CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

ORDER
1) All organisms have one or more cells
2) In every single cell there is atoms which make molecules which turn into cell organelles
or other “cell inclusion”
3) Multicellular organisms consists cells of tissues
4) Tissue cells work together to create organs
5) Organs work together to make up organ systems

SENSETIVITY OR RESPONSE TO STIMULI

1) Organisms tend to respond to diverse stimuli
2) Plants can move and place themselves where they like to be able to reach sunlight
3) When tiny bacteria move away or too chemicals this process is called chemotaxis
4) When the plants move to light the process is called phototaxis
5) Moving too a stimulus is a positive response and away is a negative response

REPRODUCTION
1) Things with single-celled organisms reproduce by duplicating their DNA
2) Multicellular organisms produce specialized germane cells that form new individuals
3) When reproduction takes place, genes that contain DNA are passed to the organisms
offspring
4) They pass DNA to make sure they come out almost identical to the ‘parent’ organism
5) The offspring will have similar characteristics like size, shape etc

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT+REGULATION

1) Organisms develop specific instructions coded by their genes
2) The genes provide instruction that will direct cellular growth and development
( regulation)
3) An internal function is regulated in an organism they’re a nutrient transport with
bloodflow.
4) Organs perform certain function ; removing waste, delivering nutrients to every cell, etc.
5) Every organism requires multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal
functions.

HOMEOSTASIS
1) Cells need to have certain conditions ex. Proper temperature, ph and concentration of
diverse chemicals
2) Organism can maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, with
no consideration of evniormental changes
 3) “ steady state” which means the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal
conditions
4) Most organisms can capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy
(photosynthesis)
5) Other organisms use the chemical energy in molecules as food (cellular respiration)

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS

1) An atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter it contains a nucleus
surrounded by electrons
2) Atoms form molecules
3) The molecule is a chemical structure which has atleast 2 atoms held together by one or
more chemical bonds
4) Molecules that are biologically important are macromolecules
5) Large molecules are typically made by polymerization
6) Polymers are large molecules

PRACTICE QUESTION
Answer B

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1) Response to stimuli
2) Homeostasis
3) Cell
Pg 2..

COMPONENTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS

1) Every single cell shares 4 components, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and
ribosomes
2) The prokaryotic cell is a unicellular organism that doesnt contain a nucleus or any
membrane bound organellle
3) Prokaryotic cell DNA is located in the center of the cell called the nucleoid
4) Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan which consists of sugars and amino
acids
5) A cell wall protects the cell from dehydration and helps it keep its original shape

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
1) “ form follows function” someone can deduce the function of a structure by seeing the
form
 2) The eukaryotic cell is a cell with membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound
organelles
3) The word eukrayotic means ‘true nucleus’
4) The word organelle means ‘ little organ’
5) All organelles have specialized functions

CELL SIZE

1) Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells

2) Due to the fact the prokaryotic cells are so small this allows ions and molecules to
spread to other parts of the cell
3) The larger the cell becomes the harder it is to acquire sufficient materials
4) The eukrayotic cell has a diameter of 10-100 µm
5) The peokaryotic cell has a diameter of 0.1-5.0 µm

Pg 3
THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
1) Biological diversity means the variety of life on earth
2) Scientists have found up to 1.9 million species alive
3) ‘ variation of species’ is the most precise measuement of diversity
4) ‘Speicies diversity’ measures only in a certain ecosystem
5) ‘Ecosystem diversity’ measures in a wide ecosystem for example the ocean

PHYLOGENETIC TREES
1) Phylogeny means relationship between one organism to others
2) Phylogenetic relationships give information on shared ancestry
3) The phylogenetic tree is a diagram thats used to reflect evolutionary relationships
shared by different organisms
4) Scientists call the tree ‘rooted’ because it usually comes from one ancestor
5) Unrooted trees do not have all the same ancestor

TAXONOMY
1) Taxonomy means arrangement law
2) ‘Taxonomic “ system is also called the ‘Linnaean ‘ system
3) scientists divide organisms into 3 category’s called a domain , bacteria , archaea,
and eukarya
4) Organisms have a common name
5) Carnivora is a name of a taxon in order
THE BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
1) Molecular biology is a different branch which focuses on the molecular level
2) Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
3) Neurobiology is considered as an interdisciplinary field because it has to do with
neuroscience
4) Biology is one of the biggest achievements of natural sciences
5) Paleontology studies fossils to study life many years ago in the past

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
1) Biology focuses on understanding things that are currently living
2) “Scientific inquiry “ is the best thing we have to be able to comprehend the
natural world
3) Biology has evolved medicine even, now it’s science based and we have much
more control over outbreaks
4) Quoting Disease Control ‘the average life expectancy has grown 30 years since
1900’
5) Scientific inquiry does not apply faith, dreams , or intuition it is strictly science
based
PRACTICE QUESTION
You cannot study fairies due to the fact that they are magical so you cannot use
science evidence though you can study the mushrooms and see if the original DNA
changed in any way

EXPERIMENTS AND HYPOTHESES

1) Quite often scientific inquiry requires to perform experiments but not every time
2) A hypothesis is a formed guess that is testable and falsifiable
—————————
….. practice question
1) D
2) A
—————————

3) HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States
———————-
...practice question
C
———————-
 4) Scientific experiments must have a experimental group
5) Bias is any error in the system that makes and experiment because more or less
likely to succeed
————————-
..Practice question
1) A
2) D
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EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
1) A variable is a certain characteristic in an experiment
2) Variables can take a form of a category
3) Scientists make sure their subject groups are as similar as possible in every
single variable
4) Dependent variable has hypothesized consequences
5) The dependent variable must be stated so it is clear how it must be observed and
measured

————————
.practice question
B
————————
6) Every single piece of evidence must be gathered and analyzed
7) The larger amount of volunteers to take the experiment the more convincing the
results are
————————
Practice question
The study would not have been valuable, the people with the vaccine who did not get
HPV would have been the same as the random ones

D
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INTRO TO BIOLOGY
1) DNA and Evolution because they had to change and evolve over time giving
them the strange features they have now
2) She would have to look into ‘modern biology’ than understand how it all works
and the science of the food
3) Nutrients, the human body needs just the right amount of nutrients and protein to
work properly, she would have to learn about macromolecules specifically to truly
understand what her body needs and doesn’t