ekologi mangrove

kuliah - VI

- Biota Asosiasi
 Kompetensi khusus
Biota asosiasi
pada mangrove

komponen terestrial
Mhsw dapat
menjelaskan kembali
Komponen Biota laut

Bentuk asosiasi
 definisi

• A mangrove community :
– is more than just an assemblage of trees
physiologically adapted to living in brackish water.
– Living in, on, or around the mangrove trees is a
heterogeneous community of organisms,
definisi – which depend on them for attachment, shelter, or
nutrients.
plant
– may suffer or benefit from their presence
terrestrial – may be permanent residents, or may occupy the
mangal temporarily, either seasonally or for part of their
marine life cycles
 definisi

• numbers of bacteria and fungi are involved in

decomposition of detritus

• Mangrove-associated animals or plants are of either

terrestrial or marine origin
definisi
plant

terrestrial

marine
 biota

• BIOTA ASOSIASI PADA MANGROVE

– Bacteria
– Fungi dan fungus-like protests
– Microalgae
– Macroalgae
definisi – Seagrasses
– Saltmarsh and other flora
plant

terrestrial

marine
 biota

• FAUNA ASOSIASI PADA MANGROVE

– Zooplankton
– Sponges dan Ascidians
– Epibenthos, infauna, dan meiofauna
– Prawns, shrimp dan crustaceans lain
definisi – Crabs
– Insects
plant – Mollusks
– Fish
terrestrial – Amphibians dan Reptiles
– Birds
marine – Mammals
 Mangrove-associated plants

• Mangrove trees provide a firm substrate on which

other plants can grow

• Climbers :
– Caesalpina and Derris (Leguminosae), lianes,
definisi rattan palm (Calamus erinaceus), the orchid
Vanda, and climbing ferns.
plant – They are unable to tolerate high salt levels, and
– therefore do not penetrate deeply into the
terrestrial
mangrove habitat.
marine • parasitic mistletoes (Loranthaceae)
 Animals from the land

• Insect (insect herbivory, termites, ants,

mosquitoes)
definisi

plant
• Spiders

terrestrial • Vertebrates (amphibian, reptiles, birds,

mammals)
marine
 Insect

• insects include herbivores,

– feeding on leaves, flowers, seeds, or mangrove
propagules;
• detritivores, eating dead wood or decaying
definisi leaves;
plant • more general foragers; and
• predators.
terrestrial
• Some insects play crucial roles as
marine pollinators
 Insect

• Insect herbivory
– Menyebabkan kerusakan pohon
definisi
mangrove

plant – Besar kerusakan bervariasi

terrestrial • Bentuk dan struktur daun

marine
• Bahan kimia dalam daun
 Kerusakan oleh insekta

definisi

plant

terrestrial
marine
 Propagules attack

definisi

plant

terrestrial
marine
 Vertebrates

• Vertebrates
• amphibian,
• Rana cancrivora
• reptiles,
• king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)
definisi
• sea snakes (Hydrophidae)
plant • estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
• birds,
terrestrial • mammals

marine
 Vertebrates

definisi

plant

terrestrial
marine
 Birds

• Insect

definisi

plant

terrestrial
marine
 Birds

definisi

plant

terrestrial
marine
 mammals

• macaques (Macaca sp.)

• langurs or leaf monkeys
(Presbytis spp.) and
definisi
• the striking Proboscis monkey
plant
(Nasalis larvatus)
terrestrial
marine
 mammals

definisi

plant

terrestrial
marine
 Algae

• Habitat : Apart from the hard substrate offered by

mangrove pneumatophores, aerial roots, and trunks,
the mangrove soil
• Mostly unicellular diatoms
– Photosynthetic blue-green Cyanobacteria
definisi
• Macroalgae are rarer on the mud surface, as most
species require a firm surface on which to attach.
plant
– There may, however, be permanent patches of
unattached red algae (Rhodophyta) such as Gracilaria
terrestrial and Hormosira.

marine
 Fauna of mangrove roots

• Barnacles (Balanus spp.) are among the most

conspicuous fouling organisms on the aerial roots of
Rhizophora and the pneumatophores of Avicennia
• Balanus coverage increased dramatically,
definisi – > 80%, blocking lenticels and reducing gas exchange
and respiration:
plant – Root production < 52%.
• The key predators in this case were the snails Thais
terrestrial kiosquiformis and Morula lugubris, and the hermit
crab Clibanarius panamensis.
marine
 Fauna of mangrove roots

• The dominant organisms :

– are those which filter-feed close to the surface,
such as barnacles,
– ascidians, bryozoa, tube-building polychaete
definisi worms, and bivalve molluscs.
– There are a number of predators, such as thaidid
plant
molluscs, and some more general foragers,
including species of crab.
terrestrial

marine
 Invertebrates

• Crustaceans
– Crabs
– Mollusc (snail, bivalves)
definisi
– Meiofauna
plant

terrestrial

marine
 grabsids

definisi

plant

terrestrial

marine
 ocypodids

definisi

plant

terrestrial

marine
 molluscs

definisi

plant

terrestrial

marine
 meiofauna

definisi

plant

terrestrial

marine
 fish

definisi

plant

terrestrial

marine