(слайд 2) In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated according to three

criteria: semantic, formal and functional. This approach may be defined as

complex. The semantic criterion presupposes the grammatical meaning of the
whole class of words (general grammatical meaning). The formal criterion reveals
paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words,
their specific inflectional and derivational features. The functional criterion
concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability.

(слайд 3) Elements of Formal Semantics introduces some of the foundational concepts,

principles and techniques in formal semantics of natural language. It is intended for
mathematically-inclined readers who have some elementary background in set theory and
linguistics. However, no expertise in logic, math, or theoretical linguistics is presupposed. By
way of analyzing concrete English examples, the book brings central concepts and tools to
the forefront, drawing attention to the beauty and value of the mathematical principles
underlying linguistic meaning.

(слайд 4) The structural aspect of the sentence deals with the structural organization of the
sentence, it reveals the mechanisms of deriving sentences and structural types of
sentences.
According to their structure sentences are classified into simple (monopredicative
structures) and composite (polypredicative structures) which are further subdivided into
complex (based on subordination) and compound (based on coordination). Clauses within
the structure of a composite sentence may be connected with the help of formal markers
(conjunctions and connectives: relative pronouns and relative adverbs - syndetically) and
without any formal markers -asyndetically. Thus we should differentiate between two
structural varieties of composite sentences: syndetic and asyndetic types.
(слайд 5) Though the difference between the complex and compound sentences is based
on the two different types of semantic relations: subordination and coordination, the
borderline between complex and compound sentences is not always hard and fast.
Sentences may have formal markers of subordination but the semantic relations between
the clauses appear to be more coordinate than subordinate. Thus, the meaning of
subordination is largely weakened in attributive continuative clauses introduced by the
relative pronoun 'which', e.g. She said 'no' which was exactly what I had expected to hear.
The relations between the two clauses are closer to coordinate, as we can replace the
subordinate connective ''which' by the coordinate conjunction 'and' without changing
essentially the meaning of the sentence. Another example of weakened subordination is
observed in sentences introduced by the conjunction 'whereas'. E.g. She was very tall
whereas her husband hardly reached her shoulder. The meaning of this formally complex
sentence can be rendered by a compound sentence: She was very tall and her husband
hardly reached her shoulder.

(слайд 6) In linguistics, a sentence function refers to a speaker's purpose in uttering a

specific sentence, phrase, or clause. Whether a listener is present or not is sometimes
irrelevant. It answers the question: "Why has this been said?" The four basic sentence
functions in the world's languages include the declarative, interrogative, exclamative, and the
imperative. These correspond to a statement, question, exclamation, and command
respectively. Typically, a sentence goes from one function to the next through a combination
of changes in word order, intonation, the addition of certain auxiliaries or particles, or other
times by providing a special verbal form. The four main categories can be further specified
as being either communicative or informative.