system oscillation in the
output should be small and constant and must follow Barkhausein's Criteria.

4. PID controller is universally accepted and most commonly used controller in industrial
application because PID controller is simple, provide good stability and rapid response. PID
stands for proportional, integral, derivative. In each application, coefficient of these three
actions are varied to get optimal response and control. Controller input is error signal and
output is given to the plant/process. Output signal of controller is generated, in such a way
that, output of plant is try to achieve desired value.
PID controller is a Close loop system which has feedback control system and it compares the
Process variable (feedback variable) with set Point and generates an error signal and
according to that it adjusts the output of system. This process continues until this error gets
to Zero or process variable value becomes equal to set point.

PID controller is universally accepted and most commonly used controller in industrial
application because PID controller is simple, provide good stability and rapid response. PID
stands for proportional, integral, derivative. In each application, coefficient of these three
actions are varied to get optimal response and control. Controller input is error signal and
output is given to the plant/process. Output signal of controller is generated, in such a way
that, output of plant is try to achieve desired valuePID controller is a Close loop system
which has feedback control system and it compares the Process variable (feedback variable)
with set Point and generates an error signal and according to that it adjusts the output of
system. This process continues until this error gets to Zero or process variable value
becomes equal to set point.

5. A Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, is a ruggedized computer used for industrial

automation. These controllers can automate a specific process, machine function, or even an
entire production line.
 The PLC receives information from connected sensors or input devices, processes the data,
and triggers outputs based on pre-programmed parameters.
Depending on the inputs and outputs, a PLC can monitor and record run-time data such as
machine productivity or operating temperature, automatically start and stop processes,
generate alarms if a machine malfunctions, and more. Programmable Logic Controllers are a
flexible and robust control solution, adaptable to almost any application.

6. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware
elements that allows industrial organizations to: Control industrial processes locally or at
remote locations. Monitor, gather, and process real-time data, Directly interact with devices
such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through human-machine interface (HMI)
software and Record events into a log file. SCADA systems are crucial for industrial
organizations since they help to maintain efficiency, process data for smarter decisions, and
communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime.

SCADA consists of five main components, outlined below:

Field instrumentation
Field instrumentation refers to the array of monitors and transmitters on the factory floor that
SCADA applications use. These sensors detect changes in productivity or processes and send
them to the central hub. Field instrumentation comes in a variety of forms, such as proximity
sensors, temperature and pressure sensors, machine vision systems, energy monitors, and
more.

Field controllers (RTUs/PLCs)

RTUs and PLCs collect and compile data supplied by field instrumentation, preparing it for
display and analysis by the human–machine interface. RTUs rely on microprocessors to
convert data collected from sensors into usable data for the central hub. PLCs operate more
locally, allowing users to interface directly with sensors and make changes without affecting
the entire SCADA system.

Human–machine interface (HMI)

HMI devices are master units that allow humans to supervise the SCADA data acquisition
process. Serving as the system’s central processor, the HMI also allows users to regulate and
modify the system as needed. Operators also use HMIs to interact with the gathered data
through graphical user interfaces, usually computer monitors, and compile reports for later
use.

Network connectivity (field buses, protocols, etc.)

The SCADA system relies on maintaining integrated network connectivity throughout its
operation. Facilities can achieve this using both wired lines and wireless options, connecting
conversion units to the master unit through either landlines or the internet. Most facilities
have specialized networks on which they run their SCADA operations, securing their system
from benign interference from other applications as well as unlawful intrusion. Edge gateway
products can even provide secure access to authorized users or devices from a remote
location.

Database or historian (cloud or on-premise)

After analysing and processing the data gathered by your SCADA system, you need physically
and digitally secure places to store it. Historian software collects time-stamped data within
the HMI, helping you arrange it into an optimal format before storing it in a database. Most
systems also use structured query language (SQL) or web-based applications to integrate
manufacturing execution systems (MESs) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems,
making it easier to convert data between different parts of your network.