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Expt-4 - Lab Manual - TE Lab
Expt-4 - Lab Manual - TE Lab
Introduction:
Propagation models traditionally focus on the prediction of signal strength at the receiver, and
distance (d) between transmitter and receiver plays the most critical role on the received signal
strength. Figure 1.1 illustrates a typical point-to-point mobile wireless communication system.
A very common thing that could come in mind is what would be the distance d that can provide
good received signal quality, and the relevant factors that influence largely to increase d the
longest possible so as to increase cell coverage and consequently cost from investment. The
simplistic answer is to increase transmit power. However, increasing transmit power causes
additional interference such as intra-cell interference, inter-cell interference.
In this experiment, we focus on changes in the system parameters (other than transmit power)
that result in increasing separation distance d, i.e. cell coverage. Figure 1.2 illustrates these
parameters in the system. We will primarily carry out the impact of carrier frequency f (MHz) and
distance d (km) on path loss. In addition, sensitivity analysis that provides critical parameters in
the system with most impact on d is incorporated for the system design and planning purpose.
We consider the very optimistic Free-space model and Two Ray model. This model is
conceptually and analytically described, followed by respective simulation performance
evaluation.
Figure 1. 2: Typical path loss variables (of physical medium) in mobile wireless
communication system [1].
System Model:
1. Generic model
A generic Radio Frequency (RF) transmission system is already shown in Figure 1.1. The
transmit power is given by Equation 1.1.
Pt = Pr − Gt + LT (1.1)
2. Free-space model
Free-space model is the simplest path loss model that takes only frequency (f) and distance
(d) into account. In free-space (no obstacles and atmospheric effects) propagation, the path loss is
given by
Hence, putting the value of LT-FS in Equation 1.1 and solving for d will provide with the maximum
distance between transmitter and receiver as follows.
dkm = antiLog10[(LT −FS − 32.45 − 20Log10( fMHz)) / 20]
The energy radiated from a transmitting antenna may reach the receiving antenna over several possible
propagation paths. For many wireless applications in the 50 to 2000 MHz range, two components of the
space wave are of primary concern:
i) energy received by means of the direct wave, which travels a direct path from the
transmitter to the receiver,
ii) a ground-reflected wave, which arrives at the receiver after being reflected from the
surface of the earth.
This is commonly referred to as the two-ray model. Other propagation paths such as sky and surface
waves are often neglected.
Free-space model
Carrier frequency, f (MHz) = 900 and 1800,
Transmit power Pt = 39 dBm,
Cable loss Lc = 4 dB (total),
Antenna gain Gt =28 dBi (total).
Simulation Algorithm:
Performance Evaluation:
Plot experimental graphs and evaluate performance with relevant and appropriate methods. The
following is an example line graph for path loss versus distance performance evaluation. Using
Figure 1.3: Path loss versus distance estimation
Using MATLAB simulator, evaluate other performances relevant to this experiment (see report
question-answer part).
Pre-Lab Homework:
1. Explain wireless propagation model and its significance.
2. Briefly discuss about the free space and two ray path loss models used in mobile
communication system.
Apparatus:
Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in complying
with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you might have made while conducting the
investigation and describe ways the study could have been improved.
Report Questions:
1. Plot the path losses as a function of distance for all considered models. Draw a conclusion on
which model you should consider, based on the results, using comparative analysis method
2. Plot the received signal power Pr as a function of distance (similar to Question 01).
Assume transmit power Pt = 39 dBm, total antenna gain Gt = 28 dBi (14 dBi for each
antenna: Tx and Rx), total cable loss Lc = 4 dB (2 dB at each side; Tx and Rx). Hint: use
Equation 1.1.
3. How much dB (link budget or received signal strength) should there be increased so as to
increase the distance by double, covered by a cell. Carry out estimations for free space
model. Assume all parameters remain unchanged.
4. Write a summary on what you have learned, observed, things went wrong (if in your
experiment, you have not had the predicted result), and how you can overcome the similar
problem in future.
Reference(s):
[1] W. Debus, “RF Path Loss & Transmission Distance Calculations”, Technical Memorandum, Axonn LLC,
August 4, 2006.
[2] K. M. Ahmed, “Cellular Mobile Systems” Lecture notes: AT77.07, Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand, January 2010.
[3] R. K. Saha, “A Report On Path Loss Models Used In Mobile Communications and a
Comparative Analysis of these Models for Urban Case using Suitable Parameters” Report on AT77.07:
Cellular Mobile Systems, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, January 2010.
Appendix:
• randint (1, x, [p q]): Generate one dimensional matrix of uniformly distributed random integers
between p and q with a maximum of x number.
• for i=1:0.5:10
end : this command continues a loop for a maximum of 10 with an increment of 0.5 starting from 1.
• plot(x,y): plots vector y versus vector x.
• disp(‘x’): display x on the command window.
• Legend(x1, x2, ...): puts a legend on the current plot using the specified strings as labels (x1, x2).
legend works on line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, etc.
array(x): define any value of an one dimensional matrix array [x] with a variable x defines the position of
the element in the matrix.
array[x]: defines an one dimensional matrix.
If you do not know any command or the functionality of a command, simply write help space that
command in the command window. Example: help disp
Note that MATLAB has a few built-in M-files, which will guide you during your simulation once
called upon them in the command window.
It is a good way to write the program in separate M-file and save that file as .m since writing
directly on the command window may get you lost the written program, if you either forget to save
or clear the command window.
Code:
%++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++
% Wireless Communications Laboratory
%++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++
% CMCL 01: Wireless propagation models and path loss estimation
%
% Part I: Define Variables
for d_km=1:dis_inc:dis_max
%==================================================================
======================
% Model : Free-space path loss model
%==================================================================
====================