Economic History of Europe (1100-1600 AD)

Stagnation

Economic stagnation is a long period with little economic growth. Actual annual

economic growth of less than 2% is considered stagnant and is exacerbated by high

unemployment and forced underemployment.

Middle Ages

 Agronomy

Preliminary within the initial utopia, enhancements in technique and mechanics began to

burgeon. Lamaseries unfold throughout Europe and have become vital centers for the gathering

of information associated with agronomy and biology. By 900 AD in Europe, evolution in iron

amalgamation granted for hyperbolic production, resulting in developments within the

production of farm tools like mow and furrow, hand tools and horseshoes. The plough was

considerably ameliorated, developing into the plough, accomplished of turning over the serious,

wet soils of Northern Europe. This crystal rectifier to the clearing of forests in this house and a

significant increase in agricultural production, that in turn crystal rectifier to an increase in

population. Farmers in Europe affected by a pair of field crop rotation to {three} field crop

rotation inside that one field of three was left fallow every year. This resulted in hyperbolic

productivity and nutrition as a result of the modification in rotations crystal rectifier to fully

totally different crops being planted, in addition as legumes, like peas, lentils and

beans. Inventions like improved horse harnesses and crossbar conjointly changed ways in which

of cultivation.
Chimney stacks were initially developed by the Romans, however, were improved throughout

the middle ages, at the aspect of windmills, and were given the flexibility needed to grind grains

into flour, cut wood and methodology flax and wool, and irrigate fields. Field crops swallowed

wheat, rye, barley and oats; they were used for bread and animal fodder. Peas, beans, and vetches

became common from the thirteenth century onward as food and as a fodder crop for animals; it

in addition had nitrogen-fixation fertilizing properties. Recent studies have shown that the

technology of medieval agriculture was forever snug for the wants of the parents below ancient

circumstances, that it fully was entirely throughout exceptionally harsh times, just like the

terrible weather of 1315–17, that the wants of the population could not be met.

 Droughts and Epidemic

There were episodes of famines, and to boot of deadly epidemics. Soil exhaustion, overspill,

wars, diseases and natural process caused several famines in medieval Europe. Around 1300,

centuries of European prosperity and growth came to a halt. Famines just like the nice Famine of

1315–1317 slowly weakened the general public. Few people died of starvation as a

consequence of the weakest had already succumbed to a routine malady they otherwise would

have survived. A pestilence a bit like the black plague killed its victims in one neck of the woods

throughout a matter of days or maybe hours, reducing the population of some areas by zero.5 as

many survivors fled. Kishlansky reports: The black plague touched both sides of life, quick a

technique of social, economic, and cultural transformation already current Fields were

abandoned; workplaces stood idle, international trade was suspended. Ancient bonds of kinship,

village and even religion were broken and so the horrors of death, flight, and unsuccessful

expectations. The Surrounding condition caused labour to become scarcer; the survivors were

higher paid and peasants would possibly drop the diversity of the burdens of structure. There was
to boot social unrest; France and land practiced serious peasant risings: the Jacquerie, the

Peasants' Revolt. These events square measure remarked because the Catastrophe of the Late

Middle Ages.

 Technology

A major technological advance had been available in long-distance navigation, from the Eighth

Century to the twelfth century. Northman raids and additionally the Crusader invasions of the

centre East diode to the dispersing of and rarefaction of technology instrumental to overseas

travel. Of us created enhancements in ships, notably the dreadnought. The sextant, for

navigation, greatly assisted long-distance travel over the seas. The enhancements in travel in turn

accumulated commerce and additionally the diffusion of customer things.

 Artistry and Urbanization

From the eleventh century to the thirteenth century, farmers and small-scale producers of crafts

more and more met in cities to trade their product. They met in either seasonal trade fairs or

listed on an associate degree associate current basis. Craft associations named as guilds fostered

the event of skills and additionally the native growth of exchange specific product. Over the

course of the centuries of this era, cities grew in size and vary, initial throughout a core within

the European nation, Flanders, France, European country and northern European nation.

Gyrating, fabricating, stitching and cutting were thought-about women's work until the mid-12th

century once men began usurping some positions with extra delicate industrial structures and

technologies. Inside the large cities of Northern France, centres of medieval textile production,

the shift to male-dominated production started even earlier, inside the eleventh century, once the

vertical loom was replaced by the horizontal treadle loom. Significantly the guilds of furriers,

couturier, dyers and tapestry makers were dominated by men. The financial set-up of this era was
the businessperson economic system. The core of this technique was in businessperson homes,

backed by financiers acting as intermediaries between straightforward product producers. This

technique continued until it fully was supplanted by the commercial economic system inside the

eighteenth century. Economic activity over a broad geographic vary began to intensify in every

Northern and Southern Europe inside the thirteenth Century. Trade flourished in the European

nation considerably by the thirteenth Century. Leading the exchange of Mediterranean Europe

were traders from the port cities of town and metropolis. The wealth generated in European

nation burning the Renaissance.

 Hanseatic League

The League was a business alliance of commerce cities and their guilds that dominated trade on

the coast of the zone and flourished from 1200 to 1500 and continuing with lesser importance at

that point. The chief cities were Cologne on the Rhine, metropolis and Bremen on the North Sea,

and Lübeck on the Baltic. By the ordinal century, the confederacy controls a monorail on

adaptation to the Baltic, notably with urban centre and Scandinavia.

 France

The 13 decades from 1335 to 1450 procreated a series of economic catastrophes, with unhealthy

harvests, famines, plagues and wars that inundated four generations of Frenchmen. The

population had expanded; making the food offers loads of precarious. The French and English

armies throughout the Hundred Years War marched back and forth across the land; they did not

massacre civilians, however, they drained the food provide, discontinued agriculture and trade,

and left unhealthiness and famine in their wake. Royal authority weakened, as native nobles

became strongmen fighting their closest for the management of the native region. France's
population plunged from seventeen million, right right down to twelve million in hundred thirty

years. Finally, starting at intervals in the 1450s, the lengthy cycle of palliating began.

Early Contemporary Europe: 1500-1800

From the 1600s, the centres of commerce and manufactures shifted definitively from the

Mediterranean to the centres of shipping and organization on the western Atlantic coastal fringe:

economic activity went into a relative decline in seventeenth-century European nation and

Turkey — but to the advantage of the European country, Spain, France, the Dutch Republic and

England/Britain. In Nip Europe, Russia had suppressed the Tatar traffic, enlarged commerce in

luxury furs from a region and emulated the Scandinavian and German states at intervals the

Baltic. Colonial merchandise like sugar and tobacco from America came to play employment at

intervals in the ECU economy. Meanwhile, changes in cash observe, the second agricultural

revolution within the UK and technological innovations in France, realm and England has not

exclusively promoted economic changes and enlargement in them but put together fostered the

beginnings of the business insurrection.