Transformer -2

(a) Iron-cored
Transformer
(d)
Tapped - F
windings B E
D
(b) Ferrite –cored A
C
Transformer
(e) Auto-
Transformer
C
(c) B
Multiple- H
windings A
B G
F
E
A D
C
Construction of transformer

Laminated steel-core transformer

Primary windings of a 30 kVA, 6000 V/230 V transformer
has a resistance of 10 Ω, the secondary windings has a
resistance of 0.016 Ω. The total reactance of the transformer
referred to primary is 23 Ω. Calculate the voltage regulation
of the transformer when it supplies a the full-load current at
power factor of 0.8 lagging

6000/230 V
I1 R1 Xe R2 I2

0.016
10 Ω 23 Ω
Ω
V1 V1’ V2’ V2

30 kVA
Equivalent resistance of primary and secondary referred to primary is
2 2
⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛ 6000 ⎞
Re = R1 + R2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10 + 0.016⎜ ⎟ = 21
⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎝ 230 ⎠
cosφ2 = 0.8 6000/230
I1 Re Xe I2
∴sin φ2 = 0.6 V
V1 V2
V1 V2
Full-load current at primary ’ ’

30
KVA 30000
I1 = = = 5A
V 6000 kVA
I1 (Re cos φ2 + X e sin φ2 )
Per − unit voltage regulation =
V1
5(21× 0.8 + 23 × 0.6)
= = 0.0255
6000
= 2.55%
 Losses in transformer on load categorized into two
1. I2R losses in primary and secondary windings,
namely I12R1+I22R2.
2. Core losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents
Usually variation between no-load and full-load can be
negligible thus, the total core loss, PC , is assumed to be
constant all the time.
Therefore total loss = PC + I 2
1 1R + I 2
2 R2

or = PC + I12 R1e = PC + I 22 R2e

R1e=equivalent resistance of primary and secondary referred to primary
R2e=equivalent resistance of primary and secondary referred to secondary
 output power output power
Efficiency = =
input power output power + losses
I 2V2 × p. f .
=
I 2V2 × p. f . + Pc + I12 R1 + I 22 R2
Note: p.f= power factor
2 2
⎛V ⎞ ⎛N ⎞
The wire losses can be expressed as R2e = R2 + R1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = R2 + R1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎝ N1 ⎠

I 2V2 cos φ.
Efficiency =
I 2V2 cos φ. + Pc + I 22 R2e

Divided by I2 V2 cos φ.
Efficiency =
V2 cos φ. + Pc / I 2 + I 2 R2e
It is also possible to express

output power input power − losses

Efficiency = =
input power input power

losses
Or η = 1−
input power
The primary and secondary windings of a 500 kVA transformer
have a resistances of 0.42 Ω and 0.0011 Ω respectively. The
primary and secondary voltages are 6600 V and 400 V
respectively and the core loss is 2.9 kW , assuming the power
factor of the load to be 0.8. Calculate the efficiency on (a) full-
load and (b) half-load. (c) assuming the power factor 0.8, find
output which the efficiency of the transformer is maximum.
(a) 500 ×103
Primary current on full-load I1 = = 75.8 A
6600
500 ×103
Secondary current on full-load I2 = = 1250 A
400
Coil Wire loss at primary PW1=I12R1=75.82 x 0.42=2415W

Coil Wire loss at secondary PW2=I22R2=12502 x 0.0011=1720W

 PW = PW1 + PW2 = 2415 + 1720 = 4.135kW

Total loss PL= PW + PC = 4.135 + 2.9 = 7.035kW

Output power on full load Pout = 500 x 0.8 = 400 kW

Therefore Pin = Pout + PL = 400+7.035 = 407.035 kW

losses 7.035
η = 1− = 1− = 0.9827 per unit
Input 407.035
= 98.27%
(b)
Since the wire loss varies as square of the current , thus

Losses on half-load PW/2=4.135/22=4.135/4=1.034kW

Total Loss on half-load PL= PC+PW/2=2.9+1.034=3.934kW

Output power on half-load Pout/2= 400/2 = 200kW

Input power on half-load Pin/2= Pout/2+PL=200+3.934 = 203.934kW

Loss 3.934
η = 1− = 1− = 0.9807 per unit
Input 203.934
= 98.07%
(c)
Full-load I2R loss is PW = 4.135kW

Let n= fraction of full-load appearance power at

which it is maximum efficiency

Total I2R loss is = n2 x 4.135 kW=2.9

Therefore n=0.837
Output at maximum efficiency is= 0.837 x 500= 418.5kWA
Output power at power factor 0.8= 418.5 x 0.8 = 334.8 kWA
Since the core and I2R are equaled, then total loss is
PL= 2 x 2.9 = 5.8 kW
Loss 5.8
Maximum η = 1 − = 1− = 0.983 per unit = 98.3%
Input 334.8 + 5.8