Corydoras

Corydoras is a genus of freshwater catfish in the family

Callichthyidae and subfamily Corydoradinae. The species usually Corydoras
have more restricted areas of endemism than other callichthyids, but Temporal range: 58.5–0 Ma
the area of distribution of the entire genus almost equals the area of
PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K PgN
distribution of the family, except for Panama where Corydoras is
Late Paleocene - Recent
not present.[1] Corydoras species are distributed in South America
where found east of the Andes to the Atlantic coast, from Trinidad
to the Río de la Plata drainage in northern Argentina.[2] Species
assigned to Corydoras display a broad diversity of body shapes and
coloration.[3] Corydoras are small fish, ranging from 2.5 to 12 cm
(1.0 to 4.7 in) in SL.,[2] and are protected from predators by their
body armor and by their sharp, typically venomous spines.[4]

Corydoras melanotaenia
Contents
Taxonomy
Ecology
In the aquarium
Species
See also
References Corydoras sterbai

Scientific classification
Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
The name Corydoras is derived from the Greek kory (helmet) and
doras (skin).[5] Corydoras is by far the largest genus of Neotropical Class: Actinopterygii
fishes with more than 160 species.[5] It is the sole genus in the tribe Order: Siluriformes
Corydoradini.[6] C. difluviatilis is recognized as the basalmost
species of Corydoradini, exhibiting several plesiomorphic features Family: Callichthyidae
compared to the other species of Corydoras.[6][3] The type species Tribe: Corydoradini
for this genus is Corydoras geoffroy.[5] Several hundred species are
Hoedeman, 1952
not yet classified, but kept by aquarists. These species are given 'C-
numbers', originally devised by Hans-Georg Evers for the German Genus: Corydoras
fishkeeping magazine DATZ in 1993. In 2006, 153 C-numbers had Lacépède, 1803
been assigned, of which 32 had been assigned appropriate scientific
names.[7] Type species
Corydoras geoffroy
The species C. barbatus, C. macropterus and C. prionotos have
Lacépède, 1803
been reclassified into the genus Scleromystax.[6] Brochis had been
differentiated from Corydoras due to the higher number of dorsal Synonyms
fin rays; however, Brochis has recently been suggested to be a Brochis Cope, 1871
synonym of Corydoras.[6] This is contested and has not been
Chaenothorax Cope, 1878
universally accepted. The sixray corydoras belongs in Aspidoras.[8]
Cordorinus Rafinesque, 1815
Ecology Gastrodermus Cope, 1878
Hoplisoma Swainson, 1838
Corydoras are generally found in smaller-sized streams, along the
margins of larger rivers, in marshes, and in ponds.[2] They are Microcorydoras Myers, 1953
native to slow-moving and almost still (but seldom stagnant) streams Osteogaster Cope, 1894
and small rivers of South America, where the water is shallow and
very murky. Most species are bottom-dwellers, foraging in sand,
gravel or detritus.[2] The banks and sides of the streams are covered with a dense growth of plants and this is
where the corys are found. They inhabit a wide variety of water types but tend toward soft, neutral to slightly
acidic or slightly alkaline pH and 5-10 degrees of hardness. They can tolerate only a small amount of salt
(some species tolerate none at all) and do not inhabit environments with tidal influences. They are often seen in
shoals.[2] Most species prefer being in groups and many species are found in schools or aggregations of
hundreds or even thousands of individuals, usually of a single species, but occasionally with other species
mixed in. Unlike most catfishes, which are nocturnal, these species are active during the daytime.[2]

Their main food is bottom-dwelling insects and insect larvae and various worms, as well as some vegetable
matter. Although no corys are piscivorous, they will eat flesh from dead fishes. Their feeding method is to
search the bottom with their sensory barbels and suck up food items with their mouth, often burying their snout
up to their eyes.

In several species of Corydoras, it has been observed that the fishes, after initial evasive reaction to threat, lie
still; this is suggested to be a form of cryptic behavior. However, it is also argued that most species do not have
cryptic coloration nor freezing behavior and continue to exist,[2] likely due to their armor and venom. A few
species of Otocinclus: (O. affinis, O. flexilis, O. mimulus and O. xakriaba) are considered to be Batesian
mimics of certain Corydoras species (C. diphyes, C. garbei, C. nattereri and C. paleatus, respectively). These
species have bony plates of armor and strong, frequently venomous [9] spines as defenses, making them less
palatable; by mimicking these species in size and coloration, Otocinclus avoid predation.[2]

A unique form of insemination has been described in Corydoras aeneus. When these fish reproduce, the male
will present his abdomen to the female. The female will attach her mouth to the male's genital opening,
creating the well-known "T-position" many Corydoras exhibit during courtship. The female will then drink
the sperm. The sperm rapidly moves through her intestines and is discharged together with her eggs into a
pouch formed by her pelvic fins. The female can then swim away and deposit the pouch somewhere else
alone. Because the T-position is exhibited in other species than just C. aeneus, it is likely that this behavior is
common in the genus.[10]

In the aquarium
The genus is well known among aquarists for its many ornamental species.[11] They are well suited to tropical
freshwater community aquariums, as they get along well with other species and are not aggressive. Corydoras
are quite timid and are recommended to be kept in shoals of six or more. Corys are mostly bottom feeders, so
they should be offered sinking pellets as well as supplements of live and frozen foods. If flake foods are used,
care should be taken to prevent all food from being eaten by faster moving fish at the higher levels of the tank.

Most corys prefer soft, acidic water. They can, however, tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including
temperatures that are cooler than tropical. They do not do well in fish tanks with high nitrate levels. This ion
leads to the infection of the barbels, which will shorten and become useless. The barbels may also be affected
by constant contact with a sharp substrate. Contrary to popular belief, these fish can be kept in a tank with
gravel, as long as there are no sharp edges on the gravel without affecting their barbels, although they do
prefer sand substrate. They are more likely to thrive if there is an open area of substrate on the bottom of the
tank where they can obtain submerged food. It is a myth that salt cannot be used on this species of fish as a
means of parasite medication. Salt can be added to the water of the Corydoras catfish in order to rid the fish of
ich. These fish are fairly easy to keep, being peaceful, hardy, active and entertaining. Occasionally they will
dart to the surface, sticking their snout above the water for an instant to take a "breath" of air. This behavior is
perfectly normal and is not an indication that anything is wrong with the fish. However, if this is done in
excess, it can indicate poor water conditions.

Where investigated Corydoras sp. have been shown to be diurnal and crepuscular rather than nocturnal and
activity can even peak at twilight.[12] Corydoras are very good choices for a community aquarium and are
widely kept throughout the world. Their longevity in the aquarium is noteworthy; C. aeneus is said to have
lived 27 years in captivity and 20 years is not too uncommon.

Species
There are currently 161 recognized species in this genus:

Corydoras acrensis Nijssen, 1972 (Acre Corydoras lacrimostigmata Tencatt, M. R.

corydoras)
Corydoras acutus Cope, 1872 (Black-top
corydoras)
Corydoras adolfoi W. E. Burgess, 1982 (Adolfo's
catfish)
Corydoras aeneus (T. N. Gill, 1858) (Bronze
corydoras)
Corydoras agassizii Steindachner, 1876
Corydoras albolineatus Knaack, 2004
Corydoras amandajanea Sands, 1995
Corydoras amapaensis Nijssen, 1972 (Amapa
corydoras)
Corydoras ambiacus Cope, 1872 (Spotted
corydoras)
Corydoras amphibelus Cope, 1872
Corydoras apiaka Espíndola, M. R. S. Soares, L.
R. Rosa & M. R. Britto, 2014 [13]
Corydoras approuaguensis Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1983
Corydoras araguaiaensis Sands, 1990 [14]
Corydoras arcuatus Elwin, 1938 (Skunk
corydoras)
Corydoras areio Knaack, 2000
Corydoras armatus (Günther, 1868)
Corydoras atropersonatus S. H. Weitzman &
Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras aurofrenatus C. H. Eigenmann & C.
H. Kennedy, 1903
Britto & Pavanelli, 2014 [23]
Corydoras lamberti Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
Corydoras latus N. E. Pearson, 1924
Corydoras leopardus G. S. Myers, 1933
Corydoras leucomelas C. H. Eigenmann & W.
R. Allen, 1942
Corydoras longipinnis Knaack, 2007
Corydoras loretoensis Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1986
Corydoras loxozonus Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1983
Corydoras lymnades Tencatt, Vera-Alcaraz,
M. R. Britto & Pavanelli, 2013 [24]
Corydoras maculifer Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1971
(Dotted corydoras)
Corydoras mamore Knaack, 2002
Corydoras melanistius Regan, 1912 (Blue-
spotted corydoras)
Corydoras melanotaenia Regan, 1912
Corydoras melini Lönnberg & Rendahl (de),
1930 (Bandit corydoras)
Corydoras metae C. H. Eigenmann, 1914
(Masked corydoras)
Corydoras micracanthus Regan, 1912
Corydoras microcephalus Regan, 1912
Corydoras multimaculatus Steindachner,
1907
Corydoras multiradiatus (Orcés-V. (es), 1960)
[14]
Corydoras axelrodi Rössel, 1962 (Pink
corydoras)
Corydoras baderi Geisler, 1969
Corydoras bicolor Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
Corydoras bifasciatus Nijssen, 1972 (Two-
stripe corydoras)
Corydoras bilineatus Knaack, 2002
Corydoras blochi Nijssen, 1971 (Spot-back
corydoras)
Corydoras boehlkei Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1982
Corydoras boesemani Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
Corydoras bondi Gosline, 1940 (Black-stripe
corydoras)
Corydoras breei Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1992
Corydoras brevirostris Fraser-Brunner, 1947
Corydoras britskii (Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983)
(Britski's catfish)
Corydoras brittoi Tencatt & Ohara, 2016 [15]
Corydoras burgessi H. R. Axelrod, 1987
Corydoras carlae Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
Corydoras caudimaculatus Rössel, 1961 (Tail-
spot corydoras)
Corydoras cervinus Rössel, 1962
Corydoras cochui G. S. Myers & S. H. Weitzman,
1954 (Barred-tail corydoras)
Corydoras concolor S. H. Weitzman, 1961
Corydoras condiscipulus Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1980
Corydoras copei Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
Corydoras coppenamensis Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras coriatae W. E. Burgess, 1997
Corydoras cortesi D. M. Castro, 1987 [16]
Corydoras costai Ottoni, Barbosa & Katz, 2016
[17]
Corydoras crimmeni S. Grant, 1997
Corydoras cruziensis Knaack, 2002
Corydoras crypticus Sands, 1995
Corydoras davidsandsi B. K. Black, 1987
(Sands's corydoras)
Corydoras delphax Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
Corydoras difluviatilis M. R. Britto & R. M. C.
Castro, 2002
Corydoras diphyes Axenrot & S. O. Kullander,
2003
Corydoras duplicareus Sands, 1995 (Duplicate
corydoras)
Corydoras ehrhardti Steindachner, 1910
Corydoras nanus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
(Little corydoras)
Corydoras napoensis Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1986
Corydoras narcissus Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1980
Corydoras nattereri Steindachner, 1876 (Blue
corydoras)
Corydoras negro Knaack, 2004
Corydoras nijsseni Sands, 1989 (Nijssen's
corydoras)
Corydoras noelkempffi Knaack, 2004
Corydoras oiapoquensis Nijssen, 1972
Corydoras ornatus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976
Corydoras orphnopterus S. H. Weitzman &
Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras ortegai M. R. Britto, F. C. T. Lima &
M. H. Hidalgo, 2007
Corydoras osteocarus J. E. Böhlke, 1951
Corydoras ourastigma Nijssen, 1972
Corydoras oxyrhynchus Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1967
Corydoras paleatus (L. Jenyns, 1842)
(Peppered corydoras) [18]
Corydoras panda Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1971
Corydoras pantanalensis Knaack, 2001
Corydoras paragua Knaack, 2004
Corydoras parallelus W. E. Burgess, 1993
Corydoras pastazensis S. H. Weitzman, 1963
(Pastaza corydoras)
Corydoras paucerna Knaack, 2004
Corydoras pavanelliae Tencatt & Ohara, 2016
[15]
Corydoras petracinii Calviño & F. Alonso, 2010
Corydoras pinheiroi Dinkelmeyer, 1995
Corydoras polystictus Regan, 1912
Corydoras potaroensis G. S. Myers, 1927
Corydoras pulcher Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1973
(Pretty corydoras)
Corydoras punctatus (Bloch, 1794) (Spot-fin
corydoras)
Corydoras pygmaeus Knaack, 1966 (Pygmy
corydoras)
Corydoras rabauti La Monte, 1941 (Rusty
corydoras)
Corydoras reticulatus Fraser-Brunner, 1938
(Reticulated corydoras)
Corydoras elegans Steindachner, 1876
(Elegant corydoras)
Corydoras ellisae Gosline, 1940
Corydoras ephippifer Nijssen, 1972 (Saddle
corydoras)
Corydoras eques Steindachner, 1876
Corydoras esperanzae D. M. Castro, 1987
Corydoras evelynae Rössel, 1963
Corydoras eversi Tencatt & M. R. Britto, 2016 [14]
Corydoras filamentosus Nijssen & Isbrücker,
1983
Corydoras flaveolus R. Ihering (pt), 1911
Corydoras fowleri J. E. Böhlke, 1950
Corydoras froehlichi Tencatt, M. R. Britto &
Pavanelli, 2016 [18]
Corydoras garbei R. Ihering, 1911
Corydoras geoffroy Lacépède, 1803
Corydoras geryi Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
Corydoras gladysae Calviño & F. Alonso, 2010
Corydoras gomezi D. M. Castro, 1986
Corydoras gossei Nijssen, 1972 (Pale-spotted
corydoras)
Corydoras gracilis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976
Corydoras griseus Holly, 1940 (Grey
corydoras)
Corydoras gryphus Tencatt, M. R. Britto &
Pavanelli, 2014 [19]
Corydoras guapore Knaack, 1961 [20]
Corydoras guianensis Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras habrosus S. H. Weitzman, 1960
Corydoras haraldschultzi Knaack, 1962
(Mosaic corydoras)
Corydoras hastatus C. H. Eigenmann & R. S.
Eigenmann, 1888 (Dwarf corydoras)
Corydoras hephaestus Ohara, Tencatt & M. R.
Britto, 2016 [21]
Corydoras heteromorphus Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras imitator Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
Corydoras incolicana W. E. Burgess, 1993
Corydoras isbrueckeri Knaack, 2004
Corydoras julii Steindachner, 1906 (Leopard
corydoras)
Corydoras kanei S. Grant, 1998
Corydoras knaacki Tencatt & Evers, 2016 [22]
Corydoras lacerdai Hieronimus, 1995
Corydoras reynoldsi G. S. Myers & S. H.
Weitzman, 1960
Corydoras robineae W. E. Burgess, 1983
(Banner-tail corydoras)
Corydoras robustus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1980
Corydoras sanchesi Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
Corydoras saramaccensis Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras sarareensis Dinkelmeyer, 1995
Corydoras schwartzi Rössel, 1963
(Schwartz's catfish)
Corydoras semiaquilus S. H. Weitzman, 1964
Corydoras septentrionalis Gosline, 1940
Corydoras serratus Sands, 1995
Corydoras seussi Dinkelmeyer, 1996
Corydoras similis Hieronimus, 1991
Corydoras simulatus S. H. Weitzman &
Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras sipaliwini Hoedeman, 1965
Corydoras sodalis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
Corydoras solox Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
Corydoras spectabilis Knaack, 1999
Corydoras spilurus Norman, 1926 (Pink-
throat corydoras)
Corydoras splendens (Castelnau, 1855)
(Emerald corydoras)
Corydoras steindachneri Isbrücker & Nijssen,
1973 (Paraná corydoras)
Corydoras stenocephalus C. H. Eigenmann &
W. R. Allen, 1942
Corydoras sterbai Knaack, 1962 (Sterba's
corydoras)
Corydoras surinamensis Nijssen, 1970
Corydoras sychri S. H. Weitzman, 1960
(Sychr's catfish)
Corydoras treitlii Steindachner, 1906 (Long-
snout corydoras)
Corydoras trilineatus Cope, 1872 (Three-
stripe corydoras)
Corydoras tukano M. R. Britto & F. C. T. Lima,
2003
Corydoras undulatus Regan, 1912
Corydoras urucu M. R. Britto, Wosiacki &
Montag, 2009
Corydoras virginiae W. E. Burgess, 1993
(Miguelito corydoras)
Corydoras vittatus Nijssen, 1971
Corydoras weitzmani Nijssen, 1971 (Two-
saddle corydoras)
 Corydoras xinguensis Nijssen, 1972 (Xingu
corydoras)
Corydoras zawadzkii Tencatt & Ohara, 2016
[16]

Corydoras zygatus C. H. Eigenmann & W. R.

Allen, 1942 (Black-band catfish)

See also
List of Corydoras species
List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References
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Project.
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Otocinclus mimulus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), two new species of catfishes from Paraguay, a
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23. Tencatt L.F.C., Britto M.R., Pavanelli C.S. (2014). "A new species of Corydoras Lacépède, 1803
(Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil" (http://www.scielo.br/pdf/
ni/v12n1/1679-6225-ni-12-01-00089.pdf) (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (1): 89–96.
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