HUMANITY, Versi online:

Volume 6, Nomor 2, Maret 2011: 81-89 http://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/humanity/article/view/1390

EMPOWERING RURAL WOMEN’S ROLE MODEL IN

TOURISM IN BATU CITY
Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2

Staf Pengajar Jurusan IESP, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Alamat Korespondensi: Perum.Muara Sarana Indah A/03 Jetis-Dau
Email: dewa_dul@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Needs of rural women to increase their participation in the field of tourism development vary
based on characteristics of the potential for village and community. The opportunities available for
rural women to improve their participation in quite diverse areas of tourism development, among
others, opened the services of accommodation (accommodation) in the form of homestay villages
tourist destination, packaging of agricultural products into packages by-by a typical, cultivate
ornamental plants to be made by- by tourism, agriculture presents the results as typical food products,
food kiosks and others.
Development of tourism sector in the town of Batu are expected to absorb the labor force so
that it can reduce unemployment. Sectors that can absorb labor is generally located in the industrial
sector, handicrafts, restaurants and hospitality services. The type of work is not only dominated by
men but also women. Based on employment data Batu, showed that almost all of their employment
status is dominated by men, in other words the male is always more than women, except for unpaid
work status. For unpaid work status male workers for 2425 people, while women as much as 4586
people.

Keywords: women workers, tourists, tourism

INTRODUCTION the women working in the public sector is very limited.

The contribution of women in developing tourism
in a region is not small, but the limited attention to the
sector to make contributions of women in the tourism
industry is not so apparent. The tourism sector is
developed in the Stone Town is the tourism culture
and nuances of naturebased tourism that is a model of
national cultural and natural feel of the mountains. This
model can be developed tourism as well and if it can
potentially involve all layers of society as a supporter
of the Rock City area tourism sector development. In
empowering the community, should not be forgotten
empowerment of women. Women’s empowerment in
the tourism sector is something quite interesting,
because the tourism sector in the public sector in the
conventional menupakan working area men and
women working areas in the domestic sector (Anom.,
2000).
Along with the development of tourism in the
town of Stone, will be many employment opportunities
that can arise dimanfaakan by women. This is because
Limitations of business in the public sector due to lack
tersediaannya jobs in the tourism business involving
rural women. Role limitations caused by women,
among others, education, skills and knowledge they
are still very limited. These limitations lead to their
lack of the opportunity to participate in the field of
tourism development.
Needs of rural women to increase their
participation in the field of tourism development vary
based on characteristics of the potential for village
and community. Some of these needs include education
and training and counseling and guidance in the
development of attractions / attractions such as local
arts performances, providing homestay, knowledge and
skills in the tourism business such as production of
souvenirs, catering, provision of telecommunications /
telephone, health, and development of other tourism
businesses.
Opportunities available to rural women in
enhancing their participation in a diverse field of
tourism development, among others, opened the

Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2, Empowering Rural Women’s Role Model In Tourism In Batu City 81

Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2
services of accommodation (accommodation) in the
form of homestay villages tourist destination, package
of agricultural products into the package by-the
distinctive, cultivated ornamental plants to be made
by- by tourism, agriculture presents the results as
typical food products, opened a food stall, making
souvenirs, souvenir kiosk, providing tour guiding
services, to form the performing arts groups involving
women, opening a catering service, and others. This
research was conducted in two phases, first phase
(first year) menkaji about mapping the city of Rock
and the economic potential of women workers
identivikasi potential. In the second model of
empowerment for women in the development of
tourism sector in the city of stone. In the first year of
this research focuses on efforts to find out:
1. Economic Potential of Stone Town in
supporting the tourism sector.
2. Working conditions of women / housewives
in the town of Batu
3. Women’s business development strategy to
support the tourism sector in the town of Batu
4. Model of female empowerment (women) Batu
in developing tourism sector.
5. Identification of women’s business potential
in each district in the town of Batu.
Literature Review
Some research has focused his discussion on the
problem of the role of women. Sylvia Chant in Sinclair
(1997:135) mentions that the role of women in the
field of tourism in a country different from the role of
women in other countries. In their study provides an
example that Chant bahwa “... While in Mexican
tourist resorts women are commonly employed as hotel
chambermaids and laundry workers, in the Philippines,
it is usually men who prevail in these positions. For
example, a report by Lee (1981) indicates that in
Manila hotels most room cleaners and laundry Workers
are male, with one of the functions of room boys being
to procure hospitality girls for guests. Indeed, the
informal ‘sexual service’ sector attached to hotels is
heavily reliant on male intermediaries and would
arguably function less effectively with female brokers.
Another possible reason is taht offered by Ron
O’Grady (1983: 11) who notes that foreigners visiting
the Philippines are so accustomed to viewing local
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women as sexual objects that they often behave
improperly to those who service their rooms and for
this reason management have to substitue male for
female workers” From these quotations can be seen
that the position of women in the field of tourism in
several countries including the Philippines is relatively
low. In addition, the position of women also get a bad
image. Women who work in hotels, for example, is
often associated with sexual services, or services so
that women seemed to have no self esteem. In relation
to the involvement of women in the field of international
tourism, the study also concluded that“ ... international
tourism is not radically different from other economic
sectors such as industry or agribusiness, in that it
comprises distinctively feminized segments which are
usually towards the lower end of the hierarchy in terms
of status and earnings” (Sinclair, 1997:161). From the
position and role of women in the field of tourism has
he also mentioned some advantages that can be
obtained by women in the future of its involvement in
tourism development, among other things: 1) in some
contexts there is a chance for women to develop
tourism and highly profitable business; 2) the existence
opportunity to interact with other nations, especially
women from other countries so that they can increase
their knowledge about the role of women in various
contexts. In addition, it can increase women’s access
to Jobs and income that would make them more
reflective face various situations; 3) tourism has
created an opportunity to gain easier access in
obtaining high-paying jobs in the formal sector and
this has helped increase the visibility of women in
national economies and cause the growth of public
recognition the role of women.
Tourism Development.
Empowerment of Rural Women in the Field of
Tourism Various studies have been conducted on the
empowerment of women. Similarly, research on the
development of tourism has also been used by various
experts. However, research that combines both these
fields, primarily related to efforts to empower rural
women in the field of tourism development, is still very
limited. In fact, these two fields have a symbiotic
relationship (Symbiotic Relationship) is strong. Tourism
development requires the participation and contribution
of women, so women can enjoy the fruits of tourism
development.
HUMANITY,
Volume 6, Nomor 2, Maret 2011: 81-89
In Indonesia especially, research that aims to
produce a model of empowerment of rural women in
the field of tourism development, has not been done.
While development of tourism in Indonesia has
received considerable attention from the government
and targeted for “… replaced other major sectors of
foreign exchange earnings such as gas and timber
(Wiwoho & Said,1996).
Menurut Klidas (2001: 18) “empowerment is
seen as pursuing the narrow end of individual/group
autonomy; … It is defined as enhancing individual or
group development to its full potential”. Empowerment
is associated with efforts to raise the presence of
someone or a group of people from a weak position to
be able to develop themselves optimally.
While the empowerment of women has more to
do with improving the quality of their involvement and
participation in field work occupied (Saparinah Sadli,
1995). According to Jamieson (1993: 97) women’s
empowerment in the tourism sector more emphasis
on: 1) organizing and managing the process which
involves efforts to change attitudes after so many long-
established male dominance in many areas of work;
2) inventory process is related to efforts to provide
opportunities to women to develop their capabilities
so they can participate in the field of community
development, and 3) delivery process that includes
efforts to provide the opportunity for women to
participate and contribute in the field of tourism
development associated with accommodation,
restaurants, travel bureaus, and development of various
cultural products of art and tradition as a tourist
attraction. However, the empowerment efforts made
by Jamieson (1993: 97) has not been focused on rural
women. Although according to statistical data in recent
years the participation of women in various fields of
work to show improvement, but improvement is still
limited in terms of number or quantity, has not touched
its quality (Saparinah Sadli, 1995; Hariyati Soebadio,
1995). In fact, the empowerment of women is not only
a matter of quantity but rather on its quality.
Portrait of Informal
Women Workers Informal workers are those
who work in the informal sector, which according to
the interpretation of the Law No.13 year 2003
concerning employment are those who “work outside
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working relationship ‘, which means no labor
agreement governing the elements of work, wages
and commands. According to the General terms
Manpower Ministry, in the informal sector as a whole
is meant to commercial businesses and noncommercial
that is not listed (or economic activity), which have no
formal organizational structure, and are generally
characterized by: family owned, small-scale activities,
labor intensive , using technology already in adaptation,
and the reliance on local resources In the informal
sector can also mean as the unit of small-scale
businesses that produce goods and services, and
generally included in the class who have not received
services from government, or get help from the
government that makes the business grow. Meanwhile,
according to BPS, informal activity is attempted or
work alone on your own risk, try your own risk with
the help of non-permanent workers, and work that is
not in the pay-as those who assist a person derives
income or profits, but did not receive wages well the
form of both goods. Picture of female informal
workers according Sakernas (February 2007), are as
follows:
- Working Age Population (aged 15 years and
over), the estimate of 162.3 million, with 50%
of them (81.15 million) was wanita.Sebesar
56% (45.4 million) from the working-age
women, only primary education or below,
sebanyak17, 7 million (21.8%) junior high
school education, 14.0 million (17.2%) high
school education and only 3.8 million (4.7%),
educated college / graduate.
- Not all of the working age population, came
as the labor force. Of the 162.3 million
working-age population, amounting to 108.1
million is the labor force, while 54.2 million
are still in school, as housewives, retirees, and
others.
- Of the 108.1 million workforce, only 97.5
million (90.2%) who work are another 10.5
million (4.7 million of them women), still
menganggur.Menurut BPS (2007), the
unemployment rate open in Indonesia in
February 2007 reached 9.75%, declined in
all states in August 2006 compared to
(10.28%), and so on the condition of february
in 2006 (10.40%).
83

Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Gender Analysis
One method that can be used to analyze the
existence of gender gaps in various areas of life
known as gender analysis. Gender analysis is the
process of analyzing data and information
systematically about men and women to identify and
disclose the position, function, roles and responsibilities
of men and women as well as influencing factors.
(UNFPA, Ministry of PP and BKKBN, 2003). The
gender analysis conducted as an initial step in the
framework of the preparation of policies and programs
are gender responsive activities. Gender analysis
begins with data and facts as well as information about
gender, ie disaggregated data between men and
women both quantitatively and qualitatively. With the
expected gender analysis gender gap can be identified
and analyzed so that it can be found precisely the
problem-solving steps. Gender analysis is very
important, especially for decision makers and planners
in every sector, due to the expected gender analysis
of gender issues can be resolved or narrowed so that
gender-oriented programs that can be realized. Sara
H Longwe develop gender analysis technique known
as “Framework Pemampuan Female.” Method of Sara
H. Longwe basing on the importance of development
for women, how to deal with gender issues such as
constraints empowerment of women in an effort to
meet the specific needs of women and achieving
gender equality. Empowerment of women involves
three things: (1) capacity building means building the
capacity of women, (2) cultural change is cultural
change in favor to women, (3) structural adjustment
is a structural adjustment pro-women. Empowerment
efforts aimed at achieving well-being of society
through gender equality.
Criteria of analysis used in this method consists
of five (five) criteria, namely: (1) welfare, (2) access,
(3) awareness, (4) participation, (5) control.
Dimensions of welfare can be measured simply by
the fulfillment of basic needs such as food, health,
housing, etc., the extent enjoyed by women and men.
Dimension access and control of resources refers to
the extent to which boys and women the opportunity
and be able to take decisions on production resources,
the extent to which men and women have access to
and control over resources like land, labor, credit,
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information and skills. There is inequality between
women and men in resource productivity resulted in
women and men differently. Dimensions of critical
awareness or consciousness is emphasized on the
need to attempt a critical awareness that the gender
gap occurred because of cultural and social factors
can be changed in character. The gap occurs because
of the assumption that socio-economic position of
women is lower than men. Awareness means the
growth of a critical attitude. Dimensional
representation is not participation shown by the lower
classes in the institutions of which impressed the elite.
Empowerment efforts geared towards the organization
of women so involved in the decision making process
and their interests are represented. Dimensional control
view of gender disparity in the allocation of power
between women and men, in every field. Who
mastered the tools of work, labor, capital formation,
and others. Empowerment is aimed at a balanced
allocation of power between women and men.
Potential Spatial Batu
Potential spatial or region in this study, first
approached with a typology based on geography and
topography of each region in Batu. With this approach,
the complexity of the phenomena can be described
subsequently every stone in the city’s diverse regions
with different variations of the complex. This means
that the inventory potential Batu region can not simply
be separated from other accompanying phenomena.
Thus, menginvetarisasikan potential in a region can
not stand alone secarsa exclusive of the whole area
in Batu. Potential areas in this study is limited
understanding as that which is closely related to the
physical shape and even act as a support for the
continuation of economic activities in Batu. In this
context the potential of the region is identical with the
tools and infrastructure that menujang economic
activity.
Display data and information on every area of
economic facilities in Batu meant to understand in detail
the condition of economic facilities in each village.
Thus, the focus of the display data and maps in this
study is on kedetilan and accuracy of data. This
becomes important because the data and information
presented will be more positive role as a database
each year can be updated (improved) in accordance
with the development and needs of the
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Figure 1. Map Based Commodity in Stone Town Each District

Employment Absorption who study showed a relatively balanced between male

population and female population. However for
Stone Town residents who entered the age of housekeeping activities are mostly done by women,
15 years and over or entering the working age, divided namely 38 748 women, while men only 2133 men who
into several activities, namely: work, school, household take care of the household. Here’s the comparison of
chores, and others. Based on population census results population based activities.
showed that the majority (48.12%) are working. The
following details the main activities of the Stone City
residents over the last week. Meanwhile, residents
who attended the Stone City and housekeeping each
of 17:02% and 27.80. For the activities of the people

Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2, Empowering Rural Women’s Role Model In Tourism In Batu City 85

Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2
Figure 2. Population 15 Years and Over By Main Activity
Population 15 years and over Batu most work
on the services sector. Services sector in 2007 was
able to absorb at 20 727 men and 54 376 women, in
total this sector can absorb 51.07%. Here are the
details of employment of each sector in Batu. The
second sector to absorb the most workers in the town
of Batu are the agriculture sector. The agricultural
Figure.3. Population 15 Years and Over Who Worked by Industry and Sex
Based on the employment picture above shows
that there are three economic sectors that can be relied
upon by the City of Stone in terms of absorbing the
labor force, ie service sector, agriculture, and
commerce. Of the three sectors, which absorb the
most male workers are the agricultural sector that is
equal to 24 539 people, while the service sector and
their respective trade only amounted to 20 727 people
and 11 604 people. While the sector to absorb the
most female workers are service sector that is equal
to 54 376 people, while the sectors of agriculture and
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sector in the same year amounted to 24.539 people
are able to absorb men and 10.007 women, in total
this sector can absorb 23:49%. While other sectors
are also able to absorb enough labor was trade. Trade
sector in Batu able to absorb at 11.604 men and 7.265
women, in total this sector can absorb 12.83%.
trade for each only able to absorb for 10 007 people
and 7265 people.
Working hours is one indicator to see the level
of labor productivity. Judging from his working hours,
most of the existing workforce in Batu worked as many
as 45 to 49 hours a week. When we refer to the
employment criteria, showed that most of the existing
workforce in Batu has included full employment
(rather than half are unemployed). The following
description of working conditions Batu tenga based
on the number of hours they work.
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Figure 4. Workers’ Men and Women by Number of Working Hours

Based on work status showed that the majority status of workers with as many as 23:47%, while
of 29% existed as workers / employees / employee. agricultural workers free of 17:58%. Here are the
While the second and the third is the status of workers conditions of workers in Batu based job status.
trying to free himself and agriculture. Self employed
Table 1. Population 15 Years and Over Who Worked by Employment Status

Nu. Employment Status Male Women ™ %

1 Freelance 13,812 5,730 19,542 23.47

2 Self-help Trying 8,669 1,092 9,761 11.72

3 Trying to keep workers 2,040 325 2,365 2.84

4 Workers / employees / 16,525 8,224 24,749 29.72

employee

5 Free Agriculture Workers 10,132 4,510 14,642 17.58

6 Free Non Agricultural 4,837 358 5,195 6.24

Workers

7 Unpaid workers 2,425 4,586 7,011 8.42

Batu City 58,440 24,825 83,265 100

Source: Statistics Batu

Self-status workers are predominantly male is
counted 13 812 people, while women were 5730
people. This condition also occurred in workers’ status
as workers / employees / employee. Workers /
employees / employee man who is in Stone Town for
16 525 people, while perempunyanya only amounted
to 8224 people. The following description of the status
of jobs by sex. Based on the picture above shows that
almost all of the status of jobs dominated by men, in
other words the male is always more than women,
except for unpaid employment status. For unpaid work
status male workers for 2425 people, while women
as much as 4586 people.

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Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2
Thresholded Batu Tourism Sector
Stone is an area that is generally surrounded by
hills and rice cultivation, this condition is a potential in
developing the potential of natural wissata very
promising, other than the famous Stone of the
cultivation of vegetables and fruits are also expected
to be a tourist town that is able to siphon revenue
(PAD) especially from the tourism sector. Efforts to
develop the tourism sector has started to take the Stone
town development facilities, ranging from the
transportation aspect to the development of tourism
areas both natural attractions, culture and education.
Not all areas in Batu district that has aikon tourism,
this is because the development of tourist centers
adapted to the geographical and cultural conditions of
society. For the majority of conditions Junrejo sub
regional area that borders the district of Malang, there
is potential in agriculture, animal husbandry. While the
potential for cultural tourism and education are at Batu
subdistrict, and natural attractions are generally located
in the district Bumiaji.
Development of tourism sector in the town of
Batu are expected to absorb the labor force so that it
can reduce unemployment. Sectors that can absorb
labor is generally located in the industrial sector,
handicrafts, restaurants and hospitality services. The
type of work is not only dominated by men but also
women.
Based on the results Wiratha (1998) in two
different village tourism development in the village of
Ubud, Gianyar district of Ubud, Bali provincial districts,
found that in the industrial sector, women workers are
concentrated (30.3%) on the business type with a
wooden craft activities do not require special skills,
male workers is only 18.4%. Marginalization of female
workers experienced a shift in the form of women to
the kinds of activities that are judged not require special
skills.
Worker Participation Rate of Women in Tourism
sector.
Urban development is likely driven by industrial
activity, trade and services resulted in the migration
of labor from rural to kota.migrasi labor tends to be
done by men to seek better economic livelihood in the
cities, and generally settled conditions of female
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workers only region of origin because it has a dual
role other than as workers as well as housewives.
Participation of women workers in economic activity
is not a new phenomenon in Indonesia. Many women
from the “lower class” has long been familiar with
employment. TPAK women workers is one of the
indicators of the status of women. The higher TPAK
tourism sector, especially women workers will be
higher the status of women. However kodisi TPAK
increase of women workers in the town of Batu are
not followed by an increase in job opportunities for
them.
This condition is indicated by two factors, the
first is still a lot of women workers was included in
the category of unpaid family workers (not rewarded).
Second, more than half of women workers who work
are concentrated in low-paying jobs. Based on work
status, women workers more involved in the kinds of
activities that include the informal sector (21.9%) were
significantly higher than male workers (14.1%). This
means, the more the status of women workers as
workers who do not receive wages. Based on job title,
experienced the marginalization of women workers
as a process feminisaasi or segregation. This can be
seen from the concentration of women workers into
the office workers as if already terfeminisasi.
In the area that has developed its tourism, women
workers (82.0%) with job title as a waiter / worker /
porters while the man with the same title only 74.6%.
This desebabkan by type of business that comes with
tourism activities such as food stalls, restaurants, shops,
souvenirs shops, flower stalls, which are generally
more easily accessible by women workers.
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Dwi Eko Waluyo1 & Uci Yuliati2, Empowering Rural Women’s Role Model In Tourism In Batu City 89