Advanced Communications System

MATLAB Portfolio

Introduction
In the week 5 and 6 computer labs we investigated the simulation and modelling
of the large scale and small scale fading effects.
The large scale fading is due to the attenuation of the signal as it propagation
over large distances and diffracts around large objects within the propagation
environment. Small scale fading on the other hand is due to the constructive and
destructive interference of multipath signals.
This portfolio requires the further investigation into these effects building on
what you have already seen in the labs, and then compiling them into the portfolio.

1 Large Scale Fading

Large scale fading can be modelled as a combination of the path loss and log
Normal shadowing. The path loss LdB in dB as a function of distance d is calculated
by
 
d
LdB = L0,dB + 10n log10 + Xσ , (1)
d0
where L0,dB is the path loss in dB obtained at the reference distance of d0 away
from the transmitter, n the path loss exponent and Xσ the shadowing component.
The shadowing component is Normally distributed when the path loss is spec-
ified in dB, and has zero mean with a standard deviation of σ also specified in
dB.
Begin by downloading all of the Matlab files supplied with the portfolio and
put them all into the same folder. You will be coding directly into the script with
the name portfolioLarge.m. Within this file, you will be required to change the
studentID variable to your own before completing the task.

1.1 Part A
Complete this section within the %%Part A label inside portfolioLarge.m.
1. Generate one simulated instance of the path loss with shadowing across the
distances of 100 m to 10 km. The simulation should show the path loss with
shadowing of 25 samples at equally spaced intervals between 100 m and 10
km. Assume that the path loss exponent is equal to 2.5, and that the power
loss at a distance 100 m away from the transmitter was reduced by a factor
of 107 . Assume also that the standard deviation of the shadowing was equal
to 6 dB.
2. Represent this simulation on a suitable scatter plot, and overlay the path
loss without shadowing onto the same figure for comparison.
 3. Provide a short written response explaining what was done to generate the
Xσ component.

1.2 Part B
Complete this section within the %%Part B label inside portfolioLarge.m. Upon
execution of portfolioLarge.m, some variables were loaded into the workspace,
these are,
• d0 This is the reference distance from the transmitter. The units are in
meters.
• L0 This is the reference path loss as measured at d0. The units are in dB.
• d This vector corresponds to the distances between transmitter and receiver
at which a measurement was taken. The units are in meters.
• LdBShadow This is matrix stores the data captured in a measurement cam-
paign. Each row of the matrix corresponds to a new measurement trial. The
units are in dB.
Your task is to
1. Present the data on a suitable scatter plot.
2. Calculate and document your procedure in calculating the average path loss
as a function of distance.
3. Plot the average path loss and overlay it on top of the original data.
4. Estimate the path loss exponent and document the method that was used
to calculate this value.
5. Calculate the expected path loss if the receiver is at a distance of 11 km
away from the transmitter.
6. Estimate the standard deviation of the shadowing component, and document
the procedure used.

2 Small Scale Fading

Complete this section of the portfolio inside the portfolioSmall.m file.
In Lab 3, we used the Jakes Channel Model to generate small scale Rayleigh
fading. This method is based on the summation of sinusoidal waveforms arriving
isotropically at a receiver. The flat Rayleigh fading process with M multipath
components is simulated as
h(nTs ) = hI (nTs ) + jhQ (nTs ) (2)
where the inphase and quadrature phase components are,
M    
1 X (2m − 1)π + θ
hI (nTs ) = √ cos 2πfD cos nTs + αm (3)
M m=1 4M
M    
1 X (2m − 1)π + θ
hQ (nTs ) = √ sin 2πfD cos nTs + βm (4)
M m=1 4M

2
and fD is the maximum Doppler spread, Ts is the sampling period, n is the sample
index, and θ, αm and βm are random variables uniformly distributed over the
interval [0, 2π).
The envelope of h(nTs ) will be Rayleigh distributed when a suitably large
number of multiple paths, M , causes hI (nTs ) and hQ (nTs ) to converge to the
Normal distribution as per the central limit theorem.

2.1 Part A
The coding component of this section needs to be compiled into the %% Part A
section of the file portfolioSmall.m.

1. Use the method outlined in Lab 3 to generate a single instance of Rayleigh

fading that has 20000 data samples. Assume that the time interval between
each successive sample is to be 100 µs. Also assume the following

• The mobile is moving at a speed of 43.2 km/hr

• the carrier frequency is 2 GHz
• there are 9 multipath components.

Plot the result of the simulation.

2.2 Part B
The coding component of this section needs to be compiled into the %% Part B
section of the file portfolioSmall.m.
The Jake’s method of generating Rayleigh fading very reliably generates fading
channels that have very low cross correlation. This means that the fading generated
in one instance has very low statistical dependence with another instance. The
correlation coefficient is a number between -1 and 1 that quantifies this similarity,
where a value of 1 means perfect correlation, the value of -1 means perfect anti-
correlation and 0 means no correlation.

1. Generate two separate instances of Rayleigh fading using the exact same
parameters as Part A and calculate their cross correlation. Demonstrate
that the correlation coefficient between these two instances is close to zero.
Plot the envelopes of both simulated channels within one figure.

2. In some instances of mobile channel analysis it is useful to generate channels

which have a certain degree of similarity. The paper “Generation of Two
Equal Power Correlated Rayleigh Fading Envelopes” published in the IEEE
Communications Letters by Richard Ertel in 1998 describes one method
of reliably generating Rayleigh fading envelopes with a specified level of
correlation. Read the paper, and use the method to generate a pair of
Rayleigh envelopes that have correlation coefficients of 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9.
Use the corrcoef function to verify the correlation coefficient values.

3. For each pair of correlated Rayleigh envelopes, plot their envelopes on top
of each other.