Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology College of Informatics

MSc. in Computer Networks and Communications

Network Design, Model and simulation

Individual Assignment

Analog and Digital Modulation Technique

Prepared By ID

Zekarias Mulugeta SGSE/0460/12

Submitted to: Dr. Alemu.J

Date: 19-Dec-20

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
MODULATION TECHNIQUES........................................................................................................................2
ANALOG MODULATION...............................................................................................................................3
DIGITAL MODULATION................................................................................................................................4
Refernence................................................................................................................................................10

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 INTRODUCTION

The transmission of information is called communication It is required that

sender and receiver should understand the same language.
We have been improving the quality of communication on behalf of growing
demand for speed and complexity of information. The aim of these assignment
is to introduce the concepts of communication and the techniques of analog and
digital modulation .Every communication has three essential elements:
transmitter, channel and receiver Here the transmitter is placed at one place and
receiver is placed another place and the channel is the physical medium that
connect them.
The purpose of transmitter is to convert in to suitable form of signal that can
transmit ted through the channel.
The modulation concept comes into consideration when the signal needs to be
transmitted over a long distance through an antenna. Antenna helps transmit the
signal over long distance.

The modulation concept makes the communication purely wireless and mobile.
And because of modulation, we can now roam freely without the fear of getting
out of the communication grid.

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MODULATION TECHNIQUES

The process in which one of the characteristic parameter (amplitude,frequency,

phase) of the carrier signal varies linearly with respect to message signal’s
amplitude is called modulation.

Modulation is a process of changing the characteristics of the wave to be

transmitted by superimposing the message signal on the high-frequency signal.
In this process video, voice and other data signals modify high-frequency
signals – also known as the carrier wave. This carrier wave can be DC or AC or
pulse chain depending on the application used. Usually, a high-frequency sine
wave is used as a carrier wave signal.

Need of Modulation:-

Reduction in the height of antenna

Avoid the mixing of signal
Make multiplexing possible
Increase the range of communication

These modulation techniques are classified into two major types: analog
and digital Modulation

Quadratic amplitude
modulation
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ANALOG MODULATION

In this modulation, a continuously varying since wave is used as a carrier wave

that modulates the message signal or data signal. The Sinusoidal wave’s general
function is shown in the figure below, in which, three parameters can be altered
to get modulation they are mainly amplitude, frequency, and phase, so the types
of analog modulation are

The analog signal is used as a carrier signal that modulates the message signal;
mainly they are in the form of sinusoidal wave form. So, we can alert heir
frequency, amplitude and phase.

Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of carrier signal varies accordingly as

the message signal, while other factor such as frequency, phase likes remain
constant. Computer modem comes under it.

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Frequency Modulation: The frequency of the carrier signal varies as message
signal remaining other variable constant, Radio comes under it.

Phase Modulation: The phase of the carrier wave adjust as like the message
wave but here the frequency changes ,for which it comes under frequency
modulation

DIGITAL MODULATION

It provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system

availability with great quality communication. It is of following types:

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Amplitude Shift Keying: The amplitude of the carrier is changed in response to
the information and all else are kept constant. One off Keying is special form of
ASK, where one of the amplitude is zero

• Strength of carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0

• both frequency & phase remain constant while amplitude changes
• commonly, one of the amplitudes is zero

In Ask

The strength of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0.

Frequency and phase remains the same.

Highly susceptible to noise interference.

The following figure represents Ask modulation wave form along with its input

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Ask modulation can be represented by the following equation

S(t)=( A*cos(2π*fc*t) for binary 1

s(t) = 0 for binary 0

Demodulation: only the presence or absence of a sinusoid in a given time

interval needs to be determined
Advantage: simplicity.
Disadvantage: ASK is very susceptible to noise interference – noise
usually (only) affects the amplitude, therefore ASK is the modulation
technique most affected by noise
Application: ASK is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber

Frequency Shift Keying: Here, the frequency is changed in response to the

information. A synchronous method is used for detection of FSK.

Input

One
particular
frequency
for a 1 to
be transmitted, while another frequency for 0.

The following figure represents FSK modulated wave form along with its input

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FSK – frequency of carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0

• peak amplitude & phase remain constant during each bit interval

Binary FSK can be represented by the following equations

S(t) = A*cos(2*π*f1*t) for binary 1

S(t) = A*cos(2*π*f2*t) for binary 0

Demodulation: demodulator must be able to determine which of two

possible frequencies is present at a given time •
Advantage: FSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK – receiver looks
for specific frequency changes over a number of intervals, so voltage
(noise) spikes can be ignored.
Disadvantage: FSK spectrum is 2 x ASK spectrum
Application: over voice lines, in high-freq. radio transmission, etc.

Phase Shift Keying: In PSK, we change the sinusoidal carrier to indicate

information. These are mainly two types Binary Phase Shift Keying and
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

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 One phase change encodes to 0 , while another phase change encodes to
1.
To transmit 0 we shift the phase of sinusoidal by 180 degree.

the follwing figure represent PSK modulated waveform along with its input

Binary PSK can be represented by the following equations

S(t) = A*cos(2*π*f1*t) for binary 1

S(t) = A*cos(2*π*f2*t + π) for binary 0

Phase of carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0

• Peak amplitude & freq. remain constant during each bit interval

• example: binary 1 = 0º phase, binary 0 = 180º (πrad) phase ⇒ PSK is

equivalent to multiplying carrier signal by +1 when the information is 1, and by
-1 when the information is 0

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Demodulation: demodulator must determine the phase of received sinusoid with
respect to some reference phase

Advantage: PSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK, while it

requires/occupies the same bandwidth as ASK more efficient use of bandwidth
(higher data-rate) are possible, compared to FSK .

Disadvantage: more complex signal detection / recovery process, than in ASK

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

is a form of modulation which is widely used for modulating data siginal on to

carrier used for radio communication .it is widely used because it offer
advantage over other form of data modulation such as PSK. also many form of
data modulation operate a long side each other

QAM is a signal in which two carries shifted I phase by 90 degree are

modulated and the resultant output consist of both amplitude and phase
variation are present it may also consider as a mixture of both amplitude and
phase.

Quadrature Amplitude modulation uses “two-dimensional” signaling

• Original information stream is split into two sequences that consist of odd and
even symbols, e.g. Bk and Ak

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Ak sequence (in-phase comp.) is modulated by cos(2πfc*t)

Bk sequence (quadrature-phase comp.) is modulated by sin(2πfc*t)

composit signal Akcos(2πfc*t) + Bksin(2πfc*t) sent through the channel

Advantage: data rate = 2 bits per bit-interval!

QAM appear to increase the efficiency transmission of radio

Refernence

1. Digital Communication: Third Edition, by John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee,

David G. Messerschmit

2. Digital Signal Processing in Communication Systems by Marvin E.Frerking

3 Introductions to Communication System by James Flynn

4. Communication System by Dr. Cong Ling

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