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Wings of hope
species have developed different migration strategies, small species—170–220 grams in weight and with an
undertaking journeys of varying lengths and duration. 84–86 centimetre wingspan; to large species, 810–1,335
Most species travel in many short periods of migratory grams in weight and with a 128–142 centimetre wing
flight interspersed with short periods of refuelling (this span. Some members feed on only a few types of prey, so
strategy is called “hop”). Others may do longdistance they are considered specialists, while others can use a
flights interspersed with resting and fuelling periods wide range of resources, thus being considered general
(“skip”). Finally, in the most extreme cases, some shore ists. Furthermore, they are transequatorial migrants
birds may travel in one very long migratory flight that travel large distances across several oceanographic
(“jump”). Following the latter strategy, some of the spe systems.
cies that inhabit the Indian shores and estuaries make Seabirds are equally at home on land, in the air and
very long nonstop endurance flights—about 8,000 kilo on water, changing from one surface to the other, often
metres in six days in the case of red knots and more than daily. Such flexibility requires unique morphological and
10,000 kilometres in seven days in the case of godwits. To physiological adaptations to an environment that has
accomplish these longdistance migratory flights, shore also exerted selective force on their behaviour, ecology
birds rely on energy and metabolic water that is mainly and demography. Their bills, feet and body shapes show
stored subcutaneously in the form of lipids but also as innumerable adaptations to various lifestyles, allowing
proteins in flight muscles. seabirds to swim and dive using webbed feet or even their
Just before starting the trip, migratory shorebirds wings to propel themselves in the water.
deposit huge amounts of triglycerides and at the same Although all seabirds use their bills to capture and
time hypertrophy their flight muscles without any notice handle food, they exhibit adaptations for different types
able increase in exercise. In this way, they are capable of of feeding. An emblematic example is that of skimmers,
doubling their mass before migration, for which they which are represented in our coasts by the Indian skim
spend considerable time foraging while increasing their mer. They have a specialised bill in which the lower
consumption rate in a period of hyperphagia. mandible is compressed laterally and is longer than the
Seabirds are defined as those birds living in and upper mandible. This provides a greater surface area
making their living from the marine environment, which that, along with their flight mechanics, allows skimmers
includes coastal areas, estuaries, wetlands and oceanic to catch fish by efficiently skimming the water surface
islands. Within Charadriiformes, seabirds are grouped in with their lower mandible as they search for prey with
the suborder Lari that comprises about 127 species. In tactile cues. Adaptations for feeding in marine environ
Indian coasts, this group is typically represented by gulls ments are not just restricted to bills. By feeding in the sea,
and terns. From a morphological perspective, Lari con these birds also must deal with high physiological loads L I T T L E T E R N (Sternula albifrons).which, as its name suggests, is a small bird, 21–25 centimetres long with a
stitutes a heterogeneous group. These birds range from of salt. To accomplish this, they rely on salt glands (i.e. 41–47-centimetre wingspan.
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C A S P I A N T E R N (Hydroprogne caspia), famed for its longdistance migratory flying.
G R E Y P L O V E R (Pluvialis squatarola). G R E A T K N O T (Calidris tenuirostris).
B A R - T A I L E D G O D W I T (Limosa lapponica), which travels aging. During the nonbreeding season, social foraging is forms of dipping. For terns, plungediving, divingto exhibit adaptations that are absent in opportunist spe
more than 10,000 kilometres in seven days. widespread, and it usually involves several species. For surface, dipping and hawking (to catch insects) are well cies, such as the ability to detect and attack hosts, carry
aging can occur during the day or night, and presumably documented feeding techniques. Although most seabirds food concealed in the proventriculus, sustain prolonged
organs for excreting excess salts) that are found in shal these different foraging habits have evolved in response catch live prey, scavenging is a feeding method employed aerial chases, and adapt their breeding cycle to match
low depressions around the orbit above the eye, which to the behaviour of their prey. The seabird’s diet consists by a small proportion of seabirds, especially gulls and that of their host.
help them to cope with a diet overloaded with salt. In mainly of fish, crustaceans, and/or molluscs. However, skuas. Many scavenging species have increased dramat The last few centuries have been marked by a rapid
addition, like shorebirds, seabirds can cope with fatten some species have incorporated anthropogenic items in ically in number, and this has often been attributed to the loss of biodiversity, habitat loss and degradation being
ing periods as a physiological adaptation to migration. their trophic spectrum. To obtain food, different foraging feeding opportunities presented over many decades by one of the primarily identified causes. This biodiversity
Seabirds are at the higher trophic levels of the marine strategies, generally linked to morphological and/or fishery waste. crisis not only involves extinctions but also a decrease in
food web. When breeding, they must return to their nest physiological features, are used. The feeding method Kleptoparasitism (i.e., parasitic interaction in which the number of individuals in local populations, which can
after every fishing trip to carry food for their chicks, a adopted by gulls include picking up items from the one animal steals food from another) is another special result in changes in the composition of communities and
pattern referred to by ecologists as centralplace for ground, surface dipping, jumpplunging, and other technique for acquiring prey. Specialist kleptoparasites the function of ecosystems. Accordingly, both shorebird
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R U D D Y T U R N S T O N E (Arenaria interpres).
ated with bycatch (in a gillnet, trawl and other fisheries),
pollution (oil spills, chemical contaminants, plastic and
marine debris), noise (busy shipping lanes, seismic sur
veys, and sonar), and prey depletion caused by overfish
ing, energy production, and mining.
STRESS IN PARADISE
Indian coasts and estuaries have been subjected to novel
threats and increasing levels of pollution in the last few
decades. Global data indicate that although estuarine
and coastal systems provide vital habitats for many
plants and animals, as well as a wide variety of goods and
services for millions of people, they are some of the most
heavily used and threatened natural systems in the
A P A I R O F H E U G L I N S G U L L S (Larus heuglini). world.
The proximity of coasts and estuaries to urban areas,
and seabird species have been experiencing drastic popu industrial parks and ports has led to contamination by
lation declines. Decreasing population trends are caused coliforms, hydrocarbon derivatives, pesticides and heavy
by a variety of threats, with climate change being among metals, to mention some of the major threats. In recent
the most important on a global scale. The effects of this years, problems associated with the expansion of invasive
threat are particularly relevant to species inhabiting alien species have also become relevant. The legal protec
coastal habitats such as estuaries and those breeding in tion of the ecosystem, as well as the recognition of its
high latitudes, where climate change has already signific importance by international and local communities,
antly modified the ecosystem. Some of the most import shows signs of hope for Indian coasts and estuaries to
ant landbased threats include the presence of invasive remain a healthy ecosystem in the long term and thus to
alien species, problematic native species (e.g., those that continue supporting viable shorebird and seabird popu
have become superabundant), human disturbance, lations. 첸
changes in land use and land cover, habitat deterioration, Dr Vaithianathan Kannan is a wildlife biologist who
commercial and residential development, and hunting. works with the Sathyamangalam Tiger Conservation
Finally, on the sea, some of the main problems are associ Foundation Tamil Nadu Trust, Erode, Tamil Nadu.
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