Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ЭУМК Английский Язык. Профессиональная Лексика
ЭУМК Английский Язык. Профессиональная Лексика
LEAD IN
Exercise 1. Look at the picture and say what language do the people speak in
these countries?
Exercise 2. At these images you can see the most spoken languages in the
world.
Exercise 3. Make a list of 10 languages the most spoken in your opinion and
try to find number of speakers. What is the most spoken language in the
world and why?
Exercise 2. Read the text and see if your answers were right.
Exercise 3. Read the text and answer the question what does English mean in
your life?
English means much in my life. I think that it means much not only for me.
Many people in our country are interested in English. They learn and love it and
they think the saim way as I do.
Not long ago computers and internet have appeared. When a man works in
the internet he gets much information in English. When you want to set the definite
program you meet with many sets in English. If you don`t know English you can`t
understand the material.
English enters to our everyday life. On the doors of the shops in our small
town we can see the signs "Open" and "Closed".
When we buy TV-sets and telephones we can get instruction and names
written in English.
I think that English in our life means much. Certain people, who study
English hope to become English men, go abroad, get rich and
maybe see famous actors. Is that really wonderful?
Maybe with the help of English they can fulfill their dream.
To my mind studying English is very interesting and funny.
English means much for me.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Why do we need to learn English? Here are ten reasons. Discuss
them in pairs or small groups.
1. English is the most commonly spoken language in the world. One out of
five people can speak or at least understand English!
2. English is the language of science, of aviation, computers, diplomacy,
and tourism. Knowing English increases your chances of getting a good
job in a multinational company within your home country or of finding
work abroad.
3. English is the official language of 53 countries. That is a lot of people to
meet and speak to.
4. English is spoken as a first language by around 400 million people
around the world.
5. English is the language of the media industry. If you speak English, you
won’t need to rely on translations and subtitles anymore to enjoy your
favourite books, songs, films and TV shows.
6. English is also the language of the Internet. Many websites are written
in English – you will be able to understand them and to take part in forums
and discussions.
7. English is based on a simple alphabet and it is fairly quick and easy to
learn compared to other languages.
8. English is not only useful — it gives you a lot of satisfaction. Making
progress feels great. You will enjoy learning English, if you remember
that every hour you spend gets you closer to perfection.
9. Since English is spoken in so many different countries there are
thousands of schools around the world that offer programmes in English.
If you speak English, there’re lots of opportunities for you to find an
appropriate school and course to suit your academic needs.
10. Because it’s fun! By learning English, you will also learn about other
cultures. Few experiences will make you grow as a person more than
learning the values, habits and way of life in a culture that is different
from yours.
VOCABULARY
Before reading the text, look through the following words and expressions.
People began to speak many centuries ago, and since then they have been
speaking different languages. Every language reflects the soul, behavior and
temperament of each nationality. Peoples created their own alphabets and rules, but
they always wanted to communicate with each other, to understand and to know
more about each other.
Languages help people to understand each other better, they help them to
solve different economic and political problems, which stands before them, and so
people learn foreign languages.
All languages are different. Some are very hard, some are easier, some are
similar, but there are no identical languages in the whole world. There are more
than 2,700 languages in the world. Many of them are "alive" because people use
them, but there are some "dead" languages, for example Latin.
Two thousands years ago, Latin was the world's most important
international language. Today this title belongs to English. It's a global language of
travel, business, pop culture, sport and science.
Over one billion people speak English. That's almost one fifth of the world's
population. For over 450 million it's their first language. For the other 600 million
it's either a second language or a foreign language.
Today, in fact, over 300 million people are learning English. That's more
than the population of the USA.
Now English is spoken practically all over the world, it has become the
world's most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. It
is spoken as a mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Besides, a lot of people speak English in
Japan, India, China, Africa and many other countries. English is one of the official
languages of the United Nation Organisation. Half of the world's scientific
literature is in English. It is the language of computer technology.
Now I know that it is a must for XXI century professional no matter what
job to choose. The world is getting smaller and international connections tighter. A
lot of foreign delegations keep coming to our country, hundreds of joint ventures
have appeared in every city of our country recently. So without doubt you can't do
without learning this beautiful language.
WRITING
Exercise 1. Read the text again and continue the sentences in writing
according to the text.
1. Two thousands years ago, Latin was the world's most ____________ language.
2. All languages are different. Some are very _____, some are _______, some are
_______, but there are ________ languages in the whole world.
3. It's a ____________ language of travel, business, pop culture, sport and science.
4. English is one of the ___________ languages of the United Nation Organisation.
5. So without doubt you can't do without learning this _______________ language.
ACTIVITY
Read the text and discuss this question: Will Learning a Foreign Language
Help Your Career?
How many languages do you speak? Did you know that learning a foreign
language can help to boost your career? It’s true. When you dedicate the time and
effort to learning a second language you’ll be on the fast track to job search
success.
UNIT 1
1.1 ЛЕКСИКО - ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ И ОРФОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ
МАТЕРИАЛ
Интонация
Интонация, или мелодика речи — это понижение или повышение
тона в процессе речи. Каждый язык имеет свою собственную, только
присущую ему мелодику, что делает звучание языка особенным. В
английском языке есть две основные интонационные модели: нисходящая
(tune one) и восходящая (tune two). Нисходящий и восходящий тоны речи
обозначаются стрелочкой: если стрелочка стоит перед последним ударным
слогом направлена вниз, то интонация предложения нисходящая; если
стрелочка направлена вверх, то тон повышается:
I live in ↓ Tokyo.
Do you live in ↑ Tokyo?
Kate is ↓ twenty.
↓ Open the window.
Where did she ↓ go?
Do you speak ↑English?
May I ask you a ↑ question?
I have a ↑ mother, a ↑ father, a ↑ sister and a ↓ brother.
Ударение
Типы слогов
Чтение буквосочетаний
Part 1
We receive a lot of emails every day. It has become such a usual thing. It’s a
fact that people have stopped writing letters. It is going out of date. Just imagine
only a hundred years ago we looked forward to an envelope in our postbox. And it
came to us in many trains, it flew through air, over the mountains and seas, it
passed through the hands of many people. It is so simple to send emails today that
people never remember that it was once a very difficult and special task.
Part 2
In ancient times “letters” were brought by runners – men who could run fast
and far – and the “letters” they carried were not written, but were told to a receiver.
Postmen in those days had to have a good memory, and they had to be honest. This
was especially important: the “letter” often had important secrets in it, it had to
reach only ears of the receiver and without any change in it. Post runners were
met everywhere with respect and honour. Nobody was allowed to stop them or to
do anything against them. History has many stories about runners and descriptions
of what they did.
Part 3
Exercise 1:
От слов в квадратных скобках образуйте существительные и вставьте
их в предложение.
Many people who think they have a professional future in films go to Hollywood
only to find … instead of success. [disappoint]
They often have to give up the more enjoyable aspects of their chosen career to
play parts in … because these provide financial … – but they are not satisfying.
[advertise] [secure]
For many actors, even basic … can bedifficult. [survive]
Some do not earn enough to pay their rent or electricity bills, and the time and
money they invest in the … of a portfolio for interviews is often wasted. [prepare]
Of course there is a possible … why only 1% of … are really successful. [explain]
[act]
There are just too many people who believe that their next … will be the one that
makes them a star! [perform]
Exercise 2:
2. От данных слов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов
-ment, -ant, -ness, -ist.
appoint
move
mad
science
advertise
material
judge
kind
entertain
govern
type
develop
improve
Exercise 1:
Look at the words above and choose the BEST collocation below for each
word.
NOUNS ADVERBS ADJECTIVES
happy
Write 5 sentences using the words above and each part of speech at least once.
Example: I am happy when I am good at grammar.
1._______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2:
Underline the nouns in each of the following sentences:
1. Jason enjoyed the movie about France.
2. The musicians play marching songs.
3. Music lovers thrill to the sound of trumpets.
4. Boys and girls are often eager to listen.
5. The conductor moves his baton vigorously.
6. There is no death penalty for criminals in Puerto Rico.
7. The "Explorer," crammed with scientific instruments, was launched on
January 31, 1958.
8. New Mexico was admitted as a state in the twentieth century.
9. Chester Arthur was nominated for vice-president by the Republican Party in
1880.
10. Winston Churchill was the man whose courage led the nation from defeat to
victory.
Exercise 3:
Underline the pronouns in each of the following sentences:
1. You and John are the boys who will have to pay for the damage.
2. Mr. Gunsher gave us the record which was just played.
3. She cried loudly, and each of us heard her.
4. They felt flattered by our attention to them.
5. Everyone followed the directions the faculty members had given each of them.
6. She sent them to him as a birthday gift.
7. They collided near the school.
8. Solving the traffic problems taxes the imagination of those who have the
responsibility of it.
9. He says anyone who enjoys driving under today’s traffic conditions must be
crazy.
10. Some take up a hobby because it is fun.
Exercise 4:
Underline the adjectives in each of the following sentences.
1. The interior plateau of the Union of South Africa is called its veldt.
2. There are countless millions of gaseous bodies called stars.
3. Baseball, enjoyed by many cheering fans today, was played here and in merry
England before 1839.
4. Sir Walter Raleigh was a famous statesman and a bold explorer.
5. His many projects to settle America were unsuccessful.
6. He even made a long voyage to the Hot Lands below the Equator in search of
gold.
7. After the death of his beloved queen, he was arrested for being a disloyal citizen.
8. His adventurous career came to an abrupt end when he was executed for piracy
in 1618.
9. As college admission standards continue to rise, tension and anxiety build to a
ridiculous point in college-preparatory seniors.
10. Twenty-five students attended reading class during the first term.
Exercise 5:
Underline the verb (or verb phrase) in the following sentences.
1. A micron is a unit of length.
2. There are over a thousand millimeters in a yard.
3. Freva was the Saxon Goddess of Beauty.
4. Gold melts at 1,063 degrees Centigrade.
5. Egypt measures about one and one-half the size of Texas.
6. The George Washington Bridge is located between New York and New Jersey.
7. It can be seen spanning the might Hudson River.
8. Automobiles have been crossing it since 1931.
9. It is ranked as the second largest bridge in the world.
10. It is constantly being painted.
11. West Point, which is located in the Hudson Valley, houses the United States
Military Academy.
12. It is over 150 years old since it was established in 1802.
13. It was established by an Act of Congress and opened with twelve cadets.
14. Many visitors go to West Point and watch the dress parade on Saturdays.
15. The officers trained there are taught to live democratically in order that they
may better protect our democratic way of life.
Exercise 6:
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.
1. The name "sirocco" is often given to a warm wind.
2. It is usually given to a warm wind blowing over large areas of hot, dry land.
3. Such winds now occur over the area of our Great Plains.
4. Originally "sirocco" was a name used by people of North Africa.
5. It was not used for ordinary wind.
6. It described the very hot, dusty wind that comes from the South.
7. It comes quickly from the scorching Sahara Desert.
8. This extremely hot wind is a menace to life.
9. Its coming always fills the natives with fear.
10. The biting bits of sand dig deeply into the eyes and skin of those caught in its
fury.
Exercise 1:
A table, a plate, a fox, a room, a lady, a knife, a chair, a bus, a Negro, a match, a
way, a house, a family, a flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a park, a play.
Exercise 2:
A star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man,
a woman, the woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a
mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheep, a tooth, a child, the ox, a deer, the life, a tomato.
Exercise 3:
Use these nouns into plural:
star, mountain, cat, dog, animal, map, list, town, river, king, queen, teacher;
toy, day, key, ray, way, boy;
minute, note, rope, eye, tree, name;
hero, potato, tomato, piano, photo, kilo;
boss, dish, lass, advise, page, brush, box, dress;
bath, truth, mouth;
city, floppy, copy, fly, story, country;
wife, life, knife, shelf, wolf, leaf, half;
flower, child, tram, place, beach, man, baby, plan, wish, nest, bus, woman, lady,
match, tie, bird, car, friend, door, schoolboy, piece, chair, cross.
Exercise 4:
Put the sentences into plural:
1. This is a star. 2. This is a boy. 3. This is a baby. 4. That is a plate. 5. That is a
flower. 6. Is this a blackboard? 7. Is this a good man? 8. Is that a ball? 9. This is a
train and that is a plane. 10. The window is open. 11. Is the door closed? 12. The
boy is near the window. 13. That is not a king. 14. This isn’t a high mountain. 15.
This is my cat. 16. This is her child. 17. This woman is a doctor. 18. this man is an
engineer. 19. She is a teacher. 20. The boy is a pupil. 21. This room is very large.
22. This man is a hero. 23. A piano is in the centre of the room. 24. The knife is on
the table.
Exercise 2:
Divide nouns into two groups
paper – bottle – porridge – happiness - pencil - coffee – girl – work – job – plate –
dog – meat - news – apricot – toothpaste – time - bedroom – money - magazine –
information – honey - metal – child – yoghurt – rice – spaghetti – water – air –
spoon – mustard - egg – chair – shampoo – raincoat – flower – flour – bread – soap
– toy – food – knowledge – garden – oil – furniture - friend
Countable:
Uncountable:
Exercise 3:
Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)
ОТСУТСТВИЕ АРТИКЛЯ
№
СЛУЧАЙ ПРИМЕР
п/п
1 Перед исчисляемыми существительными во My father and my
множественном числе (в тех случаях, когда в uncle are doctors.
единственном числе следует употребить Мой отец и мой
неопределенный артикль) дядя врачи.
2 При обобщении (обычно используется Carrots are my
множественное число или favourite vegetable.
неисчисляемое существительное без артикля) Морковь — мой
любимый овощ.
3 В выражениях с John’s coat
собственным существительным в пальто Джона
притяжательном падеже
4 Перед существительным в функции guitar lessons
определения уроки игры на
гитаре
5 Перед названиями континентов, стран, штатов, I’ve been neither to
городов, улиц, озер South Africa nor to
North America.
Я не был ни в
Южной Африке,
ни в Северной
Америке.
6 Перед неисчисляемыми This is important
(абстрактными) существительными information.
Это важная
информация.
I need advice.
Мне нужен совет.
7 В некоторых You can get there in
сочетаниях существительного с предлогом, time if you go by
когда все сочетание имеет характер наречия. to / train.
at / from school, university, college; to / in / into / Вы можете
from church; in time; at / from home; by добраться туда
car, bus, bicycle, plane, train, metro, boat etc.; fo вовремя, если
r breakfast и т. д. поедете поездом.
8 Перед именами и фамилиями людей My name is Bond,
James Bond.
Меня зовут Бонд,
Джеймс Бонд.
Exercise 1:
Put the articles a/an or the there it is necessary:
1. I’d like … chicken sandwich and … glass of … mineral water.
2. Would you like … banana or … strawberries?
3. She always has … apple, … toast and … cup of … coffee for … breakfast.
4. The fly is on … ceiling in … kitchen.
5. My mother is … accountant and my father is … lawyer. They work in …
same company in … centre of … our town.
6. How much are … her Italian lessons? – Ten dollars … hour.
7. Where are … dogs? – They are in … garden.
8. … cats like eating … fish. … cows like eating … grass. … birds like eating
… insects.
9. My favourite subjects are … chemistry and … biology.
10.There is … parrot in … cage. And there are … pieces of … fruit in it.
11.My granny lives in … small village in … country.
12.Your baby shouldn’t sit in … sun on … hot day.
13.Please open … book. … exercise is on … page 68.
14.Ann has been looking for … job for … long time.
15.What’s … matter? - I missed … 6 o’clock train.
16.Do you like … vegetables?
17.… mother has got … terrible headache today.
18.There were … tears in … her eyes.
19.She is … very nice woman but her sons are … bad boys.
20.Look at … woman. She is … neighbor I told you about.
Exercise 2:
Put the articles a/an or the there it is necessary:
1. Yesterday I bought … pair of … shoes. Unfortunately … shoes are too tight.
2. We had … dinner in … restaurant … last night. – What is … name of …
restaurant?
3. Tony has two children: … boy and … girl. They are … twins. … girl is in
… France now.
4. Would you like another piece of … cake? – No, … cake is too fat for me.
5. His office is on … Floor 5. And I live on … tenth floor.
6. Little Mike leaves for … school very early because … school is quite far
from … his home.
7. Lara saw … letter under … door. She read … letter and started crying.
8. Did you enjoy … food at … party … last Friday?
9. Roger is … scientist, he works for … government.
10.We go to … gym twice … week.
Exercise 3:
Put the articles a/an or the there it is necessary:
1. I come to … work by … bus. Today … bus was a bit late.
2. … Jack is … youngest but … cleverest boy at … school.
3. It rained, so I stayed at … home in … evening. But today … sun is shining
brightly in … sky.
4. On … Monday … kids were tired and they went to … bed very early.
5. My wife is … best woman in … world and I’m … happiest husband!
6. They are having … test on … third of December.
7. What … beautiful painting! … artist is such … talented person.
8. Robin Hood robbed … rich and helped … poor.
9. David is … old friend of mine. He plays … guitar perfectly. His sister has
been playing … tennis since … age of ten.
10.… Jacksons live in that lovely cottage with … fantastic garden.
11.Sam used … drugs and was sent to … prison in … August. What … shame!
12.… Harrisons are not religious and they never go to … church.
13.He has been in … hospital for … month.
14.… English are very fond of … gardening.
15.I’ve tried to learn … Japanese many times.
16.She is … famous actress and she often appears on … TV.
17.It’s such … original idea! Besides you’ve got … good sense of humour.
18.On … rainy day … castle looks like … prison.
Exercise 1:
Write the correct full form of verb to be.
1 We_
2 It_
3 Harry and Toby _
4 You_
5 He_
6 Jack and I_
7 The car_
8 Mandy_
9 The children _
Exercise 2:
Write the full forms of the negative of to be.
1 It_ beautiful.
2 Jane and Theo_ tall.
3 We _sad.
4 My car _ old.
5 You_ funny.
6 My feet _ big
Exercise 3:
Complete the questions with the words from the box
1. Pat ten?
Kim No, you aren't.
2. Pat ________ your birthday?
Kim Yes, it is.
3. Pat _________Japanese?
Kim No, they aren't.
4. Pat __________ twelve?
Kim No, she isn't.
5. Pat and Tim _______ funny?
Kim Yes, you are.
Exercise 1:
Circle the correct form.
1. I've got / 's got a phone.
2. Have got they / Have they got a car?
3. I have got not / haven't got a guitar.
4. Myteachernothasgot/hasnotgotaca~
5. We haven't got / hasn't got a bike.
6. Tom has got / have got new shoes.
7. Have / Has Tim and Alex got a sister?
8. I not have got / have not got long hair.
Exercise 2:
Put in have to or has to into the gaps
1. They write a test.
2. She clean her desk.
3. Ken and Liz learn English words.
4. Andy help his brother.
5. We do our homework.
6. He write with a pencil.
7. I feed the hamster.
8. You take photos.
9. Victoria read the newspaper.
10. The teacher send a text message.
Exercise 3:
Choose the right forms have to or has to to complete the following sentences in
English.
1. She________ pass the driving test.
2. I_________ tidy up my room.
3. She_________ feed her dog in the morning.
4. I __________ do my housework at the weekend.
5. Bob and Tom _________ finish their essays.
6. She ________ write with a ball pen.
7. You __________ take a shower in the evening.
8. Chris _________ help his father in the garden.
9. You __________ do your homework.
10. She ___________ read the English magazine.
Глагол Can
Модальный глагол Can, как и почти все модальные глаголы, является
недостаточным глаголом, то есть не имеет всех обычных для глагола форм.
Он используется только в двух формах: can – для употребления в настоящем
времени и could – в прошедшем времени и сослагательном наклонении.
Формы модального глагола Can:
Настоящее время
You could (could not, couldn't) You could (could not, couldn't)
He/She/It could (could not, couldn't) They could (could not, couldn't)
Из-за того, что глагол Can не имеет формы будущего времени, для описания
действия в будущем он заменяется на “be able to”:
Soon I will be able to read German books without a dictionary.
Скоро я смогу читать книги на немецком без словаря.
Модальный глагол Can употребляется:
Для отражения физической или умственной способности, умения что-то
сделать:
I cannot run so fast!
Я не могу бежать так быстро!
Dennis could play piano since he was 13.
Денис умел играть на пианино с 13 лет.
I cannot drive a car.
Я не умею водить машину.
Для обозначения общей возможности:
He can be anywhere right now.
Он сейчас может быть где угодно.
Теоретической возможности:
You can find any kind of information on the Internet.
В Интернете можно найти любую информацию.
Возможности что-то совершить согласно закону или правилам:
British Parliament can issue laws and form the budget.
Британский парламент может издавать законы и формировать бюджет.
Для того, чтобы попросить/дать разрешение:
Can I try on that coat?
Можно я примерю то пальто?
You can come in.
Заходите.
Для запрещения чего-либо (в отрицательной форме cannot / can’t):
You cannot walk on the grass.
Нельзя ходить по газону.
One cannot smoke on gas station.
На заправке курить запрещено.
При просьбе:
Can I have a glass of water?
Можно мне стакан воды?
Can you wait for me in the hall?
Не подождете меня в холле?
Форма could отражает при этом подчеркнуто вежливый тон:
Could you speak louder, please?
Пожалуйста, не могли бы Вы говорить громче?
Для выражения сильного недоверия (в отрицательной
форме cannot / can’t):
He cannot be there!
Он не может там быть!
He can’t be so old.
Он не может быть так стар.
He couldn’t be so old!
Он ну никак не может быть настолько стар!
форма could здесь тоже имеет бoльшую выразительность и означает
бoльшую степень недоверия.
Удивления (в вопросительных предложениях):
Can it be so cold in middle of July here?
Неужели здесь в середине июля так холодно?
Can you have not seen this film?
Неужели ты не видел этот фильм?
При упреке (в форме could):
You could at least warn me!
Ты мог бы хотя бы предупредить меня!
Exercise 1:
Choose the correct answer (can or can't)
1. I can/can't speak French. I picked it up while I was in France.
2. I can/can't come to the party. I am really busy.
3. We can/can't hear you. The music is so loud.
4. Where are my keys? I can/can't find them.
5. I can/can't believe it. We won two million dollars.
6. We can/can't meet tomorrow if you want.
7. Can/Can't make me a cup of tea, please?
8. He can/can't jump. His leg hurt so much.
9. Illiterate people can/can't read and write.
10. Fish can/can't swim
Exercise 2:
Choose the correct combination in the following sentences:
1. '___ you swim'? 'Yes, I ___'
Can/can
Can/can't
3. Please ___ you buy some milk on your way home? I ___ leave the house
because I'm looking after the baby.
Can/can't
Can't/can't
6. 'Hello, ___ I help you'? 'Actually, no you ___ this restaurant is awful and we've
been waiting here for half an hour. We're leaving'.
Can't/can
Can/can't
7. I have a special talent, I ___ touch my nose with my tongue ___ you?
Can't/can
Can/can
10. I've never been able to eat breakfast in the mornings. I ___ talk to anyone
either!
Can't
Can
Exercise 3:
There are many students in room 205. В аудитории 205 много студентов.
В вопросительных предложениях there ставится после соответствующей
формы глагола to be.
Are there many students in room 205? How many chairs are there in the room?
Exercise 2:Use the verb to be in the correct form and make the sentences
negative.
1. There … four windows in our classroom. 2. There … a sofa, two arm-chairs and
a TV-set in the living-room. 3. There … a fine picture on the wall. 4. There … a lot
of interesting articles in the magazine. 5. There … a new theatre near my house. 6.
There … six lessons yesterday. 7. There … a lot of engineers at our plant last year.
8. There … a piano in her room. 9. There … one girl and fifteen boys in our group.
10. There … so many mistakes in your dictation. 11. There … many historical
monuments in London.12. There … a writing-table near the window and an arm-
chair near it. 13. There … many flowers in their yard. 14. There … a new grammar
rule in lesson 4. 15. There … a lamp on the table. 16. There … three apples and a
pear on the kitchen-table. 17. There … a blackboard and some shelves on the wall.
18. There … no pens in my bag yesterday. 19. There … some mistakes in his
report yesterday. 20. There … no school here in 1920. 21. There … very many
children in the park yesterday.
Активный залог:
Любое наше высказывание представляет собой предложение, которое
включает: подлежащее + сказуемое (действие)
Подлежащее в предложении может выступать субъектом и объектом
действия, в зависимости от этого различают:
Активный (действительный) залог Пассивный (страдательный) залог
Подлежащее = субъект действия, Подлежащее = объект действия,
активное лицо пассивное лицо
Я строю дом Дом строится мной
Вид и время глагола:
В русском языке временные формы глагола представлены 3 временами:
настоящим, прошедшим и будущим. Наглядно это можно представить в виде
трех отрезков на прямой (рис.1), то есть время глагола в русском языке –
понятие одномерное.
Вид глагола определяется по вспомогательному вопросу:
несовершенный - что делать? (рисовать)
совершенный – что сделать? (нарисовать)
<Рисунок 1>
В английском языке количество временных форм активного залога гораздо
больше – 12. Это объясняется тем, что для выражения времени глагола
недостаточно ответить только на вопрос “когда?”, необходимо добавить
вторую характеристику “как?”, которая определяет вид. Таким образом,
английской глагол имеет не просто временную, а видовременную форму и
представляет собой понятие двухмерное. Подобно любой точке в
пространстве, видовременная форма английского глагола складывается из
двух координат: время (когда происходит действие) - Past, Present, Future и
вид (как совершается действие) (рис.2).
<Рисунок 2>
Exercise 6. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form: Present,
Past или Future Simple.
1.I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock
yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema
every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema
tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9.
You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for school every
day? 11. When you (to leave) home for school yesterday? 12. When you (to
leave) home for school tomorrow? 13. My brother (to go) to work every day. He
(to leave) home at a quarter past eight. As the office he (to work) at (to be) near our
house, he (to walk) there. He (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he (riot to go) to work.
Yesterday he (to get) up at nine o'clock. 14. You (to have) a PT lesson yesterday?
— No, I... . 15. What you (to buy) at the shop yesterday? -I (to buy) a book. 16.
Yesterday my father (not to read) newspapers because he (to be) very busy. He (to
read) newspapers tomorrow.
Exercise 7. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form: Present
Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.
1. He (to spend) last summer in the country. 2. He (not to spend) last summer in
the country. 3. He (to spend) last summer in the country? 4. Where he (to spend)
last summer? 5. She (to help) mother yesterday. 6. She (not to help) mother
yesterday. 7. She (to help) mother yesterday? 8. How she (to help) mother
yesterday? 9. Kate (to cook) dinner every day. 10. Kate (to cook) dinner tomorrow.
11. Kate (to cook) dinner now. 12. Kate (to cook) dinner yesterday. 13. I (not to
eat) ice-cream every day. 14. I (not to eat) ice-cream now, 15. I (not to eat) ice-
cream tomorrow. 16. I (not to eat) ice-cream yesterday. 17. You (to go) to school
every day? 18. You (to go) to school now? 19. You (to go) to the south next
summer? 20. You (to go) abroad last summer? 21. What your brother (to do) every
day? 22. What your brother (to do) now? 23. What your brother (to do) tomorrow?
24. What your brother (to do) yesterday?
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the verb in Present Perfect with
‘just/already/yet’.
1. Would you like something to eat? – No, Thanks. I…..have just had…..lunch.
(just/have)
2. Do you know where Tracy is? – Yes, I………………….……….……….
………………..her. (just/see)
3. What time is David leaving? – He…………..
………………………………………….. . (already/leave)
4. What’s in the newspaper today? – I don’t know.
I…………………………………………(not/read/yet)
5. Is Ann coming to the cinema with us? – No, she………………………..
…………the film. (already/see)
6. Are your friends here yet? – Yes, they…………………………….….
……………………. . (just/arrive)
7. What does Tim think about your plan? – I………..…………….
………………………… . (not/tell/yet)
8. Can I speak to Joe? – I’m afraid he……………………………..
…………………………. . (just/go out)
9. Shall I phone to reserve a table? – No, I……………………….…………..
…………….. it. (already/do)
10. I heard that Paul was looking for a job. ………………………….…..
……………….. it? (not/find/yet)
11. Is Mary still at the bank? – No, she……………………………………….……..
(already/come back)
Exercise 9. Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense form. (Indefinite,
Continuous Tenses, Present Perfect).
1. I (not to see) her for five days. I wonder where she is. 2. You (to come) to my
place next Sunday? 3. Where your sister (to be)? – She (to do) her homework in
the next room. 4. What you (to do) at 6 o’clock yesterday? 5. The concert just (to
begin). You are late a bit. 6. A.Popov (to invent) his receiver in 1895. 7. Jane (to
show) her teacher the picture she (to draw). 8. Look! Lane (to swim) across the
river! 9. What your sister (to do) now? – She (to learn) the poem in the next room.
10. He (to translate) the whole text by eleven o’clock. 11. Next Monday at this
time he (to take) his exam in English. 12. They (to go) to the south next year. 13.
Helen (to go) to school every day. 14. Don’t ring me up at 4 o’clock. My father
usually (to have) a rest after dinner. 15. When I (to look) out of the window, the
children (to run) in the yard. 16. When mother (to come) home after work, the
children (to watch) TV. 17. When he entered the hall, the students (to listen) a very
interesting lecture in literature. 18. Yesterday Nick (to clean) his car the whole day.
19. I already (to do) my work. 20. Tom already (to tell) me this story.
Exercise 10. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present, Past or Future
Continuous.
1. They (to meet) the delegation at that time tomorrow. 2. I wonder if it (to rain)
now. – The rain has just stopped and the sun (to shine) in the sky. 3. Where were
you at that time yesterday? – I (to clean) the room. 4. They (to pack) their suitcases
tomorrow at 10. 5. When I saw him he (to swim) in the lake. 6. He learnt the poem
by heart while he (to go) by bus. 7. What you (to do) at 2 o’clock yesterday? – I (to
have) dinner. 8. He (to sleep) if you come early. 9. I (to get) ready to my English
lesson now. 10. When I came to him he (to translate) a book. 11. What you (to do)
from 6 till 6.30 yesterday? – I (to drive) a car. 12. Where you (to go) this summer?
– We (to go) to New Zealand. We (to leave) in a week. 13. When Bond came into
the room he felt that somebody (to stand) behind the curtain near the window. 14.
The young man read in a newspaper that Alice is (to get) married another man. 15.
While they (to eat) somebody rang up. 16. While we (to travel) along Europe
father repaired the house. 17. I have to go. – I (to wait) for you. 18. We (to get
ready) to the test during the next week. 19. Yesterday it (to snow) heavily all the
evening. 20. Are you free this evening? – No, I (to go) to a restaurant with my
friends.
Суффиксы и Примеры
префиксы
Every nation has its own holidays: official or not, religious or not, popular or
less popular. Christmas is the holiday loved by all people. It comes on the 25 th of
December but big cities and small towns change their appearance as early as in
November. Beautiful lights and brightly decorated trees illuminate the streets and
children anxiously wait for the arrival of the most enjoyable holiday. Every year a
huge Christmas tree, the gift of Norwegian people in thanks for Britain’s support
during the Second World War, decorates Trafalgar Square. Christmas is a
traditional family day. On this day many people attend church, open their presents,
eat a Christmas dinner and watch the Queen’s annual Christmas broadcast on TV.
Preparations for Christmas are always pleasant: to buy gifts, to send Christmas
cards, to decorate the Christmas tree with small, brightly coloured lights and small
coloured glass ornaments. In Britain, Christmas is the most important public
holiday of the year. It combines the custom of giving gifts with the tradition of
spending this day with the family.
Adjectives Adverbs
_own_______________________ _early______________________________
___________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________ ___________________________________
Exercise 3. Complete each sentences using a word from the list. Sometimes
you need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with personal pronouns: 1. … is a doctor and … are
engineers. 2. This is … car. 3. Give … the letter. 4. Send … a telegram. 5. Speak to
… , please. 6. Find … pencil. I don’t know where … is. 7. This isn’t my book. …
book is clean. 8. This book is interesting. Read … . 9. … like this film very much.
10. Who is coming? – It’s … . 11. We are going to meet … in the evening. 12. …
sister and … are students. 13. This is a nice picture. Do you like … ? 14. Where is
Helen? – … is in … room. 15. The door is open. Close it, please. 16. This is a
pencil. … is black. 17. The cat is under the table. Take … . 18. The documents are
on the table. Put … into … bag. 19. He is meeting … mother.
1. Write to (she, my, me), please. 2. We meet (our, us, we) friends every week-end.
3. Ann invited (her, she, her) friends to the party. 4. They had dinner with (them,
they, their) neighbours. 5. I went on holiday with two of (my, me, I) friends. 6.
Please, don’t worry about (they, them, their) problems. 7. The box was too heavy
for (I, me, my). 8. This is Tom. Do (you, your, you) know (he, him, his)? 9. I gave
(them, their, they) a key to (we, our, us) house. 10. (Him, His, He) studies well. 11.
I need (you, your, you) and you need (I, me, my). 12. (Us, We, Our) had never met
before. 13. I am not going to do (it, its, it) for (them, their, they). 14. I don’t want
(you, your, you) to pay for (my, I, me). 15. It’s not (you, your, you) fault. 16.
We’ve got a serious problem. Help (our, we, us), please. 17. Does (her, she, her)
feel nervous? 18. (Him, He, His) took money with (him, he, his). 19. Is this (you.
your, yours) book? 20. Last night (her, she, hers) went to an Indonesian restaurant.
Притяжательные местоимения
Присоединяемая форма Абсолютная форма
мой, моя, моё,
my мой, моя, моё, мои mine
мои
his его his его
her её hers её
its его, её its его, её
наш, наша, наше,
our ours наш
наши
your
your ваш, ваша, ваше, ваши ваш
s
thei their
их их
r s
Exercise 1:
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The mother cat and __________ kittens napped in the sunshine.
A.His
B. Your
C. Hers
D.Her
2. I like cream cheese on _________ bagels.
A.My
B. Mine
C. Your
D.Our
3. ________ grandfather used to take us fishing.
A.Mine
B. My
C. Our
D.Ours
4. Elaine bought ________ dress at the mall.
A.Yours
B. Mine
C. Her
D. Hers
5. The car lost _________ rear bumper in an accident.
A.It’s
B. Its
C. His
D.Her
6. The horse swished _________ tail to keep flies away.
A.It’s
B. Its
C. Its’
D.The
7. This dessert is ___________ but you can have it.
A.My
B. Mine
C. Yours
D.Delicious
8. Please return _________ money at once.
A.Mine
B. Your
C. My
D.Its
9. ______ car is so dirty I can’t even tell what color it is.
A.Your
B. Yours
C. Hers
D.Ours
10. When the cat saw the dog, it stopped in ______ tracks.
A.My
B. Its
C. His
D.Hers
Exercise 2:
Underline the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences:
1. Is this (your, yours) coat?
2. You can't have (my, mine) cookie.
3. It is (our, ours) turn.
4. Look at (her, hers) funny hat.
5. That ring has lost (its, it's) shine.
6. This car is (my, mine).
7. Dogs love to play so it is a favorite activity of (their, theirs).
8. Are you sure this is (your, yours)?
Exercise 3:
Rewrite the sentence and replace the noun that is underlined with a possessive
pronoun.
1. Look at the toy's hat.
2. Let's go to Paul's house.
3. That game is my family's.
4. Is that Susan and Ted's house?
5. I want to see Mary's dress.
Указательные местоимения
Единственное число Множественное число
this этот these эти
that тот those те
the тот же
same самый
such такой
Указательные местоимения употребляются, когда говорящий называет
предмет или лицо, указывая на него жестом, взглядом.
Местоимения this и that имеют формы множественного числа,
соответственно these и those.
These dogs are mine.
Exercise 1:
Complete with the right words (that, those, this or these).
1. Waiter, I'm sorry to say it but ________cake you have just served me is awful.
2. I met him two five hours ago ________morning.
3. Look at _________ kids playning in the garden over there; they're so cute.
4. Take one of ________files from that table.
5. He was sitting on ________ rocking chair he had bought from the flea market.
6. Many parents complain about their children _________ days.
7. Are you leaving __________ weekend?
8. The jeans you have bought today are better than_______ you bought last month.
9. We used to do it differently in____________ days
10. You know the books I am carrying are just fantastic. I think ________books
will keep me company during this summer holiday.
Exercise 2
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. ____________ was such an interesting experience.
A.That
B. These
C. Those
D.Such
2. Are ___________ your shoes?
A.That
B. Them
C. Those
D.This
3. You’ll have to get your own pen. ______________ is mine.
A.That
B. Those
C. Such
D.This
4. There is no end to ___________.
A.Such
B. Those
C. This
D.None
5. Please give me one of ____________.
A.That
B. Those
C. This
D.Such
6. ____________ are nice-looking.
A.This
B. That
C. These
D.Such
Exercise 3:
Complete the sentences with proper demonstrative pronoun.
Example:
This book is yours and _____ is mine.
This book is yours and that is mine.
These books are mine and ______ are yours.
These books are mine and those are yours.
Относительные местоимения
К относительным местоимениям в английском языке относятся следующие
местоимения:
who – который, кто
whose – чей, чьё
which – который, кто
that – тот, та, то
Относительные местоимения связывают придаточное предложение с
главным, при этом они отличаются от союзов тем, что являются членами
придаточного предложения:
I know the lecturer who will make today’s report. (“who” служит подлежащим
придаточного предложения)
Я знаю лектора, который сегодня будет делать доклад.
Who
Относительное местоимение who обозначает людей:
This is the engineer who has designed the new engine.
Вот тот инженер, который создал новый двигатель.
Whose
Местоимение whose отражает принадлежность одушевленным предметам:
Do you remember the man whose car was stolen yesterday?
Помнишь человека, чью машину вчера угнали?
Which
Which (который, которого) относится к неодушевленным предметам:
He showed me the museum which was founded 400 years ago.
Он показал мне музей, который был основан 400 лет назад.
That
Относительное местоимение that может относиться и к одушевленным, и к
неодушевленным предметам:
The musician that won the award is Italian.
Музыкант, который выиграл премию - итальянец.
I like the book that I read today.
Мне нравится книга, которую я прочитал сегодня.
Exercise 1:
Choose one of the following relative pronouns that best completes each
sentence.
who which where when what
1. Alexander Graham Bell is the man ___________invented the telephone.
2. The subject ___________my son finds most demanding is French.
3. They met in the "Trucador" restaurant, ___________ his wife worked as a
waitress.
4. Astronomy was a subject about _________the professor enjoyed chatting, given
the chance.
5. This was obviously a bad case of bullying, _________ the school takes very
seriously.
6. Prime numbers, ____________ are numbers that can only be divided by
themselves, formed the basis for the code.
7. I don't know __________he did, but his teacher is very angry about it.
8. The world population, __________ currently stands at more than 7 billion, is
expected to rise for the next fifty years at least.
9. Spring is the time ___________you should be planting these seedlings.
10. A man ___________I'd never seen before came and spoke to me and told me
everything would be okay.
Exercise 2:
Put who, which, that or whose in each gap to make one sentence from the two
sentences given.
1. He is a famous architect. His designs won an international award last year.
He is a famous architect _________designs won an international award last
year.
2. He is the one. The award should be given to him.
He is the one __________the award should be given to.
3. This is Mary. She is taking over my job when I leave.
This is Mary, __________ is taking over my job when I leave.
4. Its the invoice. You sent it to us last week.
It's the invoice ___________you sent us last week.
5. He is a consultant. I rely on his advice.
He is the consultant ___________advice I rely on.
6. The photocopier has a two-year guarantee. It cost $2000.
The photocopier, _________ has a two-year guarantee, cost $2000.
7. The people were stopped at the border. They were all from Eastern Europe.
The people ________were stopped at the border were all from Eastern Europe.
8. They expect his decision soon. This decision should help us solve the problem.
They expect his decision soon, _________ should help us solve the problem.
9. The President of the company is visiting us next week. I really admire him.
The President of the company, ________ I really admire, is visiting us next week.
Неопределенные местоимения
К неопределенным местоимениям в английском языке относятся следующие
местоимения:
some – кое-кто, некоторые
something – кое-что, нечто, что-нибудь
somebody – кто-нибудь, кто-то
someone – кто-нибудь, кто-то
any – какой-нибудь, что-нибудь
anything – что-нибудь, всё, что угодно
anybody – кто-нибудь, всякий, любой
anyone – кто-нибудь, любой
Неопределенные местоимения используются, когда вы не знаете или не
хотите точно назвать некое лицо. Они обозначают неопределенный объект
или объекты.
Английские местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -body и -one, ничем друг от
друга не отличаются:
Somebody is laughing. (Someone is laughing.)
Кто-то смеется.
Some, Any
Местоимения some и any могут означать количество:
Can I have some juice?
Можно мне чуть-чуть сока?
или качество предметов:
There is some strange man in front of your house.
Перед вашим домом стоит какой-то странный человек.
Any обычно используется в предложениях с явно выраженным отрицанием:
She does not like any of them.
Ей никто из них не нравится.
подразумеваемым отрицанием:
Jenny is so reluctant to get acquainted with any new people.
Дженни так неохотно знакомится с новыми людьми.
и в вопросах:
I need paper for printer. Do you have any?
Мне нужна бумага для принтера. У вас есть?
Someone, something, somebody
Местоимения someone, somebody и something могут использоваться в
утвердительных предложениях:
Somebody will help us.
Кто-нибудь нам поможет.
а также вопросах, если в них что-либо предлагается:
Do you want something to eat?
Хочешь перекусить?
Anyone, anything, anybody
Anyone, anything и anybody применяются в отрицательных предложениях:
I did not notice anything unusual.
Я не заметил ничего необычного.
в общих вопросах:
Did anyone help you?
Тебе кто-нибудь помогал?
и условных предложениях:
If anyone calls, say I’m busy.
Если кто-нибудь позвонит, скажи, что я занят.
Также они могут использоваться и в утвердительных, и в отрицательных
предложениях в значении «каждый, любой»:
Anybody can become famous.
Любой может прославиться.
It does not matter how small is your donation, anything will help.
Неважно, насколько маленьким будет ваше пожертвование, любое поможет.
One
Местоимение one означает всех людей в целом и переводится на русский
язык при помощи неопределенно-личных конструкций. При этом оно имеет
довольно формальную окраску, в повседневной речи вместо него может быть
более уместным употребить you или we:
One must follow all the instructions below.
Необходимо следовать всем нижеприведенным инструкциям.
You must follow my advice.
Ты должен последовать моему совету.
Также местоимение one можно использовать, чтобы избежать повторения
уже упомянутого в контексте существительного:
We have better samples of fabric, this one is rather old.
У нас есть образцы ткани получше, этот (образец) довольно старый.
Предлоги движения to и from
To употребляется для указания пункта назначения.
Например:
“Susan is travelling to Portugal by plane”
Сьюзан отправляется в Португалию самолетом.
From употребляется для указания места или направления, откуда кто-либо
начинает свое движение.
Например:
“Is he leaving from here?”
Он уезжает оттуда?
Предлоги движения into, in и out of
Будьте внимательны: между предлогами in и into существует разница, даже
несмотря на то, что они выглядят похожими. In относится к
местоположению, тогда как into означает движение.
Например:
“The strawberries are in the fridge”
Клубника находится в морозилке.
“She was getting out of the car and into the hotel”
Она выходила из машины и заходила в отель.
В предыдущем примере вы заметили предлог out of. Этот предлог также
указывает на движение и используется в случаях, когда кто-то покидает
определенное место.
Например:
“I was coming out of the restaurant when I saw Olivier”
Я выходил из ресторана, когда увидел Оливера.
Предлоги движения on и off
On обозначает нахождение кого-либо или чего-либо на поверхности или
объекте, то есть эта поверхность или объект располагается непосредственно
под ним и держит на себе его вес. Off — полная противоположность on.
Выражение «taken off», относящееся к какому-либо предмету, означает, что
данный предмет больше не находится на прежнем месте.
Например:
“Take your shoes off and put them on the floor”
Сними свои туфли и поставь на пол.
Предлоги движения up и down
Up означает движение вверх, то есть от нижней к более верхней позиции,
а down, наоборот, свидетельствует о направлении от верхней точки к
нижней, то есть вниз.
Например:
“Samantha always goes up the stairs and comes down in the lift. This way she is
always fit and healthy!”
Саманта всегда поднимается по лестнице и спускается на лифте. Так она
всегда остается стройной и здоровой.
Предлоги движения over и under
Over указывает на положение над чем-либо или выше.
Например:
“Ladies and gentlemen, we are now flying over the Alps”
Дамы и господа. Сейчас мы пролетаем над Альпами.
Under имеет противоположное значение — положение под чем-либо, то есть
уровнем ниже. Соответственно, under указывает на движение вниз.
Например:
“The little boy was hiding under the table”
Мальчик прятался под столом.
Предлоги движения through и across
Across означает направление от одной стороны места или границы к другой
(от края до края). На русский язык оба предлога переводятся как «через»,
хотя through указывает на движение от одной стороны к другой в пределах
одной местности. То есть throughупотребляется в значении «по».
Например:
“Every Sunday, we walk across the bridge and through the park”
Каждое воскресение мы переходим через мост и гуляем по парку.
Предлоги движения along, round и past
Along — означает движение по направлению к концу чего-либо, например,
дороги. Обычно такая фраза переводится как «идти вдоль
дороги». Round обозначает движение кругом по краю местности, то есть
вокруг определенного места. Наконец, past — мимо, дальше определенного
места. То есть оставляя позади какую-то определенную точку.
Например:
“You will need to drive along this road, round the stadium and past the hospital”
Тебе нужно будет проехать по дороге вокруг стадиона и мимо госпиталя.
Предлоги направления
через (с одной
across стороны на across the road – через дорогу
другую)
through /θruː
сквозь, через through the tunnel – сквозь туннель
/
Exercise 1:
Complete the sentences with the right preposition.
through into down to over out of
along
1) I moved _______________ Germany in 1998.
2) The train went _______________ the tunnel.
3) She sailed _______________ the river.
4) He's going _______________ the room.
5) They walked _______________ the bridge.
6) He ran _______________the mountain.
7) The car came _______________ the garage.
Exercise 2:
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions:
1. Doras went ______________ the store, but I don't think she found what she was
looking for because she came back ______________ almost immediately.
2. As Samantha was climbing ______________ the swimming pool, she slipped
and fell back .
3. The post office is just ______________ the street on the left near the museum.
4. Linda had problems climbing back ______________ the tree house because she
had injured her ankle as she was climbing .
5. She didn't have any difficulty pulling ______________ the parking space, but
as she was backing , she scratched the car parked next to her.
6. Although you can take an elevator______________ the top of the Eiffel
Tower, we decided to walk . I was exhausted by the time we got to the top.
7. When Mrs. George saw the kids playing on the roof she screamed, "You kids
had better come ______________ there, right now!"
8. You can go ______________ now; Dr. Winslet is ready to see you.
9. Our customer service center will help you solve that problem. Just walk
______________ the hall and take the elevator ______________ the second
floor.
10. Just as Rhea was stepping ______________ the elevator, she realized she was
on the wrong floor, so she quickly jumped back before the doors closed.
11. I don’t know how I managed to get ____________ this mess.
12. I hope you won’t run ____________ any problems.
13. Go ___________ the bridge and on the other side you will see a park.
14. Go ___________ the park until you come to Church St. on the other side, where
you turn left.
15. He threw himself ____________ the work with great enthusiasm.
16. I took the envelope ____________ my pocket.
17. You'll see the tourist information office ___________ front of you. You can't
miss it.
18. He promised that he would look ____________ the matter.
19. Go ___________ ahead until you come to a petrol station.
20. There are four students at each table. __________ me is my friend Justine.
Союзы
Союз – это служебная часть речи, связывающая части сложного
предложения, отдельные предложения в тексте, а также слова в составе
простого предложения.
Союзы в английском языке отличаются тем, что они не зависят ни от каких
грамматических характеристик соединяемых слов, сами они не изменяются и
не имеют грамматических категорий.
По значению английские союзы делятся на сочинительные и
подчинительные, а по своей форме – на простые, производные, сложные и
составные.
Классификация английских союзов по их строению
Простые
Простыми считаются неразложимые на составные части союзы:
and – и
but – но
if – если
as – как
or – или
и др.
Производные
Производные союзы происходят из других частей речи и имеют в своем
составе суффикс или приставку:
because – потому что
unless – если не
Сложные
В состав сложных союзов входит составляющая -ever или два союза:
however – однако, тем не менее
whereas – тогда как, поскольку
Составные
Составные союзы представляют собой сочетание служебных и
знаменательных частей речи (конкретизаторов):
in case – если
in order to – для того, чтобы
as well as – так же как
и др.
Также к составным относятся двойные союзы, состоящие из двух частей:
neither … nor – ни … ни
both … and – и … и
not so … as – не так … как
и др.
Классификация английских союзов по их функции в предложении
Сочинительные союзы
Сочинительные союзы в английском языке соединяют однородные члены
предложения, а также независимые предложения. При помощи
сочинительных союзов независимые предложения соединяются в одно
сложносочиненное предложение.
The deal was closed on Monday, and on the next day we sent the first shipment of
goods.
Сделку заключили в понедельник, и на следующий день мы отправили
первую партию товаров.
Подчинительные союзы
Подчинительные союзы в английском языке присоединяют придаточные
предложения к главному, от которого зависит придаточное предложение.
Подчинительные союзы входят в состав придаточного предложения, за
исключением некоторых составных союзов, которые входят в состав как
главного, так и придаточного предложения, например, первая часть (not so)
союза not so ... as входит в состав главного предложения, а вторая часть (as) -
в состав придаточного предложения:
The text was not so difficult as I expected.
Текст был не таким трудным, как я ожидал.
Exercise 1:
Make up compound sentences by using the right coordinating conjunctions in
brackets.
1. His job is very hard, (yet / therefore) his salary is low.
2. I’m sorry I opened your handbook, (however / but) I mistook it for mine.
3. Alex lost his job a year ago, (however / or) he soon managed to find another
one.
4. I know she’s hard to deal with, (and / nevertheless) you ought not to be rude to
her.
5. I’ve been living here for many years, (but / and) I don’t know the place very
well.
6. Her life is very peaceful (or / yet) she is always complaining.
7. We haven’t got much in common, (moreover / but) we get on with each other
fairly well.
8. Тоm is 17 (or / and) he is studying at college.
9. The rent is reasonable, (moreover / but) the location is perfect.
10. My mum dislikes pets, (nevertheless / and) she bought a puppy for us.
11. You can take a horse to water (and / but) you can’t make him drink.
12. She was rushing to the office, (therefore / but) she couldn’t talk to me.
13. A lot of novels are published every year, (therefore / however) very few of
them become bestsellers.
14. I didn’t talk to the Director (or / but) I talked to the Manager.
15. Sam sat down on the bench (but / and) Lucy sat besides him.
Exercise 2:
Make up complex sentences by using the right subordinating conjunction
1. Since / Just as there’s too much work to do, we won’t go on holiday.
2. I’d better take an umbrella in саse /whether it rains.
3. Just keep an eye on the baby while / whereas I cook the supper, will you?
4. Many of the children feel more confident if / though they work in groups.
5. Although / in order that he hasn’t said anything, he seems to be upset about it.
6. You must be careful while / unless you wash this delicate silk blouse.
7. I’d like to find out when / even if the classes begin.
8. By / as long as the time you receive this letter, I’ll have left for Japan.
9. At last, after / as long as he had tried three times, he passed his exam.
10. The manager didn’t offer him the job because / although his appearance was
very untidy.
11. Even if / When there are small children around, it’s better to put breakable
ornaments out of their reach.
12. Unless / Until you hurry, you won’t catch the bus.
13. I couldn’t resist having another slice of cake in case / even though I was
supposed to be losing some weight.
14. Leave the cake in the oven until / because it turns brown.
Exercise 3:
Choose the right conjunction
1. Mark can’t leave his job ... he has found another one. (A as soon as / В until / C
when)
2. My son’s hair got darker ... he got older. (A as / В if / C as long as)
3. I’ll lend you this book ... I have finished reading it. (A unless / В in case / C
when)
4. … I lived farther from the school than any other pupil, I was often the last to
arrive. (A Although / В Despite /C Since)
5. I stood on a chair ... I could reach the upper shelf. (A because / В so that /C as)
Exercise 4:
Make up sentences using the right conjunction “and – but – or – so – because”
1. The taxi stopped. The passenger got out.
2. The taxi stopped. The passenger stayed in the car.
3. My brother is married. He lives in Italy.
4. My brother is married. My sister is single.
5. It rained yesterday. We stayed at home.
6. I bought a magazine. I haven’t read it yet.
7. They’ve got a nice house. They haven’t got a garden.
8. Mary often goes to the theatre. She loves operas.
9. Are you going to make a cake? Have you already made it?
10. Our neighbors were very poor. They never asked for help.
11. We opened the window. It was too hot inside.
12. The sea was cold. We didn’t go swimming.
13. I was so tired. I went to bed.
14. Tim doesn’t like Moscow. It is very noisy and big.
15. It was a difficult exam. I passed it.
16. They wanted to eat sushi. There wasn’t any Japanese restaurant nearby.
17. Gordon worked hard. She could make a lot of money.
18. Joanna is fond of tennis. She plays really well.
19. To get to town you can take any bus. You can just walk.
20. I needed some help with French. I took private lessons.
Exercise 5:
Put but or so.
1. We were late, … we missed the train.
2. I live in Oxford, … I work in London.
3. The film was too long, … it was quite interesting.
4. He lost his laptop, … he went to the police station.
5. The hotel is very expensive, … only rich people stay there.
Exercise 6:
Choose the right conjunction
1. Some of my friends have found the work … (after – while – before) others are
still unemployed.
2. I agree with the idea, … (since – although – before) I don’t think it’s quite
practical.
3. You should brush your teeth … (after – before – while) have finished your
meal.
4. Let’s go home … (after – before – while) it starts raining.
5. The storm started … (after – before – while) the kids were playing in the yard.
6. Give this book to Sam … (since – when – until) you see him.
7. He has ridden a horse … (since – when – until) he was a little boy.
8. The first jeans were designed for workers, … (since – although – before) today
they are worn all over the world.
9. The sun is quite warm today, … (after – while – before) the air is still chilly.
10. … (Unless – When – While) they help me, I won’t be able to finish the report
on time.
UNIT 2
LEAD IN
There are very many different professions in the world – more than 2000.
They are international and not international, easy and difficult, prestigious and
non-prestigious, low-paid and high-paid.
How do you understand these proverbs? Can you explain them? Let’s discuss.
No bees, no honey; no work, no money.
As is the workman, so is the work.
Не works best who knows his trade.
Tastes differ.
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.
VOCABULARY
Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.
Exercise 2. Read the interview of Cindy Mason and say how did Cindy
Interviewer: How did you become a postmaster, and how did you come to work
at the post office in Hinsdale?
Mason: I started working with the Postal Service in 1986, as a window clerk in
Montague, Massachusetts. That was the name of the position at that time—now
they call them sales associates. When a job came up for the postmaster position in
Leverett, Massachusetts, I put in for it, and was awarded that position. In July of
2009, I was appointed a postmaster here in Hinsdale.
Mason: It is. There are people who just visit to purchase stamps or mail
packages and things like that. But some of them come to rent post office boxes.
In this community, we're very close: the town hall is next door, the police station is
across the street, and the community center is on the other side. Between those four
places—we're really a hub in the community. We see a lot of people every day.
Mason: It is. This office is the oldest continuously operating post office in the
United States. This post-office building was built in 1816. It's never been closed,
even when there were issues with the building, or a suspension of service, or
anything. It has been running six days a week since 1816 in this building.
Interviewer: I found this interesting: The Hinsdale office hired its first female
postmaster in 1888. That sounds very early and radical.
Mason: There have only been three female postmasters since then. There have
been two women who served as OIC - which is what we call an officer in charge
—and usually an OIC comes into an office when there's a vacancy, someone has
retired, or gone on to another position. Adelia Barrows, took over the position for
her husband in 1888 when he passed away. Fred Colton later replaced her, because
she didn't want to take the tests that became required to get a job in the post office.
She didn't want to do all that, so she retired after 33 years.
Interviewer: Does this post office get a lot of attention for being the oldest one in
the country?
Mason: We do. People walk in here all the time. It really is quite stark: The whole
lobby is the oak—the old oak—and we have the old combination post office
boxes. A lot of those have been here for a very, very long time.
We have a business in town that brings their customers down to the post office
when they’re in town, and they share the fact that we're the oldest. They're really
history buffs. We have a lot of people that will just stop in and they say, "You're
really the oldest continuously operating post office?" We say, "Yeah, we sure are."
Interviewer: What are the hardest and most rewarding parts about working as a
postmaster?
Mason: The great part is that you meet so many people, and you get the
opportunity to assist a lot of people. I work with a great crew here; we have three
rural routes, and two clerks. We're a small office, but everybody works together.
We're successful in taking care of our customers and taking care of the mail.
Everybody here is proud to work here. I really can't see a downside.
Mason: Christmas is a crazy time, but you know what's really great about that?
There are people that you don't see all year long, and they come into the office at
Christmastime because they're mailing their cards. There is a lot of pride in making
sure people get all their packages. Yes, it's busy and crazy. But it's also very
rewarding.
Interviewer: How do you see your job, and the role of the post office as people
change the way they communicate?
Mason: Email has certainly come into play with the Postal Service. People don't
write letters the same way that they used to. However, that doesn't mean that we
don't play a very important role. We will be changing ourselves, and I can’t tell
you what we're going to look like in 10 years. But I see us continuing to be a
delivery service: Because of all the rural areas, we are still going to be very
important for people. I do believe that the Postal Service is going to change, but
it’s still going to be a viable place to work in the future.
Exercise 4. Do you know how to become a postal service worker? How must
be postal worker? Read the text and try to answer these questions.
How to Become a Postal Service Worker
All postal service worker applicants must pass a written exam. The exam
covers four areas: address cross comparison, forms completion, memory and
coding, and personal characteristics and experience. Jobseekers should contact the
post office or mail processing center where they want to work to find out when
exams are given.
Postal service mail carriers must be at least 18 years old, or 16 years old
with a high school diploma. They must be U.S. citizens or have permanent
resident-alien status. Males must have registered with the Selective Service when
they reached age 18.
When accepted, applicants must undergo a criminal background check and
pass a physical exam and a drug test. Applicants also may be asked to show that
they can lift and handle heavy mail sacks. Mail carriers who drive at work must
have a safe driving record, and applicants must receive a passing grade on a road
test.
Education
Most postal service workers have a high school diploma. All applicants must
have a good command of English.
Training
Newly hired postal service workers receive short-term on-the-job training,
usually lasting less than 1 month. Those who have a mail route may initially work
alongside an experienced carrier.
Important Qualities
Customer-service skills. Postal service workers, particularly clerks,
regularly interact with customers. As a result, they must be courteous and tactful
and provide good client service.
Physical stamina. Postal service workers, particularly mail carriers, must be
able to stand or walk for long periods.
Physical strength. Postal service workers must be able to lift heavy mail
bags and parcels without injuring themselves.
WRITING
Exercise 1. Read the text for the second time and fill out the table.
Postal service worker
Age Exam Education Training Skills
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Look at the tables. Match the occupations and personal qualities
with their definitions.
Occupations
Personal qualities
What personal qualities are required for each profession? Choose 5 of them
Exercise 3. Read the text. You will find out what do Postal Service Clerks do
and what is their typical work day like.
Postal Service Clerks perform any combination of tasks in a post office, such
as receive letters and parcels; sell postage and revenue stamps, postal cards, and
stamped envelopes; fill out and sell money orders; place mail in pigeon holes of
mail rack or in bags; and examine mail for correct postage.
On a daily basis, Postal Service Clerks keep money drawers in order, and
record and balance daily transactions. They weigh letters and parcels, compute
mailing costs based on type, weight, and destination, and affix correct postage.
1 of the main responsibilities as a postal service clerk is to obtain signatures
from recipients of registered or special delivery mail.
Some may also register, certify, and insure letters and parcels.
In a normal work day, another thing that Postal Service Clerks do is they sell
and collect payment for products such as stamps, prepaid mail envelopes, and
money orders.
In addition to that, they check mail to ensure correct postage and that
packages and letters are in proper condition for mailing..
A typical day for a postal service clerk look like this:
Maintain financial or account records.
PROJECT WORK
POSTAL HISTORY
LEAD IN
The history of postal service started long before the end of the first century AD.
Modern ways of delivering are differ from the ancient ones. Could you name any
of them?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.
Exercise 1. Read the text attentively and say which period of postal
development you were impressed by most of all and why.
Exercise 3. Fill in the table according to the facts given in the text:
1st century AD 150 151 1635 1660 170 178 the 1830’s 184 20th
5 2 0 4 0 century
Permission to
use the Imperial
Post
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the text using the words from
the box:
relays, tools, restoration, vulnerable, flat rate, emergency,
transportation, points, carried, signature, reluctant
Exercise 5. Tick true (T) or false (F) for each of the sentences below,
according to the information given.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Read the text and discuss in group what postal services are
provided by postal system today.
Postal System Today
Postal system is the institution that makes it possible for any person to send a
letter, packet, or parcel to any addressee, in the same country or abroad, in the
expectation that it will be conveyed according to certain established standards of
regularity, speed, and security. The service is paid for in advance by the sender
according to a relatively simple scale of fees based on weight and, in some
countries, on speed of service required. Prepayment is ordinarily made by means of
postage stamps or franking machine impression; payment is not usually required of
the addressee.
Today the governments of many countries use their postal systems to provide a
range of services that often have no direct connection with the traditional function
of exchanging letters. To provide for the collection, transport, and delivery of
letters throughout a country, it has been necessary to establish a network of post
offices extending into the remotest areas. Such a network of offices, staffed by
agents of the state, provides an efficient banking service in areas in which it would
be uneconomic for a commercial or state bank to establish a branch office. Many
governments also pay various social security benefits such as pensions and family
allowances. In some countries post offices also collect certain taxes, normally
through the sale of licenses and revenue or tax stamps. In fact, a wide range of
ancillary services is provided through the postal system.
Exercise 2. Using the information from both texts name the main facts about
the functions and stages of the postal development.
LEAD IN
Post office counter clerks usually work behind the counter in branch post offices.
They provide a wide range of postal services to customers, plus other services such
as bill payment, banking services, passport applications and lottery sales. What
other occupations deal with postal service?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the words and word combinations.
Exercise 1. Read the text and write out what skills are necessary to be a good
post office counter clerk:
Work Activities
Post office counter clerks perform a wide range of counter and customer service
duties.
They process traditional post office services such as:
selling stamps;
weighing, measuring and mailing letters and parcels;
sending mail abroad;
sending urgent or valuable mail.
Post office counter clerks use a computer system to deal with accounts and sales,
keep records of all transactions, and provide receipts. They also promote financial
services, such as savings and investments, to customers. Some counter clerks do
general administrative work behind the scenes, for example, keeping accounts,
maintaining staff records or looking after stock, such as stamps and stationery.
They might also display promotional materials such as leaflets and posters.
Post office counter clerks might be required to wear a uniform.
Staff who work in sub-post offices are not employees of Post Office Ltd, but work
for self-employed business people called sub-postmasters, or in franchises run by,
for example, large supermarket chains, newsagents and booksellers. Sub-post
offices do not always offer the full range of services that can be found in main
branches, and are sometimes combined with a newsagent, stationer or village shop.
Experienced counter clerks might have the opportunity to work on the post office
helpline. Operators answer enquiries from both customers and sub-
postmasters/mistresses relating to the products and services offered by the Post
Office Ltd.
Hours of work
Counter clerks usually work 35 or 36 hours, Monday to Friday. They usually work
Saturday mornings on a rota basis. Full-time, part-time, temporary and flexible
working arrangements might be available. A flexitime system is worked in some
post offices. There are opportunities for casual staff for temporary periods,
especially at Christmas. Part-time work on a flexible weekly pattern might also be
available.
Exercise 3. Tick true (T) or false (F) for each of the sentences below,
according to the information given.
1. Post office counter clerks make use of different communication devices to work
with bill payments.
2. A lot of promotional materials are displayed by post office clerks.
3. Post officers must wear a special post office tie.
4. Sub-office staff work for Post Office Ltd.
5. Sub-offices propose full range of services.
6. Helpline operators only answer inquiries from the customers.
7. Counter clerks usually have a rota basis shift.
8. There are full time flexible working arrangements at the post office Ltd.
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the text using the words from
the box:
1. Post office counter clerks … a wide range of counter and customer service
duties.
2. Some counter clerks … general administrative work behind the scenes, for
example, keeping accounts, maintaining staff records or looking after stock,
such as stamps and stationery.
3. Operators … enquiries from both customers and sub-postmasters/mistresses
relating to the products and services offered by the Post Office Ltd.
4. A post office counter clerk need to be … at busy times.
5. A post office counter clerk able to … and … while handling important
documents.
6. Casual staff have … to work for temporary periods, especially on holidays.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
1. Which of the duties mentioned in the text are you taught at the Academy of
Communications?
2. Which of the duties mentioned in the text are the most difficult? Why?
3. Would you like to get the position of the Postmaster? Why?
POSTAL WORKERS
Through "rain or snow or sleet or hail," postal workers bring the mail. Have you
heard this before? A postal worker's job is to deliver mail. A postal worker is the
one who works for a post office, such as a mail carrier. A mail carrier, mailman,
mailwoman, postal carrier, postman, post woman, or letter carrier (in American
English), sometimes colloquially known as a postie (in Australia, New Zealand,
Scotland, and other parts of the United Kingdom), is an employee of a post office
or postal service, who delivers mail and parcel post to residences and businesses.
The term "mail carrier" came to be used as a gender-neutral substitute for
"mailman" soon after women began performing the job.
In the United States, the official label for a mail carrier is "letter carrier". The
US Postal Service employs around 584,000 people. The bulk of these work as
service clerks, mail sorters, mail carriers.
Service Clerks sell stamps and postage, help people pick up packages and assist
with other services. Mail Sorters physically sort the mail to go to the correct place.
As automation has become more common, some of these people now operate the
sorting machines. Mail Carriers deliver the mail. In densely populated areas this is
done on foot. In urban areas the carriers often use a mail truck and in rural areas
carriers drive their own vehicles. Most postal workers in the US make between
$36,000 and $43,000 per year.
A postmaster is the head of an individual post office. When a postmaster is
responsible for the entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a
national government), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used.
Responsibilities of a postmaster typically include management of a centralized
mail distribution facility, establishment of letter carrier routes, supervision of letter
carriers and clerks, and enforcement of the organization's rules and procedures.
Exercise 2. Describe the duties of each postal worker mentioned in the text.
PROJECT
LEAD IN
An excellent resume may help you get the job of your dreams and a poor resume
may mean a lost opportunity. Since it is the first pies of information a company
will receive about you, it is critically important that your resume be well-written.
Do you know the difference between the resume and application form?
Have you ever written the resume?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
Exercise 1. Read the text and name the main parts of the resume.
List all positions relevant to a Postal Service Worker position. Remember to use
powerful action verbs and mention job specific accomplishments that prove you
are an excellent candidate.
Greeted customers and provided them with quality service and assistance.
Informed and guided customers during their mailing selections.
Assisted customers with various expedited delivery services.
Managed a team consisting of 8 Postal Service Workers.
Assisted in the hiring and training of new Postal Service Workers.
Handled all inquiries, concerns, and complaints with professionalism and
patience.
List all degrees and certifications here. Any honors or distinctions should be noted
here as well. If you hold a degree higher than a Bachelors Degree, you may leave
out your High School.
2016-2019 the Belorussian State Academy of Communications, Minsk
2014-2016 the Belorussian State Academy of Communications, Vitebsk branch
2015 Computer courses (certificate)
An outstanding Postal Service Worker resume, such as this example, will include a
number of impressive skills that your employer or client is looking for in a
candidate. In order to be considered a strong candidate you must present yourself
as a physically fit and motivated individual with the ability to work in fast-paced
environments. Be sure to include job specific skills.
Mailing Rules and Regulations
Excellent Customer Service Skills
Advanced Literacy Skills
Wonderful Work Ethic
Strong Organizational Skills
A B
ability method
to highlight competent
accuracy critical
procedure experience
literate conciderate
courtesy to employ
crucial honesty
proficiency good manners
attentive to carry
integrity to manage
to hire to feature
to deliver exactness
to handle skill
Exercise 3. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and phrases.
ACTIVITY
Exercise 1. Study the example of the Post Office Counter Clerk Resume to
write your own one.
Kate Gomonova
22 Kirov Street, apt. 34
Phone: +375296743987
Email: kategomonova@gmail.com
Professional Summary
Organized and experienced post office counter clerk who always stays up-to-date
with the latest changes to the postal service and rates. Excels in manning a busy
post office service desk as well as helping clients to find the perfect service to meet
their unique needs and delivering mail to different post office boxes. Especially
adept at handling customer inquiries.
Professional Qualifications
Key Skills
Work Experience
Post Office Counter Clerk at Vitebsk General Post Office, Vitebsk | 2014-Present
Day
Helped customers to determine the best postal service to meet their needs as
well as the optimum postal rates for their budget.
Answering questions from customers in a calm and patient manner.
Helped customers to select the best packaging to use to wrap their items for
delivery to different destinations throughout the UK.
Post Office Counter Clerk | Local Post Office, Orsha – September 2010 | March
2014
Handled all types of counter business for customers dealing with the United
Kingdom Postal Service.
Distributed mail to various post office boxes in the office.
Dealt with questions and inquiries from customers and helped them to find
the services that they needed for different situations.
References
LEAD IN
One of the most difficult problems is deciding what to do about occupation. If you
have already chosen it the next step is the interview. In this unit, we explore some
of the most common interview questions asked during a postal service clerk
interview along with some great answers to help you get the job.
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
Exercise 1. Read the following information to have some notions (ideas) about
frequently asked questions during the interview.
Answer tips:
First, one must understand the methods required to succeed in this position.
Secondly, indicate that the job will be your #1 priority.
Third, indicate that you understand the importance of working as a team.
Remember that regardless of position, accuracy is listed time and again as one of
the number one things an employer looks for. Beyond this, staples such as:
good communication
confidence
trustworthiness
good command of computer
tolerance
are always great qualities to mention.
Answer sample:
I consider that postal service clerk should be responsible, tactful and self-
organized. As for me, self-organization is one of my strongest points. I am
experienced computer user, speak English and French a little.
12. What experience do you have when it comes to discussing our recently
posted a POSTAL SERVICE CLERK position?
Answer tips:
Speak about specifics that relate to the position you are applying for. If you do not
have much experience in the job you are applying for, plan for this question ahead
of time and ensure you can provide some relatable examples based on what
you have done.
Answer sample:
I’ve been doing something to keep myself busy since I was 19. I worked as a mail
carrier and now I am at the position of a junior service clerk for a year. I like
what I do. I’ve read your advertisement I’d like to apply for the position of postal
clerk position at your post office.
This is by far one of the most frequently asked questions in any job interview.
Your interviewer will use this as an icebreaker, ideally to put you at ease and get
you speaking openly and honestly.
Answer tips:
While you definitely want to be prepared for this question, you certainly don’t
want to make your answer sound memorized. Keep in mind, while this question
may sound like an invitation to share your life story, you can be assured your
interviewer has very little interest in hearing about everything you’ve ever done.
The person giving the interview has a job to do as well – respect their time. Unless
you are asked about something specific, focus on your education, your work
history, relatable hobbies and outside interests, as well as your current situation.
Be sure to start chronologically and tell a linear story.
You shouldn’t assume the skills of other applicants. Focus on your own strengths,
and if the interviewer hasn’t given you an opportunity to mention that quality
about yourself, now would be the time.
This answers below are wrong:
“I really need a job right now”
“I need the money”
“Your office is really close to my house”
“I’ve always been interested in what you do”
5. How did you find out about our company and what do you know about us?
This can be a great way to stand out from other applicants and demonstrate
initiative. Almost every company will have a website, Facebook page, Instagram
account, or some sort of digital footprint. Spend a bit of time doing some online
research:
If they have a website, check out their “About us”.
What sorts of things does this company care about?
Has the company been in the news recently or have they won any awards?
From the employment agency.
While many individuals will be looking to a new job as a means of increasing their
salary, “not being paid well enough at your last job” is not something you want to
mention to your interviewer.
If your current employer is downsizing, be honest about it, remain positive, but
keep it brief. If your employer fired you or let you go for cause, be prepared to
give a brief – but honest – reply. Staying positive is key here.
Exercise 2. Rank the questions of exercise 1 from the most important (1) to the
least important (8). Which questions would you add?
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
WRITING
Exercise 1. You are currently looking for a job. This form will help you
organize your personal and professional experience. Read the following form
and complete it with your personal information.
SKILL INVENTORY FORM
HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR GRADUATED
SPECIALIZATION
CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA
ACQUIRED
COLLEGE
YEAR GRADUATED
SPECIALIZATION
DEGREE ACQUIRED
OTHER COURSES
CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA
ACQUIRED
ACTIVITY
Exercise 1. Work in pairs and act out the dialogue between a Post Office
employer and an applicant using the information from this unit.
VOCABULARY
availability доступность
stationary post office стационарное почтовое отделение
mobile post office мобильное почтовое отделение
mandatory requirements обязательные требования
replenish пополнять
burden бремя
cash desk касса
inquiry terminal справочный терминал
READING AND SPEAKING
RUE «Belpost»
The postal service industry itself is an integral part of the industrial and social
infrastructure of the Republic of Belarus and operates on its territory to meet the needs of
individuals and legal entities and government bodies in postal services. In accordance with
the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Postal Communication", the Republican Unitary
Enterprise of Postal Communication "Belpost" ensures uninterrupted work on the provision
of services to the population throughout the country.
The Belarusian postal service uses in its work modern information technologies and is
actively working to improve and develop the services provided. Quality customer service is
one of the priorities of the RUE “Belpost”. RUE “Belpost” includes 6 regional branches and
the production of "Minsk Post", a branch of "Special Communication Center" and motor
transport production, 91 postal communication centers, 3,258 objects of postal
communication, including 2,840 stationary post offices, 194 post offices and 224 mobile
post offices. In the Republican Association "Belpochta" there are 31,5 thousand employees:
5,5 thousand executives, 2 thousand specialists, 24,0 thousand workers, including 11,7
thousand postmen. The special communication center provides special communication
services in the territory of the Republic of Belarus with state administration bodies, law
enforcement agencies, enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership.
Postal services are the reception, processing, transportation, delivery (handing) to the
recipients of written correspondence, parcels, postal money orders, expedited mail, receiving
subscriptions and delivery of printed media, payment of pensions and benefits. One of the
priorities of the RUE “Belpost” is the development of non-cash payments using bank
payment cards for the population to pay for various types of services and goods.
The use of bank payment cards of national and international payment systems
represented on the territory of the Republic of Belarus allows customers to make non-cash
payments for all services, replenish card accounts, receive cash, view information about the
available funds in the account.
In order to reduce the burden on operating cash desks of post offices of RUE
“Belpost”, measures are being taken to popularize self-service devices, such as setting of
payment and inquiry terminals (PST) and devices for sending registered letters SmartPOST,
by means of which customers pay for services in a self-service mode.
Customer care
LEAD IN
compliance соблюдение
smooth гладкий; плавный
profitability рентабельность
signboard вывеска
adhere придерживаться
courtesy учтивость
technical break технический перерыв
The main objectives of the post offices in satisfying customer’s needs are:
At an entrance to post office, and also in places of a stop of mobile post offices
there have to be signs with indication of their names and an operating mode, and
also mailboxes. The texts of the signboards are in one of the official languages or
both.
The work of the operator is to fulfill the wishes of the client, taking into account
the maximum profit for the company and to provide the necessary service.
Each worker, working with the client, must adhere to the basic principles of
courtesy and ethics, and remember that the user has the right to respect for
himself, to receive information, to his opinion, to freedom of choice and refusal of
the service.
At the address of the client the worker in the course of performance of the job
duties shall:
- to observe the mode of work with clients and to warn about the beginning of a
technical break.
1. What are the main objectives of the post offices in satisfying customer’s
needs?
2. Where are the informational signboards placed?
3. What should the operator take care about when he works with a client?
4. What are the rights of a customer?
5. Speak about the principles of a good customer service.
Exercise 3. Read the dialogue with your partner and say if the postal clerk
was polite.
VOCABULARY
boss босс
chairman председатель
chief шеф
director директор
executive должностное лицо
head глава
headmaster старший мастер
headmistress директриса
manager менеджер
president президент
principal главный
subordinate подчиненный
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Read the definitions and try to say in one word using the focus
vocabulary.
LEAD IN
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
schedule график
dispatch отправка
courier services курьерская служба
guilds гильдии профсоюзов
printing press печатный станок
demand потребность, спрос
sprang up возникать
crisscross пересекать
costly дорогостоящий
deliver доставить
delivery доставка
mounted couriers конные курьеры
handle обрабатывать
messenger посыльный
in reference to в отношении
spy on шпионить за
fixed postal rates фиксированные почтовые тарифы
profits доходы
sole power единственная сила
The invention of the printing press and the growth of education and
learning during the 1400’s increased the demand for postal systems. Delivering
mail became a profitable business, and private postal services sprang up in many
areas. By the 1500’s, such systems crisscrossed Europe. The Taxis family of
Vienna organized one of the most famous private systems. By the early 1600’s,
their service employed about 20,000 couriers and covered most of central Europe.
Generally, however, service remained costly and slow. In addition, deliveries were
made only along major transportation routes.
The rise of strong national governments in Europe in the late 1400’s and
the 1500’s led to the establishment of official postal services. In 1477, King Louis
XI of France created a postal system of mounted couriers with regular schedules.
In about 1516, King Henry VIII of England appointed Sir Brian Tuke as
Master of the Posts, mainly to ensure that the royal mail was delivered speedily
and safely. Sir Brian planned four roads from London. The 110-kilometre road
from London to Dover was the best of these roads.
During the early 1600’s, the growing popularity of official postal systems
and the profits earned by private couriers led many European governments to
establish public postal systems. In addition, many governments wished to use the
postal system to spy on their citizens for evidence of disloyalty to the state. In
1627, the French government established post offices in major cities and fixed
postal rates. In 1635, the English government established a public postal system
between England and Scotland.
Many countries passed laws giving the government the sole power to
provide postal delivery. However, private postal services continued to operate in
these countries, mostly along routes not covered by government postal systems.
1. What did the growth of international commerce lead to during the 1300’s?
2. What organizations maintained a postal system?
3. Was the postal service reliable?
4. What was the situation during the 1400’s?
5. How did private systems develop by the early 1600’s?
6. What did King Henry VIII of England do to ensure that the royal mail was
delivered speedily and safely?
7. What led many European government to establish public postal systems
during early 1600’s?
8. What laws did many countries pass?
Exercise 5. Read the text again and make notes. Tell your partners about your
text.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Translate the words and the word combinations. Choose one of
them in each group to make.
Exercise 2. Fill the text with the following words from the box.
ACTIVITY
Why couldn’t people live without postal services? In small groups speak
about the reasons of establishing regular postal system.
PROJECT
Do the project: «Postal communication in ancient times».
LEAD IN
Where can you post a letter, receive parcels, buy stamps, postcards and
envelopes?
Who delivers letters in your area?
When did you last use postal services?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
Every city has a General Post Office and several full-service branch Post
Offices. Post Offices are not open at all hours of the day and in many countries
they are always closed on Sundays and on public holidays.
The Post Office has many duties. If we pay a visit to our local Post Office,
we can see a number of windows with a notice in big letters showing the
operations handled. The first one is marked "Parcel Post", the next one is "Money
Orders." Then there’s one marked "Poste Restante" (A. E. - "General Delivery").
Going down the line you’ll see: "Stamps", "Postcards". "Stamped Envelopes",
"Registered Letters". Also you’ll find a board with the postal rates. Then
somewhere near the entrance you’ll see a notice giving the hours of delivery.
The window marked "Parcel Post" handles all parcels or packages. Don’t
forget to insure your parcel if you’ve got something really valuable in it.
The "Post Restante" window keeps mail until called for. The Post Office
maintains this service for those who prefer to pick up their mail in person.
When sending a letter of particular value you should have it registered (with
or without declared value). The advantage of this service is that registered letters
are not left with the ordinary mail in the letter-box, but delivered personally (the
addressee has to sign for them). The sender is given a receipt at the post-office, so
he can always trace the letter. If you want your letter to be delivered by special
messenger without any delay, you mark it "Special Delivery".
The "Money Orders" window needs almost no explanation. You may send
money orders by mail or by telegram. The important thing when making out a
money order is to write legibly. Illegible handwriting leads to delays in delivery.
And whatever you do, don't lose the receipt.
If you are not sure whether the person still resides at the particular address,
you add on your envelope: "(Postmaster) Please Forward." The Post Office will
send the letter to the new address, since your addressee has most probably left the
Post Office his new address with a request to forward his mail.
Exercise 4. Explain in English the meaning of the following words and word-
combinations.
Post Office, money order, stamped envelope, parcel, post card, registered
letter, periodicals, to insure a parcel, to send a letter, address.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Guess the meaning of the words and word combinations in the box
looking at the picture. Translate them.
1. letter 11.stamp 22.stamp/postage
2. postcard 12.sheet of stamps 23.postmark
3. aerogramme 13.roll of stamps 24.mail slot
4. package/parcel 14.book of stamps 25.window
5. first class 15.money order 26.postal worker/postal
6. air mail 16.change-of-address clerk
7. parcel post form 27.scale
8. book rate/third 17.selective service 28.stamp machine
class registration form 29.mail truck
9. registered mail 18.envelope 30.mailbox
10.express 19.address 31.letter carrier/mail
mail/overnight 20.zip code carrier
mail 21.return address 32.mail bag
Exercise 3. Read out the beginning of the question and try to find how it
ends. Then, ask each other these questions. Work with a partner. Take turns
to say the phrases and give the answers.
1) Do you like a) you want to send a registered letter?
2) Who do you usually get b) for a registered letter?
3) Who do you c) writing letters?
4) Do you have to pay extra d) the form?
5) When do you send e) letters form?
6) Do you have to go to the f) a registered letter
Post Office if
7) Can you just drop g) write to?
8) Could you help me to fill out h) the letters by air mail?
9) What are you going to buy i) at the Post Office?
ACTIVITY
Make the dialogue «At the post office» with your partner.
LISTENING
Exercise 1. Before watching the video «How to use Post Office self service
kiosk» study the following word combinations.
keypad - клавиатура
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qstfv7em0n8
(видео скачано)
Exercise 2. Watch the video and put the actions in the right order. In the
order they appear in the text.
ACTIVITY
There are certain customer service skills that every employee must master if they are
working with customers. Without them, you run the risk of finding your
business in an embarrassing customer service train-wreck, or you’ll simply lose
customers as your service continues to let people down. Luckily, there are a
few universal skills that every support member can master. That will
profoundly improve their conversations with customers.
Below we’ll cover the 16 most-needed skills to master this incredibly important
position.
Can you remember the situation when a postal clerk let you down? Where
was it? When?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
Patience
Not only is patience important to customers, who often reach out to support when
they are confused and frustrated, but it’s also important to the business at
large: service every single time. Yet patience shouldn’t be used as an
excuse for slothful service either!
If you deal with customers on a daily basis, be sure to stay patient when they come to
you stumped and frustrated, but also be sure to take the time to truly figure
out what they want — they’d rather get competent service than be rushed
out the door!
Attentiveness
The ability to really listen to customers is so crucial for providing great service for a
number of reasons.
Make sure you’re getting to the problem at hand quickly; customers don’t need your
life story or to hear about how your day is going.
More importantly, you need to be cautious about how some of your communication
habits translate to customers, and it’s best to be cautious whenever you find
yourself questioning a situation.
When it comes to important points that you need to relay clearly to customers, keep it
simple and leave nothing to doubt.
Your ability to make minor changes in your conversational patterns can truly go a
long way in creating happy customers.
Sometimes you’re going to come across people that you’ll never be able to make
happy.
Situations outside of your control (they had a terrible day, or they are just a natural-
born complainer) will sometimes creep into your usual support routine, and
you’ll be greeted with those “barnacle” customers that seem to want
nothing else but to pull you down.
Every great customer service must have those basic acting skills necessary to
maintain their usual cheery persona.
You should spend more time with customers, the bottom line is that there is a limit,
and you need to be concerned with getting customers what they want in an
efficient manner.
The trick here is that this should also be applied when you simply cannot help a
customer. If you don’t know the solution to a problem, the best kind of
support is to get a customer over to someone who does.
Don’t waste time trying to go above and beyond for a customer in an area where you
will just end up wasting both of your time!
When you see a customer face-to-face and hear a customer’s voice you must always
remember some basic principles of behavioral psychology and be able to
“read” the customer’s current emotional state.
This skill is essential because you don’t want to misread a customer and end up
losing him due to confusion and miscommunication.
Look and listen for subtle clues about their current mood, patience level, personality,
etc., and you’ll go far in keeping your customer interactions positive.
1. What are certain customer service skills that every worker must master if
he is working with clients?
2. Why is patience of great importance both for clients and postal workers?
3. What are the advantages of great and “slower” service?
4. What is especially important in the work with clients?
5. What should your behavior be when you need to relay important points to
clients?
6. What is it necessary to know to help clients when they run into problems?
7. What is a very important part of persuasion?
8. What’s the role of “positive” language both for employees and clients?
9. What basic acting skills must every great customer service possess?
10. How should a postal worker solve a problem if he simply cannot help a
client?
11. How do you understand the title “Ability to ‘read’ clients”?
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
patience
attentiveness
The role of
ability to use positive language
Exercise 2. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.
Exercise 3. Fill in the sentences with the following words from the box.
1. Small changes that employ “……..” can greatly affect how the
customer hears your response...
2. Every great customer service must have those necessary ……to maintain
their usual cheery persona.
3. Your ability to make …….. in your conversational patterns can truly go a
long way in creating happy customers.
4. ……is also important to the business at large: great service beats fast
service every single time.
5. If you deal with customers on a daily basis, be sure to stay patient when
they come to you …….
6. When you see a customer…….. and hear a customer’s voice you must
always remember some basic principles of behavioral psychology.
7. If you don’t know the solution to a problem, the best kind of ….. is to get a
customer over to someone who does.
8. This skill is …… because you don’t want to misread a customer and end
up losing him due to confusion and miscommunication.
9. A customer contacts you with an interest in a ………, but that product
happens to be backordered until next month.
10. Sometimes you’re going to …….. people that you’ll never be able to make
happy.
WRITING
1. Every employee who works with clients must master certain customer service
skills.
Exercise 2. Use the following words and word combinations in your own
sentences.
ACTIVITY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
A calming presence
There are a lot of metaphors for this type of personality: “keeps their cool,” “stays
cool under pressure,” and so on, but it all represents the same thing: the
ability some people have to stay calm and even influence others when
things get troublesome. The best customer service employees know that
they can’t let a heated customer force them to lose their cool; in fact it is
their job to try to be the “rock” for a customer who thinks the world is
falling down due to their current problem.
Goal-oriented approach
This may seem like a strange thing to list as a customer service skill, but I assure you
it’s vitally important. That’s because it leaves employees without goals.
They must have plenty of freedom to handle customers on a case-to-case
basis, but also leave them priority solutions and “go-to” fixes for common
problems.
Sometimes the customer support world is going to throw you a puzzle. Let’s say, for
instance, you want to come up with a quick system for when you come
across a customer who has a product problem you’ve never seen before ...
Who? One thing you can decide is who you should address when you don’t
know what to do. The Chief Executive Officer might be able to help you,
but you can’t go to him with every single question! Define a logical chain
for yourself to use.
How? Another thing you can decide is that when it comes time to get someone
else involved, how are you going to contact them.
Persuasion skills
Experienced customer service workers know that to truly take your customer service
skills to the next level, you need to have some mastery of persuasion so
you can convince clients to keep your interactions positive and leave the
post office in a good mood even if there’s something wrong.
Tenacity
Call it what you want, but a great work and a willingness to do what needs to be done
is a key skill when providing the kind of service that people talk about.
Remembering that your customers are people too, and knowing that putting in the
extra effort will come back to you ten-fold should be your driving
motivation to never “cheat” your customers with lazy service.
Closing ability
Being able to close with a customer means being able to end the conversation with
confirmed satisfaction (or as close to it as you can achieve) and with the
customer feeling that everything has been taken care of (or will be).
Your willingness to do this shows the customer two very important things:
When you get a customer to, “Yes, I’m all set!” is when you know the conversation
is over.
Empathy
Perhaps empathy — the ability to understand and share the feelings of another — is
more of a character trait than a skill.
That’s because even when you can’t tell the customer exactly what they want to hear,
a dose of care, concern and understanding will go a long way. Support and
ability to empathize with a customer can often make all the difference.
Willingness to learn
Everybody knows that those who don’t seek to improve what they do, whether it’s
building products, marketing businesses, or helping customers, will get left
behind by the people willing to improve their skills.
1. What does the expression “to keep cool” mean? Why is it so important for
an employee to keep cool?
2. Why doesn’t employees unlimited power to “WOW” clients give any
positive results?
3. What puzzle is the customer support world sometimes going to throw you?
4. What quality should you possess to truly take your customer service skills
to the next level?
5. What is a key skill when providing the kind of service that people talk
about?
6. What should your driving motivation to never “cheat” your clients with
lazy service be?
7. What two very important things are necessary to end the conversation with
confirmed satisfaction?
8. What is empathy?
9. What happens to those who don’t seek to improve what they do?
Exercise 4. Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and word
combinations in the text and read the sentences where they are used.
LANGUAGEPRACTICE
The role of
goal- oriented approach
ability to handle surprises
persuasion skills in fruitful customer service
tenacity in fruitful customer service
empathy in fruitful customer service
willingness to learn in fruitful customer service
.
Exercise 2. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.
Empathy to persuade smb to smth
Tenacity anxiety, worry, responsibility, duty
Persuasion a strong desire to to know or to learn
smth
To handle surprises ability to understand and share feelings
Approach the action or process of persuading smb
Curiosity the quality of being able to grip smth
firmly
Lazy service to manage (a situation or problem)
To convince protection of someone or smth,
carefulness
Concern unwilling to serve
Current a way of considering or doing smth
Care belonging to the present time
WRITING
Exercise 1. Fill in the sentences from the text with the following words and word
combinations from the box.
1. Knowing that putting in the extra effort will come back to you ten-fold
should be your .… .… to never “cheat” your clients with lazy service.
2. To truly take your customer service skills to the next level, you need to
have some .… of …. .
3. A great work and a .… to do what needs to be done is a key skill when
providing the kind of service that people talk about.
4. The best customer service employees know that they can’t let a .… client
force them to lose their cool.
5. When you get a client to .… is when you know the conversation is over.
6. Many customer service experts show how giving employees unlimited
power to …. clients doesn’t always give any positive results.
7. Being able to close with a client means being able to end the conversation
with confirmed …. .
8. Empathy — the ability to understand and share the feelings of another — is
more of a character …. than a skill.
9. Sometimes the customer support world is going to …. you a puzzle.
Exercise 2. Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences.
1. The best customer service employees know that they can’t let a heated
customer force them to lose their cool.
2. Empathy means the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
3. To take your customer service skills to the next level, you need to have some
mastery of persuasion.
Exercise 3. Use the following words and word combinations in your own
sentences.
To convince, to provide the kind of service, tenacity, to keep cool, case-to-case basis,
to stay cool, to be in a good mood, to emphasize, to share feelings,
ACTIVITY
Make up and dramatize the dialogue between a postal worker and a heated
customer who tries to force you to lose your cool.
UNIT 8 ДЕЛОВАЯ ПЕРЕПИСКА, ВЕДЕНИЕ ДЕЛОВОГО
/ТЕЛЕФОННОГО РАЗГОВОРА.
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE
LEAD IN
Peter Drucker, the father of the science of office management, says, “As soon
as you take one step up the career ladder your effectiveness depends on your
ability to communicate your thoughts in writing and in speaking.”
How do you understand this statement? Do you agree with it?
Exercise 1. Look at these two letters. Compare them. Is a business letter
different from an ordinary letter? In what way?
Complete this list:
- business letter is formal;
- it has a standard format, ...
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
order-letter письмо-заказ, письмо-поручение
letter of inquiry письменный запрос
claim (complaint) letter письмо-жалоба
cover letter сопроводительное письмо
social letter благотворительное письмо
impact влияние
failure неудача, провал
communications tool связующий инструмент
formal официальный
subconsciously подсознательно
antiquated отживший, вышедший из употребления
confidence доверие
put oneself in somebody's shoes войти в положение; поставить себя на чье-
либо место
flattering лестный, придающий привлекательность
alienate заставлять отвернуться
transitions связующие элементы
concise выразительный
stuffy скучный, старомодный
as per согласно
request просьба, требование
herewith настоящим (сообщается и т. п.); при сём
(прилагается)
inside address исходящий адрес
greeting, salutation приветствие
body of the letter основная часть письма
complimentary close выражение вежливости, которым
заканчивается письмо
letterhead шапка на фирменном бланке
courtesy title титул
legibly разборчиво, чётко
proof-read вычитывать корректуру
neat чёткий, ясный, точный
etiquette этикет, нормы
block format блочный формат, формат блока данных
conscientious добросовестный, честный
anticipate ожидать, предвидеть
threatening грозящий, угрожающий
minor незначительный, несущественный
3. What essential parts does the typical business letter consist of?
4. What does each part contain?
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. What are the reasons of writing business letters? Choose the most
appropriate:
to inform readers of specific information, to ask about health, to apologize to
someone ,to create proposals for clients, make an arrangement, tell about birthday
party, request a price list, thank someone for a advice, or apply for a job, to
express thanks to someone or a group, to formalize decisions to someone or a
group, to claim if mail is lost, damaged, delayed or arrived with some of the
contents missing.
Exercise 2. Use the list of word choices to answer the following questions.
salutation date complimentary closing
signature inside address return address
writers typed name body
Exercise 4. Match the vocabulary below to the items above. The vocabulary
may match more than one item.
Exercise 4. Match the parts of the letter with their names
Exercise 5. Compose the letter below placing its parts in the proper order
Chemistry Department
2
We write to inform you that we developed a new device at our University
(Loughborough) that can identify tiny amounts of explosive particles – invisible to
the naked eye. It could provide the solution to better protecting the travelling public
from acts of terrorism.
4 Created by Professor John Tyrer from the University’s Wolfson School of
Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, along with colleagues from the
Department of Chemistry, the device is currently undergoing field trials at a number
of undisclosed locations across the country.
6 If you think our work is worth being spoken about, we would like to ask you to
give us a chance to present it. We would appreciate your attention to our research.
7 In the recent issue of Chemical Review we have found information on the
scientific conference New Discoveries in Science to be held in Swansea. We are
looking forward to reporting our new discovery and discussing it with the scientific
public.
8
13 May 2014
Loughborough University
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/
Swansea University
10
Singleton Park
Swansea
SA2 8PP
Wales
Exercise 6. In the following letter, select the item that is more formal using
the vocabulary of formal and informal letter:
FORMAL INFORMAL
Beginning ▪Dear Sir/Madam / Dear Mr/Ms Brown ▪Dear Mark/Laura
Ending ▪Yours faithfully / Yours sincerely ▪Best/kind regards
Recalling facts ▪As you may recall, we recently discussed the ▪As you know, we talked
possibility of … about…
▪As you know, our company is interested in … ▪You probably remember our
recent conversation about ...
What you ▪In order to develop this idea ▪If you agree, we could …
propose ▪To allow us to take the matter further, may I ▪It might be a good idea to
suggest that.. …
▪To enable us to move forward on this, we would ▪What I suggest is …
like to propose … ▪One /another possibility
▪I/we/our firm would be pleased to … would be to …
Further contact ▪Please do not hesitate to contact us if you ▪Feel free to contact me at
require further details / more information. any time for more details.
▪We would be happy to provide more detailed ▪Let me know how you feel
information. about my suggestion.
Signing off ▪We would be pleased to have an opportunity to ▪We could discuss this over
work with your firm. lunch one day.
▪I look forward to hearing from you. ▪Hope to hear from you
soon.
Dear Ms Denton,
1 (Thanks/ Thank you) for your letter of 24 May. As I am sure you
will2 (understand/appreciate), I am 3 (most upset/very sorry) to 4 (hear/learn) that
you 5(were unable to/could not) locate my suitcase.
As I 6 (said/pointed out) in my original letter, the suitcase contained 7 (a lot
of/many)documents that I 8 (need/require) for my 9 (work/job).
I have 10 (been obliged/had) to 11 (contact/get in touch with) my publishers
to 12 (get hold of/obtain) copies of documents that your airline 13 (lost/mislaid).
14 (Naturally/Of course), I will 15 (complete/fill in) the Claim Form, but I 16 (find
it difficult/it is not easy) to 17 (estimate/guess) the value of the documents.
18 (About/Approximately) half of them are irreplaceable. I 19 (hope/ trust) that in
the meantime you 20 (are still looking/continue to look) for my case.
21 (Should you find it/If you find it), please contact me 22 (straight
away/immediately).
I 23 (look/am looking) forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
James Burke
Company Manager
WRITING
Situation 2: You are organising a conference for Postmasters from all over the
country. You have already booked the hotel where the conference will be held and
the Postmasters will stay, and have just received a letter of confirmation. However,
you need to make some changes to the arrangements. With a partner, think of what
kind of changes you might need to make (for example, the number of hotel rooms
you need). Write a short business letter with your partner. Put every part of
the letter in the right position.
BUSINESS CALL
LEAD IN
Exercise 1: Work in groups. Look at the photos and discuss these questions:
Exercise 1: Read the phone conversation below and choose the correct answer
for each question.
Mrs. Johnson: Hello, this is Mrs. Johnson. I’d like to speak to Mr. Brown.
Secretary: I’m afraid he is not available just now. Is there anything I could do for
you?
Mrs. Johnson: I’m calling because I want a copy of the report of the project we’ve
been working for a year and a half.
Secretary: What project are you talking about? Our company is involved in many
projects.
Mrs. Johnson: It’s the project ENGLISH FOR THE WORLD OF WORK.
Mrs. Johnson: It’s a project which came into being at the British Council initiative.
19 schools have been involved in this project.
Secretary: Oh, I know a lot of things about it. A lot of employees in our company
are involved in this project. But I’m afraid that only Mr. Brown can help you in
this respect.
Mrs. Johnson: Could you ask him to call me back, please? My number is: 0044
0268 214590.
Secretary: I’ll ask him to call you back as soon as he’s free.
A.1. What is the name of the project which is mentioned in the phone
conversation?
a. “Free fighters”
b. “British Council”
c. “English for the World of Work”
2. How long have Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Brown been working together on this
project?
a. 10 years
b. a month
c. a year and a half
3. Where is Mrs. Johnson?
a. we do not know because it is not mentioned in the dialogue
b. in her office
c. in the street
B. Decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).
a. The company Mr. Brown works for is involved only in the project “English
for the World of Work”.
b. None of the employees have been involved in the project “English for the
World of Work”.
c. Mrs. Johnson wants a report of the project “English for the World of Work”
from Mr. Brown.
Exercise 2: Work in pairs. Follow this flowchart to practice making a phone
call. To simulate the situation of a telephone conversation, you and your
partner must sit back-to-back:
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Pair work: Student A prepares to make a call. Student B receives the call.
Student B has to write down the message.
The person you are talking to on the phone has another copy of this price list. Both
of you have been inattentive and spilt some coffee on the price lists. You have to
write them again because you have to hand them in to your boss. Get the missing
information by asking questions like these:
STUDENT A:
€ $
It is not always easy to understand people over the phone. Here are some tips to
help you when making phone call in English.
1. The other person can’t see what a nice person you are, so make sure you sound
POLITE and AGREEABLE.
2. Don’t rely on your memory: make notes during a call and rewrite these notes
immediately afterwards as a record of the call.
3. Don’t try to be funny- you may be misunderstood.
4. Don’t interrupt the other person: let them finish what they want to say.
5. The other person hasn’t got all day, so make sure your call is BRIEF.
6. The other person may not understand you easily, so try to speak slowly and
CLEARLY.
Which do you think are the three most important tips? List them in the
order of importance ( 1- the most important, 2- important, 3- not so
important )
Which of the tips do you agree with? Why?
Which of the pieces of advice do you follow when making or receiving a phone
call in English?
Exercise 2: Work in pairs. Choose one of the following situations. Make a
dialogue. Follow the rules of business telephone call and use the tips.
Situation 1: You are calling the post office because your parcel wasn’t delivered
in time.
Situation 2: You are calling the post office because you want to rent a mailbox.
Numbers
LEAD IN
15 почтальонов
67 почтовых ящиков
1233 адреса
4648 посылок
52199 конвертов
102344 писем
2276889 пакетов
Exercise 2. Read the text aloud, pay attention to the pronunciation of the
numbers in bold.
Nearly all industrial countries and some developing countries have efficient
postal systems. In the United Kingdom, for example, there are about 1,500 main
post offices. British postal workers deliver to more than 23.5 million addresses,
and handle more than 14 billion letters and small packets, and 200 million parcels
every year. In Australia, there are about 4,800 post offices, which handle about 3
billion postal articles each year. New Zealand has about 1,300 post offices, with
handle about 700 million items a year. There are about 140,000 post offices in
India. The Philippines has more than 2,000 post offices.
LEAD IN
VOCABULARY
Here are some phrases you can use when you want to know the time:
To tell someone what the time is, we can say "The time is..." or, more usually,
"It's...". Here is a typical dialogue:
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Here are four seasons of the year. Study them in English.
Exercise 2. Here are the names of the months in English.
Months
1 January Jan J
2 February Feb F
Months
3 March Mar M
4 April Apr A
5 May May M
6 June Jun J
7 July Jul J
8 August Aug A
9 September Sep S
10 October Oct O
11 November Nov N
12 December Dec D
Monday Mon
Tuesday Tue
Wednesday Wed
Thursday Thu
Friday Fr
Saturday Sat
Sunday Sun
Remember:
In English, months and days of the week are correctly written with an initial
capital: January, Monday…
31st thirty-first
There are several different ways to write the date in English. They vary from
formal to informal, and there are differences between British and American
English. The following table shows some typical formats.
D 14/3/2016 3/14/2016
E 14/3/16 3/14/16
F 14/03/16 03/14/16
Note that another format exists which writes the date numerically in the order
Year-Month-Day, for example: 2016/03/14. This is rare in British or American
English and used mainly in very official or technical documents.
Prepositions of time
Study the table comparing the uses of prepositions in, on, at.
in on at
Months: in January / in Days of the week: on Clock times: at 7.30 a.m.
April Monday / at 5 o’clock
Seasons: in spring / in Festivals: at Christmas /
Days + parts of days: on
winter at Easter
Years: in 1984 / in 2015 Tuesday afternoon / on Exceptions: at night / at
Centuries: in the 20th Saturday mornings the weekend
century Dates: on November
Times of day: in the 22nd
morning / in the evening Special days: on my
Longer periods of time: birthday / on New Year’s
in the past / in the 1990s /
Eve
in the holidays
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Say and write the dates in English. Use both ways British and
American.
06.01.1978 01.06.1453
17.02.1955 12.08.1690
05.03.1797 02.11.1564
22.04.1915 03.10.1986
15.12.1367 23.04.1998
Capital
Country Transcription Страна Transcription Столица
city
Sukhum(
Abkhazia [æb'kɑːzɪə] Абхазия [ su'huːm(ɪ) ] Сухум
i)
Afghanis Афганист
[æfˌɡænɪˈstɑːn] Kabul [ ˈkɑːbʊl ] Кабул
tan ан
[ˈbweɪnos
Argentin Buenos Буэнос-
[ɑːdʒənˈtiːn] Аргентина ˈeriz]
a Aires Айрес
[ˌbwenəs'aɪrɪz ]
Багамские
Bahamas [ bəˈhɑːməz ] Nassau [ ˈnæsɒ ] Нассау
о-ва
Banglade Бангладе
[ ˌbæŋɡləˈdeʃ ] Dacca [ ˈdækə ] Дакка
sh ш
Cambodi Pnompe
[ kæmˈbəʊdɪə ] Камбоджа [ 'nɒm 'pen ] Пномпень
a nh
Cameroo
[ ˌkæməˈruːn ] Камерун Yaounde [ ͵jɑ:u:nʹdeı ] Яунде
n
Beijing / [ ˌbeiˈdʒɪŋ /
China [ ˈtʃaɪnə ] Китай Пекин
Peking ˌpiːˈkɪŋ ]
Colombi
[ kəˈlɒmbɪə ] Колумбия Bogota [ ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː ] Богота
a
Brazzavi Браззавил
Congo [ ˈkɒŋɡəʊ ] Конго [ ˈbræzəˌvɪl ]
lle ь
Costa Коста-
[ ˈkɒstə ˈriːkə ] San Jose [ san ˌhoˈzeɪ ] Сан-Хосе
Rica Рика
Czech
[tʃek rɪˈpʌblɪk ] Чехия Prague [ prɑːɡ ] Прага
Republic
Доминика
Dominic Santo
[ dəˈmɪnɪkən rɪ нская [ˈsæntəʊ do Санто-
an Doming
ˈpʌblɪk ] Республик ˈmɪŋɡəʊ ] Доминго
Republic o
а
Сан-
El [ˌel ˈniːnjəʊ San
Сальвадор [san ˈsælvədɔː ] Сальвадо
Salvador ˈsælvədɔː] Salvador
р
Addis Аддис-
Ethiopia [ ˌiːθɪˈəʊpɪə ] Эфиопия [ ˌædɪs'æbəbə ]
Ababa Абеба
Финлянди Хельсинк
Finland [ ˈfɪnlənd ] Helsinki [ ˈhelsɪŋki ]
я и
Port-au- Порт-о-
Haiti [ ˈheɪti ] Гаити [ ˌpɔːtəʊˈprɪns ]
Prince Пренс
Honolul
Hawaii [ həˈwaɪiː ] Гавайи [ ˌhɑːnəˈluːluː ] Гонолулу
u
Teguciga Тегусигал
Honduras [ hɒnˈdjʊərəs ] Гондурас [teɡuːsiˈɡælpə ]
lpa ьпа
Hong Hong
[ hʊŋ kʰʊŋ ] Гонконг [ ˌhɒŋ 'kɒŋ ] Гонконг
Kong Kong
Reykjavi Рейкьяви
Iceland [ ˈaɪslənd ] Исландия [ ˈreɪkjəvɪk ]
k к
New Нью-
India [ ˈɪndɪə ] Индия [ njuː ˈdeli ]
Delhi Дели
Индонези
Indonesia [ ˌɪndəˈniːzɪə ] Jakarta [ dʒəˈkɑːtə ] Джакарта
я
[ ɪˈrɑːn ] [ aɪ
Iran Иран Tehran [ ˌteˈrɑːn ] Тегеран
ˈræn ]
[ ɪˈrɑːk ] [ ɪˈræk
Iraq ] Ирак Baghdad [ ˌbæɡˈdæd ] Багдад
[ aɪˈræk ]
Ireland [ ˈaɪələnd ] Ирландия Dublin [ ˈdʌblɪn ] Дублин
Jerusale Иерусали
Israel [ ˈɪzreɪl ] Израиль [ dʒəˈruːsələm ]
m м
Берег
Ivory
[ ˈaɪvəri kəʊst ] Слоновой Abidjan [ ˌæbiː'ʤɑːn ] Абиджан
Coast
Кости
Kuwait
Kuwait [ kʊˈweɪt ] Кувейт [ kʊˈweɪt ˈsɪti ] Кувейт
City
Kyrgyzst
[ ˈkɪrɡəˌstæn ] Киргизия Bishkek [ bɪʃ'kek ] Бишкек
an
Monrovi
Liberia [ laɪˈbɪərɪə ] Либерия [ ˌmɑːnˈroviə ] Монровия
a
Lilongw
Malawi [ məˈlɑːwi ] Малави [ lɪˈlɒŋweɪ ] Лилонгве
e
(Ла-)Валл
Malta [ ˈmɔːltə ] Мальта Valletta [ və'letə ]
етта
Mexico [ ˈmeksɪkəʊ
Mexico [ ˈmeksɪkəʊ ] Мексика Мехико
City ˈsɪti ]
Chisinau
[ ˌkɪʃɪ'nəu ]
Moldova [ ˌmolˈdovə ] Молдавия (Kishine Кишинев
['kɪʃɪnɔf ]
v)
Monaco- Монако-
Monaco [ ˈmɒnəkəʊ ] Монако [ 'mɔnəkəu vɪl ]
Ville Вилль
Ulan Улан-
Mongolia [ mɒŋˈɡəʊlɪə ] Монголия [ ʊ'lɑːn 'bɑːtɔː ]
Bator Батор
Kathman
Nepal [ nɪ'pɔːl ] Непал [ ˌkatmanˈduː ] Катманду
du
Netherla Нидерлан
[ ˈneðələndz ] Amsterd Амстерда
nds / ды / [ ˈæmstədæm ]
[ ˈhɒlənd ] am м
Holland Голландия
New Новая Wellingt Веллингт
[ ˌnjuː'ziːlənd ] [ ˈwelɪŋtən ]
Zeland Зеландия on он
Nicaragu
[ ˌnɪkəˈræɡjʊə ] Никарагуа Managua [ məˈnɑːɡwə ] Манагуа
a
Islamaba Исламаба
Pakistan [ ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn ] Пакистан [ ˌɪsˈlæməbæd ]
d д
Papua Папуа —
[ˈpæpjʊə njuː Port Порт-
New Новая [ ˌpɔːtˈmɔːzbi ]
ˈɡɪni] Moresby Морсби
Guinea Гвинея
Asuncio
Paraguay [ ˈpærəɡwaɪ ] Парагвай [ əˈsənʃən ] Асунсьон
n
Philippin Филиппин
[ ˈfɪlɪpiːnz ] Manila [ məˈnɪlə ] Манила
es ы
Португали
Portugal [ ˈpɔːtʃʊɡəl ] Lisbon [ ˈlɪzbən ] Лиссабон
я
Buchares
Romania [ rəˈmeɪnɪə ] Румыния [ ˈbjuːkəˌrest ] Бухарест
t
Saudi Саудовска
[saudi əˈreɪbiə ] Riyadh [ riˈæd ] Эр-Рияд
Arabia я Аравия
Bratislav Братислав
Slovakia [ sˌloˈvɑːkiə ] Словакия [ ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə ]
a а
Ljubljan
Slovenia [ sˌloˈviːniə ] Словения [ ˌljuːblɪˈɑːnə ] Любляна
a
South Южная
[ saʊθ ˈæfrɪkə ] Pretoria [ prɪˈtɔːrɪə ] Претория
Africa Африка
South Южная
[ saʊθ kəˈrɪə ] Seoul [ səʊl ] Сеул
Korea Корея
Khartou
Sudan [ suːˈdɑːn ] Судан [ ˌkɑːˈtuːm ] Хартум
m
Stockhol Стокголь
Sweden [ ˈswiːdən ] Швеция [ ˈstɒkhəʊm ]
m м
Switzerla Швейцари
[ ˈswɪtsələnd ] Berne [ ˈbɜːn ] Берн
nd я
Damascu
Syria [ ˈsɪrɪə ] Сирия [ dəˈmæskəs ] Дамаск
s
Kyiv [ ˈkɪjɪf ]
Ukraine [ juːˈkreɪn ] Украина Киев
(Kiev) [ ˈkiːef ]
United [ juːˈnaɪtɪd
States of steɪts əv Washing Вашингто
США [ ˈwɒʃɪŋtən ]
America əˈmerɪkə / ton н
/ USA ˌju:ˌesˈeɪ ]
Venezuel
[ ˌvenɪˈzweɪlə ] Венесуэла Caracas [ kəˈrækəs ] Каракас
a
Zimbabw
[ zɪmˈbɑːbwi ] Зимбабве Harare [ həˈrɑːi ] Хараре
e
Exercise 1. Study the table. There are different suffixes used in derivation of
nationalities.
Russia – Russian
Australia – Australian
Indonesia – Indonesian
-I Iraq – Iraqi
Pakistan – Pakistani
Thailand – Thai
Kuwait - Kuwaiti
Exercise 2. Read the names of the counties and their residents. Determine the
suffixes used in the names of the residents.
Resident of the
Country Transcription
country
Netherlander/ [ ˈneðələndə ]
Netherlands / Holland
Hollander [ ˈhɒləndə ]
United States of
American [ əˈmerɪkən ]
America / USA
Example:
I am from Russia - I am Russian
1.You are from England;
2. Marty is from America;
3. My friends are from Spain;
4. We are from France;
5. She is from Japan;
6. I'm from Italy;
7. My mother is from Australia;
8. Marcos is from Brazil;
9. That waiter is from Mexico;
Example:
_____________? - Yes, she is from Germany.
Is she from Germany? - Yes, she is from Germany.
1. _____________? - Yes, I'm from the USA.
2. _____________? - Yes, they are from Italy.
3. _____________? - Yes, he is British.
4. _____________? - Yes, she is from Germany.
5. _____________? - We are from China.
6. _____________? - No, they aren't from England, they are from Scotland.
7. _____________? - No, the operator isn't Brazilian, he is Spanish.
8. _____________? - She is from Austria.
9. _____________? - Yes, I'm Italian.
10. _____________? - No, the parcels aren't from Poland.
Postal codes. Telephone codes
VOCABULARY
READING
A postal code is a local post office identifier that delivers mail to a specific
recipient. There are no international postal codes (postal codes of countries).
At the same time, postal services of some countries use a system of postal codes
of neighboring, larger countries - for example, Monaco is included in the postal
code system of France. Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan
use postal codes inherited from the Soviet Union.
In other countries, there are no postal codes at all. These countries include, in
particular, Ghana. In others, there are postal codes, but they are rarely used - for
example, in Israel people often do not know their postcode, and letters are
delivered quickly and clearly.
To search for a real postal code at a specific address in any country in the world
where postal codes are used, there is a site lookup.addressdoctor.com. But the
information there is very approximate, so it is better to use the postal code search
service on the website of the postal service of the destination country.
As for telephone codes, each country has its own assigned telephone code. There
is a site countrycode.org to find the telephone code of a country.
International Mailing
LEAD IN
Did you send any letters, parcels and other postal articles abroad? If
yes, where and whom to?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
time-constraints сроки
to settle up рассчитаться
outbound исходящий
a recipient получатель
to sign подписывать
Several mailing services are available to suit your every need depending on the type
any, for a postal article to reach its final destination. Therefore, it is important to
identify what postal service is most appropriate for you, before sending your mail,
to benefit from the full range of services available and to make sure that you apply
the correct postage rate. If in doubt, check the applicable postage rates online. You
should be aware, that if a postal article carries insufficient postage, the addressee will
ORDINARY MAIL
LOCAL
All local mail posted before 19.00 between Monday and Friday and 15.00 on
Saturdays will be processed on the same day and delivered on the following
working day.
INTERNATIONAL
Outbound international mail that is posted before 19.00 between Monday and
Friday and before 15.00 on Saturday is collected, processed and dispatched to
its destination (loaded on aircraft) on the following working day to any EU country
and following three working days for all other countries.
REGISTERED MAIL
If you need proof that a postal article has been delivered, whether locally or overseas,
you would need to use the Registered Mail Service, which requires the signature of
the recipient upon delivery of the postal article.
You would need to call at any post office during retail opening hours and request this
service. Counter staff will stick a bar-coded label containing a unique registration
mail number (for example, RR 123456789 MT) on your postal article. A copy of the
same bar-coded label is attached on a “Registered Mail Card‟ and handed over to
you, after being date-stamped. Keep this card just in case you would need to make an
enquiry on the registered item or should you need to prove that you have purchased
the service.
If when posting a local registered postal article, you did not ask for an AR card, and
later realize that you do need to know when your item was delivered and who signed
for it, you can always ask for “Proof of Delivery”. At an additional charge, the
postal service provider will give you a copy of the recipient’s signature, as well as an
official letter stating the date of delivery.
Written messages and business papers are sent in international ordinary and
registered letters.
Exercise 1. Look at the table. Describe the types of postal items and
services.
By
By road By air By air
road
Letters:
Registered:
Ensured :
30.00, 54.00, 69.00, 77.00, 90.86, 107.00, 144.00, 205.00, 272.50, 321.55,
354.00, 532.00, 655.00, 772.90
By
By road By air By air
road
Letters:
Exercise 5. Find in the text the equivalents of the following Russian words and
word combinations.
вынужден рассчитаться, доставка, откладывать, обратный адрес, обеспечивать,
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
3. When has all local mail to be posted in order to be delivered on the following
working day?
5. What would you have to use for the proof that your postal article has been
delivered?
day?
9. What will the postal service provider give you at an additional charge?
10. Is it important to identify what postal service is most appropriate for you? Why?
13. What kind of mail do you need for proof that a postal article has been delivered,
7. ‘letter sent by special post, paying an extra charge and getting a receipt for
insurance’
Exercise 3. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.
for a letter
recipient the place to which someone or something is
going or being sent
a certificate of merit a group of printed bars to be scanned
WRITING
Exercise 1. Fill in the sentences with the following words from the box.
final destination
pillar-box
stamp
letter-box
envelope
postman
signature
sending your mail
mail
address
Exercise 2. Use the following words and word combinations in your own
sentences.
to identify, postal service , addressee, delivery, available, to delay, international mail,
local mail, signature of the recipient, local registered postal article
ACTIVITY
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
Posting a Parcel
When you are posting a parcel, make sure that all items are properly wrapped. Soft
items, like small items of clothing, can be mailed in padded envelopes. When solid or
breakable items are purchased in custom-made boxes, you can just wrap the box in
thick brown paper and then tie it securely with strong string. You can also use tape to
secure the edges and corners of the box but tape should never be used to cover the
whole surface area of a parcel because doing that would increase the chances of the
parcel being damaged or tampered with.
If the item you wish to post does not have its own box, an alternative should be found
closest in size to the item being mailed.
Fill any extra space in the box with crushed newspapers, straw or polystyrene to
prevent the item from moving around whilst in transit and possibly getting damaged.
Make sure you write the addressee and mailing address, as well as your sender
details, clearly on the parcel, preferably in block capitals, using a ballpoint or felt
pen. If the package is fragile, make sure you clearly mark it as such and also point it
out to the counter staff when mailing the item.
You will need to fill up certificates and documents as may be required by the law of
the receiving country or as otherwise directed by the postal operator. In all
instances, you must give a detailed description, which must be clearly visible, of the
item/s you are mailing.
You should also affix a CN 22 form (customs declaration form) on postal articles
not exceeding the value of approximately €337.
In order to avoid any complications for the release of the postal article in the
receiving country, you must fill in all the information requested in the form CN22
and must always declare the correct value of the article because the ultimate
responsibility for the contents and value of the article remains yours.
You should indicate your preferences in instances of non-delivery on the form
supplied. If mailing-back is requested, remember that you will have to pay for it.
Exercise 1. Look through the text and find the sentences where the words from
the vocabulary are used, read them and translate.
Exercise 2. Read the text attentively and then from the statements given below
choose four which are taken from the text above.
1. The raw material of the postal services, always a single object that demands
individual treatment, is something sent by one person (or entity) to another
who may be anywhere in the world.
2. You will need to fill up certificates and documents as may be required by the
law of the receiving country or as otherwise directed by the postal operator.
3. Letters and parcels in all shapes and sizes are subject only to the limits of
weight and dimension prescribed by postal legislation.
4. If postal services are to be efficient and economical, these items must be mass-
processed, as far as it is possible.
5. When solid or breakable items are purchased in custom-made boxes, you can
just wrap the box in thick brown paper and then tie it securely with strong
string.
6. Thus, the basic function of postal organization is to convert the individual item
as rapidly as possible into something that can be handled on a bulk basis,
ensuring, however, that it finally regains its individual status.
7. When you are posting a parcel, make sure that all items are properly wrapped.
8. You should also affix a CN 22 form (customs declaration form) on postal
articles not exceeding the value of approximately €337.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences.
1. It’s necessary to write the mailing address and the sender details in block capitals
on the parcel.
2. Extra space in the box must be filled with crushed newspapers, straw or
polystyrene.
3. A sender fills up certificates and documents as may be required by the law of the
receiving country.
4. A sender must fill in all the information requested in the form CN22 (customs
declaration form).
8. If the package is …, point it out to the counter staff when mailing the item.
Good morning. I would like to send this parcel to China, please. How much
does it cost?
Well, we have to know its weight first. Can you put the parcel on the scales,
please? So, it weighs 3 kg. Is there anything fragile inside?
Oh yes. I’m sending a bottle of perfume to my aunt. So I need some special
wrapping paper for that, please.
OK. No problem, sir. Please, write down the address on the package legibly.
And would you like to insure the parcel?
I would rather not. There is nothing valuable in it. So how much is the
postage?
That`s 40 dollars for the stamps and for our wrapping and packing services all
together.
Do you accept credit cards?
Yes, of course.
ACTIVITY
LEAD IN
Have you ever written the address in a foreign language yourself while
posting a letter to your foreign friend? If no, who helped you?
Did your foreign friend come across any difficulties writing your
address?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
to capitalize использовать
to require требовать, нуждаться
to ensure обеспечивать, удостовериться
undeliverable letter недоставленное письмо
certification of vital records запись актов гражданского состояния
state indicia государственные знаки
transit time срок доставки
notary нотариус
sequence последовательность
certain value определённая ценность
driving license водительские права
enhance legibility улучшать разборчивость
certificate of merit сертификат качества
the locality name населенный пункт
for consistency для соответствия
SENDING MAIL
Written messages and business papers are sent in international ordinary and
registered letters.
certificates of merit, picture postcards, state indicia, etc.) which are of certain value
Air mail is a longer transit time, so taking care to address the envelope properly will
reduce delays or undeliverable letters. An international post will need to be processed
by the sender's country and the recipient's national postal service. The format for
processing an international envelope is slightly different from the format for domestic
mail. Include your return address in the same international format in case the receiving
country has problems processing the mail. Printed (instead of cursive) writing enhances
legibility.
Start with the full name of the recipient and his company as the first line of the
address. Positioning the first line slightly above the center of the envelope to give
yourself enough room for the complete address. This example uses "Mr. Alfred Smith"
for the person's name and "Acme PLC" as the company name. PLC stands for Public
Limited Company.
As the second line the building name is required unless there is a street address. Some
locations only have a building name and not a street address. This example uses "Acme
House" as the building name. If present, the number and street name is required on the
next line. This example uses "3 High Street" as the street address.
On the next line, the locality name is required only to distinguish a similar road name
in the same area. This example uses "Hedle End" as the locality name. The next line
requires the town or city and post code in capital letters. English convention is to put the
post code on the final line. However, since the envelope is coming from the United
States, the convention is to include the code on the same line as the city name,
capitalized. This example uses "SOUTHAMPTON SO31 4NG." The final line requires
the name of the country, capitalized for consistency, in this case, "ENGLAND."
Exercise 2. Supply the Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
transit time, to address the envelope, delays, undeliverable letters, an international
post to process the mail, to be of certain value, legibility, the convention, delivered
5. In what kind of letters are written messages and business papers sent?
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Comment on the statements based on the text you’ve read. While
doing the task, you should, first, say which of the statements are true,
which are partly true and which are false, and then give the correct
variant.
2. At the Post Office one can only receive mail and send it off.
3. With the arrival of e-mail the volume of mail delivered has declined sharply.
4. At the Post Office you buy stamps, postcards, note-paper and envelopes, stamped
envelopes, postal orders and different forms.
8. With the advanced letter sorting technology it does not matter whether the address
format is structured consistently or not.
9. Postcode is the first item in the address.
10. The address lines should be parallel to the bottom of the envelope and each line
should start at the same point on the right hand side.
11. The sender’s address is placed in the top left corner of the envelope.
15. The delivery confirmation card is signed by the addressee or a nominated person
on their behalf and returned by post to the sender.
Exercise 3. Act out the dialogue with another student explaining how to send a
letter of particular value (on the basis of the information given below).
When sending a letter of particular value you should have it registered (with or without
declared value).The advantage of this service is that required letters are not left with the
ordinary mail in a letter box, delivered personally (the addressee has to sign them). The
sender is given a receipt at the post-office so he can always trace a letter. Of course, there
It is important that the zones on the envelope, indicated below, are observed at all
times.
Use the correct postcode – don’t guess it if you don’t know it. …. should be the
last item in the address.
Use clear print – Print clearly using dark ink, preferably black on white. Red,
yellow or orange ….should be avoided.
Keep the address straight – the address lines should be parallel to …. of the
envelope
Don’t indent or stagger address lines – each line of the address should start at
the same point …. hand side
Space words correctly – leave one or two character spaces between the place
name or post office of delivery and the State or Territory abbreviation, and
the same …. of space between the State or Territory abbreviation and the
postcode.
WRITING
Exercise 1. Fill the text with the following words from the box.
1. The format for processing … is slightly different from the format for domestic
mail.
2. The recipient's national …. …. and the sender's country should be written on the
envelope in an international post.
3. An international post will need to be processed….
4. It is important to address and stamp …accurately.
5. Air mail is a longer …time, so taking care to address the envelope properly will
reduce delays or undeliverable letters.
6. English convention is to put …on the final line.
7. Start with …and his company as the first line of the address. As the second line the
building name is required unless there is a street address.
8. The next line requires the town or city and post code….
2. The full name of the recipient and his company must be…
ACTIVITY
LEAD IN
Telegrams
Have you ever used a post office for sending telegrams/registered letters?
Have you ever received poste restante letters? If yes, what were they about?
How often do you use electronic telegrams?
What is more convenient: to send a telegram at the post office or to use
electronic mail?
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
ответом
greeting telegram поздравительная телеграмма
telegram form бланк
to fill in a form заполнить бланк
the word cable телеграмма внутри страны
long-distance telephone call междугородний телефонный
звонок
query вопрос
wire телеграмма
Telegrams
Telegrams used to be the usual means of communication in certain types of business
and life. Today post offices are equipped with telex machines and with direct
telephone lines to foreign countries and the importance of the telegram in such areas
has been greatly reduced. Nevertheless, not every firm or a person can be reached
by telex, and long-distance telephone calls are very expensive, so telegrams are still
of very great importance in most branches of life. In Britain, and in most other
English-speaking countries, the word cable is often used for a telegram sent out of
the country, whereas the term wire normally refers to an inland telegram. Both words
can be used as nouns, verbs and adjectives: 'We have received your wire (cable)'
'You cabled (wired) us last week' —'You have not confirmed your cable (wire)
reply'. Telegrams are used for urgent messages, but speed must be paid for, and a
good deal of skill is necessary if great expense is to be avoided. The cost depends on
two factors: the distance the telegram has to travel, and the number of words it
contains. It is of the greatest importance to make sure the telegram is clear, and
economy often has to be sacrificed in the interests of clarity. The omission of, say, a
preposition will save a few pence, but it may in certain cases result in uncertainty,
and there will obviously be no saving of either time or money if the receivers have to
telegraph back to find out what the message really means. One of the characteristics
of telegrams in English is that prepositions are usually left out and particles often
convey the meaning of verbs. Similarly, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliaries can
be omitted provided this does not interfere with the meaning of the message.
Punctuation is limited to the words 'stop' and 'query': the former is inserted at the end
of a statement, the latter after a question.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
1. What may the post assistant be concerned with?
2. Where are telex machines and direct telephone lines installed?
3. Why are telegrams still of very great importance?
4. What is limited to the words 'stop' and 'query'?
5. What is one of characteristics of telegrams in English?
6. What is the role of omission of prepositions?
7. Which calls are the most expensive ones?
Exercise 3. Read the full text of the messages and pay attention to the way how
they were converted into the telegrams.
a) A. Bill Marsden told Ron Howells to send Foster a telegram, asking him to tell them
what he was doing in Hong Kong, and to inform them of the details of his future
arrangements. Here is the full text of the message that Howells wanted to send:
«It is important that we have information on your activities. Could you send us
urgently details of your present activities and your future arrangements? The
information we have received so far is not adequate. We hope everything is going
well. »
Ron Howells
When he sent the telegram, it looked like this: Important we have more
information. Send full details of all your present activities and future
arrangements. Information received so far not adequate. Hope all ok. Howells
Notice that Howells has shortened the message, leaving out all “unimportant”
words. The message still makes sense.
the verb “to be”: “Sadrina is in London “ can become Sadrina in London;
Original message:
Can you send me ₤100 as soon as possible? I am staying in Bali until Thursday,
then going to the Sea view Hotel in Hong Kong.
Telegram:
Send ₤100 soonest; staying Bali till Thursday, then going to Sea view Hotel
Hong Kong.
(soonest means “as soon as possible”. It is only used in telegrams).
d) Telegram:
I arrived in Singapore yesterday. I have visited the Sadrina offices, but Sadrina is
in Manila. Can you send me further instructions?
Exercise 4. Work out the full message from the following telegrams.
3. Broken leg. Unable to travel two weeks. Please send ₤500 medical fees.
Inform wife. Returned May 29.
Exercise 5. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their
definitions on the right.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Act out the dialogues taking the roles of a postal clerk and a client.
Make up the dialogues in analogy.
C. – Thank you. Here it is. Could you give me a 2 p. piece in the change, please. I
want to make a phone call.
P.C: This receipt is returned to you as a proof that your letter was delivered to your
addressee.
P.C: Then fill in this additional postcard which would return to you after your
addressee gets the letter.
WRITING
Exercise 1.Give the definitions of the following words and expressions according
to the example:
telegram
e.g. A telegram is a written piece of information that you send to another person
by telegraph.
appointment
meeting
writing of letters
replies
ACTIVITY
Exercise 1. Act out the dialogues taking the roles of David Foster and a postal
clerk. Make up the dialogues in analogy.
a)
Foster: Well, how long does it take the telegram to get to London?
Clerk: Yes.
Clerk: Yes, of course you can. But you’ll have to pay another three dollars.
b)
Traveller: I’d like to send this letter to Hong Kong, please. Could I send it by
Registered Mail?
Clerk: Of course, sir. Please fill in this form, giving your name, address and
content of the letter.
Clerk: You’ll have to pay an extra charge. Now, the rates are seventy pence
for a hundred pounds of insurance cover and one pound for two hundred
and fifty pounds of insurance cover.
Traveller: That’s all right. How much do I have to pay altogether, then?
Clerk: Let’s see. That’s twenty-six pence for the airmail letter, plus sixty
pence for the registration, plus a pound for the extra cover, which makes
₤1.86 altogether.
LEAD IN
assign выделять
take effect вступать в силу
serf the Internet сидеть в интернете дополнительные
value-added services услуги
Beltelecom
Byfly makes it possible
to surf the Internet and make telephone calls at the same time;
high data rate enabling comfortable work with large volumes of
information, including multimedia files;
anytime access to the Internet without the need to re-establish a
connection every day;
a wide variety of operating modes with and without traffic accounting.
Thanks to ZALA you can choose packages of TV channels, group them,
connect to value-added services and so on.
Speak about
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
MTS started out in Belarus with the slogan ‘Two Nations — One
Communication’. The residents of Russia and Belarus have always been
traditionally close in friendship and business. MTS helps them to communicate
more easily with one another.
MTS Belarus today has about 4 million subscribers, its network covers
more than 80% of the country's territory inhabited by 93% of the population. MTS
network comprises 2,700 base stations and 27,000 transmitters.
Life:) has wide roaming coverage — through 430 operators in 170 countries
of the world.
To provide its subscribers with high quality services Life:) has already
opened exclusive Life:) shops and service centers.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and word
combinations in the text and read the sentences where they are used.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Match the words and word combinations on list A. with their
definitions on list B.
The advantages of using MTS, the first GSM cellular operator and Velcom, the first
satellite cellular communications mobile operator in Belarus.
WRITING
Exercise 2. Put down the sentences using the following word combinations.
ACTIVITY
LEAD IN
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
READING
1. Introduction
Because telegraphy was too expensive for widespread use, several means of
sending some messages simultaneously over a single line were developed in
duplex telegraphy, the earliest advance of this kind, one message can be
transmitted simultaneously in each direction between two stations. In quadruplex
telegraphy, invented in 1874 by the American engineer Thomas Edison, two
messages were transmitted in each direction simultaneously. In 1915 multiplex
telegraphy came into use, permitting the transmission of eight or more messages
simultaneously Because of this and the development of teleprinting machines
during the mid-1920s, the Morse manual telegraph system of code and key was
gradually discontinued for commercial use and replaced by automatic wire and
wireless radio-wave methods of transmission.
When Morse invented the telegraph, the only way that a message could be
carried from one point to another was by wire* strung directly from the
transmitting device to the receiver, regardless of the distance The wire could carry
only one message at a time, and reamplification and signal correction devices had
to be set up at regular points along the line. By utilizing carrier currents, which are
alternating currents of a number of different frequencies, a single pair of wires can
simultaneously transmit hundreds of messages, for each frequency represents a
transmission channel. The various channels are combined at the sending station
into the carrier current transmitted by the telegraph wires. At the receiving end
the carrier current is passed through electrical filters, each of which transmits only
a particular frequency to an appropriate receiving device. Thus, a great number of
individual channels may be obtained with only one electrical circuit.
5. Microwave Transmission
In the 1950s and 1960s a variety of public and private telegraphic services
became available from various carriers.
a) two basic systems the teleprinting system (teletype) and the facsimile; b)
teletypewriter switching system; c) television relay system; d) time-division
multiplex system.
channels for the rapid transmission of data in various forms; b) long distance
service: c) broadcasting service; d) public radio communication system.
12. The best definition of the Facsimile telegraph systems might be ...
Exercise 4. Use the right verb from those given below to complete the
text:
ACTIVITY
LEAD IN
READING
Television broadcast
The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin meaning "far
sight". Commercially available since the late 1920s the television set has become
commonplace in homes, businesses and institution particularly as a vehicle for
advertising a source of entertainment and news. Since the 1970s the availability of
video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs have resulted in the
television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast
material. In recent years Internet television has seen the rise of television available
via the Internet. Although other forms such as closed-circuit television (CCTV)
are in use. The most common usage of the medium is for broadcast television
which was modeled on the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the
1920s and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the
television signal to individual TV receivers.
Exercise 2. Find Russian equivalents for the following words and learn them.
1. monochrome
2. consumer electronics
3. high-powered radio-frequency
4. designated channel
5. visual display
6. to broadcast
7. receiving
9. direct observation
e) непосредственное наблюдение
f) определенный канал
g) бытовая электроника
h) вещать
i) визуальный дисплей
3. … the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s and uses….
2. Commercially available since the late 1940s the television set has become
commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions particularly as a vehicle for
advertising a source of entertainment and news.
3. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a radio monitor
rather than a television.
4. Signals are now often transmitted with stereo or surround sound in one country.
READING
Exercise 1. Before reading say:
ACTIVITY
The eclipse of "snail mail" in the age of instant electronic communication has
been predicted at least as often as the coming of the paperless office. Is the Internet
hurting the mails, or helping? It's doing both. The harmful side of the Internet's
impact is obvious but statistically less important than many would guess. People
naturally write fewer letters when they can send e-mail messages. To leaf through
a box of old paper correspondence is to know what has been lost in this shift: the
pretty stamps, the varying look and feel of handwritten and typed correspondence,
the tangible object that was once in the sender's hands. To stay in instant touch
with parents, children and colleagues around the world are to know what's been
gained. But even before e-mail, personal letters had shrunk to a tiny share of the
flow. Personal mail had long ago been reduced to a minimum with the
proliferation of telephone services in the last 50 years.
The same higher-income households that rely the most on e-mail correspondence
also send and receive the most letters. Whatever shrinkage e-mail has caused in
personal correspondence, it is not likely to do much more.
The Internet and allied technologies, meanwhile, are increasing the volume of old-
fashioned mail in three ways.
The first: Postal Service fulfillment of transactions made on the Internet. About
two million prescriptions a day are delivered by first-class mail.
The second force also involves finance. Many studies conclude that people are
more and more willing to make payments online, but that they strongly prefer to
receive the original bills on paper, by mail.
Mail to households from credit card companies has risen about 10 percent a year.
In turn, banks, telecommunication companies, insurance companies and
investment houses send more mail.
Third: the increasing sophistication of the Postal Service's own technology. The
Postal Service has now installed similar scanning equipment, and in principle it
can bar-code and scan every envelope or postcard and know where it is at any
time. In reality, it does this mainly for a fee, for businesses that want to know their
material has reached the right audience at the right time, for instance, the Thursday
before a weekend sale at a local store.
LISTENING
to notify - уведомлять
adjustment - регулировка
utility bill – счет за коммунальные платежи
dashboard – панель управления
Exercise 2. Watch the video «Internet of postal things» and answer the
questions.
1. How are the recipients notified that their packages are out for delivery?
2. How do the smart mailboxes work?
3. What additional services can the connected carrier provide?
4. Where does the carrier mobile device forward information about the
day’s collection?
5. In what ways can this real-time management improve postal services?
ACTIVITY
Reply | Reply to all | Forward | Delete
From: Samir
To: Sales Team
CC: Hatem Trabelsi; Patricia Bartlett
Subject: RE: Meeting next week
Attachments: New proposal.rtf (376KB)
I’ve got an idea for next week – see the attached file. I’d like to hear what you
think about my suggestion.
I think Hatem and Patricia may be interested, so I’ve copied them in too. Let’s talk
more at the meeting next week.
Regards, Samir
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2. When you get an email, you must … it before you can read it.
6. If you are sending someone an email, and you want your manager to see it as
well, you can … your manager.
Exercise 2. Complete the e-mails with the words from the box.
Hello everybody,
I must apologise. I gave you the wrong dates for this year’s conference in my
email this morning. So please ___ that email as soon as you can. I will send
you the correct dates soon.
Sorry again for the problem,
Simon
Dear Mr Prabang,
As we agreed, I am sending the contract as an ___. It is a PDF file.
Please let me know if you have any queries.
Yours,
Andrew Mortimer
Hi Angela,
Here’s a ___ to something I saw today:
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/ielts-interview-skills/dont-get-over-
emotional.
Watch it if you can – it’s really useful!
Hans
WRITING
LEAD IN
Look at this picture. What does this logo signify? What do these people hold
in their hands? Are they all from one country?
Read the text and answer the question: What does the UPU logo symbolize?
The UPU emblem is full of historic significance, and takes its inspiration
from the Universal Postal Union monument erected at the beginning of the 20th
century in Berne, Switzerland.
The bronze and granite statue commemorating the Union’s founding in 1874
was unveiled on 4 October 1909. It is the work of the French sculptor, René De
Saint-Marceaux, a member of the Paris Académie des Beaux-Arts. He was
commissioned to produce the work following an international competition
organized by the Swiss Government on the theme: “Around the world”.
Today's digital age of the internet and mobile communication millions of letters
and parcels continue to crisscross the globe every day of every year. Have you ever
thought who or what organization regulates it? Try to expand the abbreviation in
the picture.
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Before reading the text study the following words and word
combinations.
customer клиент
intelpost service услуги международной электронной
почты
electronic transmission электронная передача
delivery доставка
postal operations почтовые операции
primary существенный, основной
postage почтовые расходы, марка
mailing supply почтовые запасы
investigation of postal crime расследование почтового криминала
Exercise 2.
A. Put the sentences into the Russian language using the vocabulary:
1. The first international postal congress was held by 22 countries in 1874 in Bern,
Switzerland. 2. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) was established in 1874 by the
Treaty of Bern. 3. Each postal administration offers its customers a basic
INTELPOST service. 4. The permanent headquarters of the Universal Postal
Union is in Bern. 5. The UPU also maintains relations with other non-UN
organizations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International
Organization for Migration and the World Customs Organization (WCO).
Exercise 3. Tick true (T) or false (F) for each of the sentences below,
according to the text:
1. Postal Administration is an umbrella term used to collectively characterize all
the functional entities within a country that participate in the regulation and
operation of domestic postal services.
2. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) was established in 1864.
3. Each UPU member nation disagrees to operate its Postal Administration
according to a common, international set of rules for international postal services.
4. Each postal administration offers its customers a basic INTELPOST service.
5. There are essentially three primary functions of Postal Administrations.
6. INTELPOST service consists of the electronic receiving and transmission of
messages or documents.
7. Postal Operations involve the establishment of postal policies, postal rates,
postal services offered, budgeting for and financing postal operations.
8. The term (Postal Administration) isn’t used in diplomatic documents and
international conventions and treaties.
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Work in pairs. In the text you have some more information about UPU.
You don’t have the same information. Ask and answer the questions.
It promotes international
cooperation in organizing and
improving postal services. What does the UPU
promote?
Part 1
Student A Student B
Part 2
Student C Student D
The Universal Postal Congress is the (What…?) is the main legislative
main legislative body of the UPU. It usually body of the UPU. It usually meets every five
(How often… and where?) meets. years in a member country to review and
amend the convention.
The Executive Council is a permanent The Executive Council is a permanent
body that handles UPU affairs between body that handles UPU affairs between
congresses. It consists of 40 members, elected congresses. It consists (Of how many…?)
on the basis of geographical representation. members, elected on the basis of geographical
The International Bureau is the UPU’s representation. The International Bureau is the
permanent secretariat. UPU’s permanent secretariat.
The first international postal congress was held The first international postal congress was held
by 22 countries in (When and where…?). The by 22 countries in 1874 in Bern, Switzerland.
first postal convention went into effect in 1875. (What…?) went into effect in 1875. The UPU
The UPU received (What…?) in 1878 at the received its present name in 1878 at the second
second postal congress. The UPU became a postal congress. The UPU became a
specialized agency of the United Nations in specialized agency of the United Nations in …
1947. The permanent headquarters of the (When …?). The permanent headquarters of
Universal Postal Union is in Bern. the Universal Postal Union is (Where...?).
Exercise 2. Give English equivalents using the words from the text.
1. Международное сотрудничество.
2. Устанавливать правила.
4. Улучшать почтовые услуги.
5. Обмен почтой.
6. Почтовый тариф.
7. Почтово-посылочная служба.
8. Заказное письмо (посылка).
9. Денежные переводы.
10. Подписка на газеты и журналы.
11. Всемирная почтовая конвенция.
12. Вступать в силу.
6. ... is in Bern.
WRITING
B. Find in the text sentences with verbs in Passive Voice. Underline them.
Translate these sentences.
Were very pleased to hear ... On the occasion of… I wish you…
Dear colleagues!
20 March 2017
Antonio Guterres
UN Secretary General
My name is [E], I am [age] years old and I live in [City], [Country]. Just like any other
young girl, I dream of the perfect wedding, with a dazzling white dress and the perfect gentleman by my
side, of an unending buffet and throwing my bouquet, and of two wedding rings that are more beautiful
than diamonds. I dream of the perfect wedding, but it’s only a dream as I have all the time in the world
before I get married, and for that I am happy! It is just a dream for me, but for others it is a horrific
reality. Every day it becomes a reality for poor young girls who cannot defend themselves. Each year,
more than 15 million girls aged 15 and under are forced to marry men three times their age.
No doubt you have understood, Mr Secretary General, that today I would like to talk to you
about child marriage.
Child marriage is the act of marrying a child who has neither legally nor emotionally reached
marriageable age. Child marriage is the result of deep-rooted traditions, poverty, ignorance, early
pregnancy or a lack of law. Underdeveloped and poor countries are often the most affected, and the
victims are usually girls aged 15 and under. They are married to build strategic alliances and partnerships
with other families. They are married because of tradition, which leaves their parents with no choice in
the matter. They are married because they are seen as a burden and another mouth for their parents to
feed. They are married because...because...because...
The solution, the only solution to child marriage, is education. Education allows the children
of today, who will be the adults of tomorrow, to understand that age-old traditions which instruct them to
marry off their daughters are unfair, and that poverty is no excuse, especially when the men are far too
old for them. But education is not possible without means, without money. Underdeveloped countries are
often poor, lacking the means to build good education facilities and recruit qualified teachers. They settle
for low-performing schools. Aid to underdeveloped countries must, therefore, be increased, so these
countries can make up lost ground in terms of both their educators and their infrastructure. But for now,
these countries must be encouraged to strengthen their laws against child marriage. When families end up
in court for having married their child too young, they are often released without charge as they can bribe
the judge or police officer. Not to mention how the legal system can often be much too lenient in these
types of cases. And ironically, although it was a lack of money that drove them to marry off their
daughter in the first place, parents then have to find the money to bribe the legal authorities. They are
trapped in a vicious circle and only you, Mr Secretary General, have the power to help them break free
today.
Mr Secretary General, I hope that my small contribution will help you as you plan your work
for the years to come, and that you manage to end once and for all the inhumane and outdated practice
that is child marriage.
Kind regards,
[E]
The theme selected for the 2019 competition is: “Write a letter for your hero”
Letters up to 800 words in typing format from all participants should be sent
through their Headmasters to the Ministry of Education and Culture. Deadline the
28th February 2019.
ACTIVITY
ROLEPLAY
Exercise 1. You are going to interview Bishar Abdirahman Hussein the Director
General of the UPU. In the text you some information about him.Work in groups
to prepare the questions. First look at the interview questions.
Interview questions
If you could relive the last 10 years of your life, what would you do differently?
If the people who know you were asked why you should be hired, what would they
say?
When you are ready, one half of the group will be the interviewers, and other half
will be Bishar Abdirahman Hussein.
Conduct the interview. Begin by saying, “ Mr Hussein, it’s very kind of you to
agree to this interview. I wonder if I could ask you a few questions. First …”
The Director General of the UPU
Bishar Abdirahman Hussein was first elected Director General of the UPU International Bureau
on 10 October 2012 during the 25th Universal Postal Congress in Doha, receiving a second
mandate during the 26th Congress in Istanbul.
Bishar Hussein has a vast experience of UPU matters and postal issues in general. He chaired the
UPU Council of Administration for the 2008-2012 cycle, having been designated by the
Government of Kenya to chair the 24th UPU Congress, held in Geneva in 2008.
In September 2010, he successfully chaired the UPU Strategy Conference held in Nairobi. The
conference provided a forum for discussion of important global issues affecting the postal sector
and paved the way for the development of the Doha Postal Strategy.
Bishar Hussein began his postal career with the Kenya Posts & Telecommunications
Corporation, which he joined in 1984 as a management trainee. He rose through the ranks and
became the first postmaster general of the Postal Corporation of Kenya in 1999. He led the postal
entity from a loss-making to a profitable and self-sustaining postal enterprise.
In 2002, he was appointed ambassador of Kenya to the United Arab Emirates, covering the Gulf
Region, for a six-year period.
He holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree (Honours) in political science and sociology from the
University of Nairobi. Throughout his 28 years of public service, Bishar Hussein has attended
many courses and seminars in postal management, human resources, finance, administration and
diplomacy.
PROJECT