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CHAPTER NAME : SOLUTIONS

MODULE NO :04/07(IDEAL &NON-IDEAL
SOLUTIONS)
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
CLASS : XII
SCHOOL : AECS,MYSORE
PREPARED BY : G BALA KRISHNAIAH
PGT(CHEMISTRY)

IDEAL AND NON–IDEAL

SOLUTIONS

1.Ideal solutions
2.Non-ideal solutions:
I. Positive Deviation
II. Negative deviation
3.Examples
4.Graphs
5.Questions/Home work

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Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s Law states that the partial vapour pressure
of a volatile component in a solution at a given
temperature is directly proportional to its mole
fraction in the solution.
P α χ
P = χ ∙P°

 Because the mole fraction is always less than 1,

the vapour pressure of the component in solution will
always be less than the vapour pressure of the pure
state.

 When both the solvent and the solute are volatile

i.e. can evaporate, both molecules will be found in
the
vapour phase.
 The total vapour pressure above the solution will be
the sum of the partial vapour pressures of the
solvent (A) and solute(B).
PT = PA + PB

Par tial pressure of A: PA = χ A PºA

Par tial pressure of B: PB = χ BPºB
PT = χ A PºA + χ BPºB

 Addition of a nonvolatile solute reduces the rate of vaporization,

decr easing the amount of vapour.
 The vapour pressure of a solvent above a solution is lower than the
vapour pressure of the pure solvent,because
 The solute par ticles replace some of the solvent molecules at the
sur face.
 The solvent r e-establishes a liquid vapour equilibrium with lesser
sur face area, ther efore, the vapour pr essure will be lower.

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Examples of Ideal Solution

The tendency of the molecules of A and B in the mix ture to change
fr om liquid phase to the vapour phase is almost equal to that in
pur e A and pure B.

Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol
Benzene M ethylbenzene

Bromomethane Iodomethane

Examples of Solutions having positive

deviation
The aver age intermolecular attraction between a molecule of A
and a molecule of B is w eaker than the average of that between
tw o A molecules in pure A and that between two B molecules in
pur e B.

Cyclohexane Ethanol

The intr oduction of cyclohexane inhibits the formation of some of the

hydr ogen bonds. This leads to +ve deviation (a v.p. greater
than that pr edicted by Raoult’s Law).

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Examples of Solutions having negative

deviation
The aver age intermolecular attraction between a molecule of A and a
molecule of B is str onger than the average of that between two A
molecules in pur e A and that between two B molecules in pure B.

Propanone Trichloromethane

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Hydr ogen bond cannot be formed in individual liquids but in a mixture

of tr ichloromethane and propanone. This leads to -ve deviation (a v.p.
low er than that predicted by the Raoult’s Law).

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Ideal Solutions Non-Ideal Solutions

+ve deviation from Ideal -ve deviation from Ideal
behaviour behaviour

The interactions between the
components are similar to those
in the pure components.
A -B interaction = A-A /B-B
interaction
There is no volume change on
mixing the components(V=0)
The interactions between The interactions between
the components are less the components are greater
than in the pure components than the pure components
A -B interaction >A-A /B-B
A -B interaction < A-A /B-
interaction
B interaction
Vmixing=+ve Vmixing=-ve

There is no enthalpy change on H mixing=-ve H mixing=-ve

mixing the components(H=0)
Each component obeys Raoult’s p 1x1p 1o and p 2x2p 2o p 1x1p 1o and p 2x2p 2o
law at all temperatures and
concentrations.
p 1=x1p 1o and p 2=x2p 2o
They do not form azeotropes Form minimum boiling Form maximum boiling
azeotropes azeotropes
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NCERT EXAMPLES OF IDEAL AND NON-

IDEAL SOLUTIONS
Ideal Solutions Non-Ideal Solutions

+ve deviation from Ideal behaviour -ve deviation from Ideal behaviour
(Mostly alcohols,CS2) (Mostly acids)
n-hexane and n-heptane, ethanol and acetone phenol and aniline.

bromoethane carbon disulphide and chloroform and acetone

and chloroethane, acetone,

benzene and toluene Ethanol and water Nitric acid and water

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IDEA L SOLUTION POSITIVE DEVIATION NEG ATIVE DEVIATION

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Minimum Boiling(point) Azeotropes and

Maximum Boiling(point) Azeotropes.

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Examples of Minimum Boiling(point)

Azeotropes and Maximum
Boiling(point) Azeotropes.
COMPONENTS COMPOSITION BOILING POINT(K)
1 2 BY WEIGHT % 1 2 Azeotrope
OF 2

SOLUTION SHOWING POSITIVE DEVIATION(Minimum boiling Azeotrope)

H 20 C 2H 5OH 95.37 373.00 351.30 351.15

SOLUTION SHOWING NEGATIVE DEVIATION(Maximum boiling Azeotrope)

H 20 HNO3 68.00 373.00 359.00 393.50

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Questions/Homework
Q1. Why chlorobenzene and bromobenzene for
idenal Solution?(Ans. Due to structural similarity)
Q2. Which type of azeotrope will form
bychloroform and acetone?

2.14 What is meant by positive and negative

deviations from Raoult's law and how is
the sign of mixH related to positive and negative
deviations from Raoult's law?

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THANK
YOU

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