Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications (2020) 13:694–703

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-019-00738-y

Edge computing health model using P2P-based deep neural

networks
Kyungyong Chung 1 & Hyun Yoo 2

Received: 29 October 2018 / Accepted: 5 March 2019 / Published online: 23 April 2019
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Currently, significant amounts of IoT data are being collected as big data for deep neural network learning algorithms that are
used to extract meaningful information from big data and applied to various areas. However, a neural network’s over-fitting
problem and rising computational costs associated with high levels of time complexity are obstacles to deep learning computa-
tions. Because of these problems, response delays are prevalent in big data learning processes and data extraction processes that
use deep neural networks, which exponentially increase the cost of data extraction. Therefore, the amount of computation must be
controlled so that data processing models can be used practically, and various dedicated devices can be used to process big data,
including methods such as distributed processing methods. In general, a P2P method is a typical distributed processing method.
P2P is based on traffic distribution and cooperation, and edge computing is a method that increases efficiency by locally
processing large volumes of data produced and only transmitting essential information. If P2P method-based edge computing
techniques are used, an effective parallel processing model can be constructed, reducing the computing requirements of a central
server and the load of a network. In this paper, we propose an edge computing health model using P2P-based deep neural
networks. The proposed method is used to process health big data in edge computing. To construct the model, multiple edge
nodes are required, and the edge node modules are deployed at locations where health data are produced and directly connected to
the deep neural network model. At the edge nodes, a modularized deep neural network is constructed, thereby implementing a
parallel big data processing system. In addition, a single server is required for gathering the results of a neural network model, and
because the server only collects evaluation results and provides them to the users, the response time delay is improved. In this
paper, to evaluate an improved response time, a regular server model and an edge computing health model are constructed
separately, and positive numerical values are extracted from the experiments. The extraction results confirm that a combination of
parallel processing models and deep neural network techniques can be used to distribute and process computing operations of big
data size, ensuring an effective system for reducing response time delay.

Keywords Edge computing . Data mining . Blockchain . Deep neural network . Hybrid P2P networking

1 Introduction
This article is part of the Topical Collection: Special Issue on P2P
Computing for Intelligence of Things Because of the current environment of easy Internet access
Guest Editors: Sunmoon Jo, Jieun Lee, Jungsoo Han, and Supratip Ghose and wide spread use of IoT devices, IoT has been adopted in
various industries such as manufacturing, finance, medical,
* Hyun Yoo communication, and transportation [1]. Furthermore, daily
rhpa0916@gmail.com
life-related health and life care systems are being adopted,
Kyungyong Chung and communication companies are expanding the relevant
kyungyong.chung@gmail.com systems into 5G networks. In particular, health platforms
1
and smart homes that use IoT technology are being expanded
Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyonggi University,
154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu,
into personal health management and emergency response
Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16227, South Korea systems, including life care systems [2, 3]. Healthcare-based
2
Department of Computer Information Engineering, Sangji
personalized context awareness is highly useful in areas such
University, 83, Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, South as adult disease risk management and chronic disease man-
Korea agement. The size of data produced in such healthcare IoT
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
devices is increasing exponentially, and data acquired from
individual users is also rapidly increasing. This phenomenon
is also prevalent in other areas such as healthcare. Moreover,
the data produced is increasingly being wasted without being
processed appropriately. Consequently, various methods have
been developed to effectively process the huge amount of data
that will continually increase in the future [4]. This study aims
to improve data fitness and response speed while addressing
conventional problems using deep neural network models and
edge computing based on healthcare-related heartrate sensor
data. Common big data processing methods include deep neu-
ral network models, which are used to process and extract
meanings from a large amount of formal or informal data that
exceed the processing capacity of a conventional database.
However, highly complex machine learning incurs high com-
putation costs, and centralized data processing methods expo-
nentially increase the network load. In contrast, an edge com-
puting system locally processes the collected data and then
transmits the data [5, 6], thereby decreasing the computation
load of the central cloud server. In such a method, it is not
necessary to transmit a majority of data through the network,
and consequently, it is useful in poor or disconnected network
environments or in situations where time delay is an important
factor. Such information processing methods can be effective-
ly used through the construction of a system whereby simple
controls such as temperature/humidity control and current sta-
tus identification are performed using an edge computing
node device, and risk estimation or general management is
controlled at the center. Therefore, edge computing is useful
in smart factories and healthcare systems. An efficient com-
bined structure of deep neural networks and edge computing
facilitates fast and effective analysis of a large amount of big
data. By using such a structure, highly satisfactory personal-
ized information can be provided to the users, and the service
provider can increase the effectiveness of investment. Such a
service is useful for analyzing the body and surrounding en-
vironments of normal people and chronic patients and estimat-
ing the health risks [7–9]. This contributes to the effective
treatment of diseases and the reduction of medical costs.
This study is organized as follows: Chapter 2 describes the
related researches of the blockchain P2P networking system
and the machine learning model, Chapter 3 describes the pro-
posed edge computing health model using P2P-based deep
neural network, Chapter 4 describes the performance evalua-
tion, and Chapter 5 provides a conclusion.
2 Related research
2.1 Blockchain P2P networking system
In principle, P2P(Peer-to-Peer) is a networking system in
which all clients share data with each other to accomplish a
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goal without a central server. Therefore, data ownership is
distributed and depending on the goal, tasks are performed
by the clients. Such a structure exhibits advantages such as a
server does not need to be prepared and the network traffic is
distributed to respective clients. Therefore, the scalability is
high in terms of the network structure and the size of tasks
[10]. However, because it is difficult to add or change a
function in a regular P2P network, various future uses and
scalability must be considered in the design and fabrica-
tion, which accordingly increases the complexity of the
structure. Furthermore, in actual use, data inconsistency
between clients can occur because of real-time data chang-
es and network transmission time delays, which conse-
quently results in performance degradation. A typical ex-
ample is a BitTorrent file transmission system [2, 11]. In a
basic P2P system known as pure P2P, because only client
node systems exist purely and no server exists, a function
that enables the respective search of client nodes must be
implemented. To supplement this drawback, a hybrid P2P
system records information of client nodes in a separate
index server and uses the information. Therefore, in a hy-
brid P2P system, data is sent and received through P2P and
an index server is used to search and configure each node.
For improvements in network performance, such a struc-
ture is primarily used in the game structure whereby
servers are used to connect the users directly, to create a
room, and to search and join other users. P2P is classified
as structured overlay and unstructured overlay according to
the data transmission path. In the structure overlay method,
the network connection structure is defined in advance, and
the network topology is clearly reflected. Therefore, data
transmission is uninterrupted and traffic is efficient.
However, because of the physical structure problem, flex-
ibility is low. In the unstructured overlay method, a net-
work is composed logically. Therefore, no specific net-
work topology is defined. When making a data request, a
more flexible search is facilitated by including the metada-
ta; however, structurally, broadcast, not routing, is used
when searching a node. Therefore, data loss often occurs
during propagation when data is transmitted between re-
spective nodes. Accordingly, message delivery is not guar-
anteed, and when there are many nodes or in the case of
remote locations, network efficiency drops. To address
these problems, a super node is sometimes placed in the
middle. A Blockchain system is a system that has the same
configuration as the P2P, which is a type of distributed
system, in which a terminal node processes and records
transactions sequentially. Therefore, the system essentially
possesses characteristics that are similar to those of a P2P
network. Bitcoin and Ethereum are categorized as pure
P2P and classified as unstructured overlay. In the case of
Hyperledger, the role of each node is set differently.
Therefore, it can be classified as a hybrid P2P network.
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For blockchain technology, it is important to ensure that
the modification of stored records is impossible at respec-
tive nodes in the P2P structure. Figure 1 presents the pro-
cess of blockchain P2P networking. However, in a typical
blockchain system, it is unavoidable that respective nodes
create blocks simultaneously.
However, in a typical blockchain system, it is unavoidable
that respective nodes create blocks simultaneously. In this
state, the distribution ledger, i.e., the transaction processing
values, do not match, and this is referred to as fork. When a
fork occurs, the consensus algorithm allows the distributed
nodes to include records for the same transaction processing.
To this end, the consensus algorithm is constructed in various
methods according to the platform type.
In the case of bitcoin, each node has a hierarchical rela-
tionship and when a fork occurs, a separate block is newly
created based on the occurred location, and when the
blocks of fork occurrence are linked, a long chain formed
becomes the main chain. This operation is called Proof of
Work. Sometimes, forks occur frequently because block
creation is particularly fast. In this case, it is difficult to
reach a consensus and orphan blocks occur, i.e., blocks are
thrown out. To address such a problem, Ethereum uses a
heavy chain as a reference. To measure the weight of the
chain, the complexity of the chain of linked blocks is
Fig. 1 Process of blockchain P2P networking
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
converted to weights. In such a case, orphan blocks are
included in the complexity. On the other hand, the disad-
vantage of proof of work is overcome in the proof of stake
by reaching a consensus according to the stake of tokens
when creating blocks. As for Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance (PBFT), a leader is created among the nodes
and the leader finalizes the blocks. Because the role of a
leader is important, acknowledgments that are fitting of a
leader must be received from the multiple linked nodes. In
addition, studies have been performed for various other
methods.
2.2 Machine learning model
Machine learning is an algorithm that learns a series of
previous data and analyzes the relationships among the
data to solve a problem. The basic structure of machine
learning comprises a stage that uses basic training data to
develop a model suitable for application and a process that
applies the model to an actual environment in which train-
ing of the data is performed and the process is repeated.
Therefore, even if a separate algorithm is not designed
according to the relevant circumstance, results can be ex-
tracted intelligently [12, 13]. Currently, there are many
studies on various machine learning methods. Machine
learning algorithms are primarily classified into supervised
learning and unsupervised learning. Supervised learning
constructs a relationship by inputting previous data and
the results of the data and then extracts a result from the
constructed algorithm when new data is inputted.
Unsupervised learning is a type of learning that determines
the relationship between the input data. By using a multi-
variate linear regression algorithm, a simple type of super-
vised learning calculates weights using a linear equation
through a single-layer neural network to estimate the result
[14, 15].
In reality, however, a multi-layer neural network is used
because the relationship between each data can be very com-
plex and does not always converge to a continuous one-
dimensional straight line. A multi-layer neural network con-
sists of input layers that accept input data, hidden layers that
store the related weights, and output layers that demonstrate
the output of resulting values, and the level of hidden layers
becomes deeper in accordance with the complexity of the
problem [16]. Figure 2 presents the structure of a machine
learning model.
In high-complexity machine learning models, the compu-
tation cost increases exponentially as the level of hidden layers
increases. As for big data processing, the rise in computation
cost owing to a rapid increase in data size presents a problem
in terms of practical use. This is resolved by enhancing the
hardware of the computing system to ensure a dedicated de-
vice using a GPU or by developing software methods such as
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
Fig. 2 Structure of machine
learning model
parallel data processing and parallel model processing
[17–19]. Accordingly, the response speed steadily improves,
and positive performance improvements are observed in the
areas of image processing, voice recognition, natural language
processing, etc.
3 Edge computing health model using
P2P-based deep neural network
3.1 Health big data collection and preprocessing
5G generation mobile communication transmits data pro-
duced from IoT terminal devices at Gbps level speeds. At such
speeds, it is expected that there will be a rapid increase of basic
data produced from various devices. Home IoT systems can
analyze the temperature, humidity, and levels of carbon diox-
ide in limited environments. Such systems can also analyze
the movement of users [3, 5]. Furthermore, wearable devices
have excellent user accessibility and can check the basic
health status of users such as heartrate, movement distance,
and calorie consumption. Generally, in an IoT system, the
analysis of data generated by biosensors becomes fundamen-
tal, and as the precision of ambient sensors increases, the large
amount of real-time data produced must be analyzed quickly
with high reliability [14, 15]. Consequently, the importance of
data learning models is growing. A learning model must be
able to evaluate the health status of users in real time by using
live data transmitted from a biosensor.
An ambient sensor primarily produces frequency data of
simple periodicity. Typical simple periodic data include data
on user movement detection using infrared rays. Typically,
frequency data comprise body sensing data produced by a
wearable device, which include heartrate and body temperature
data. The typical risk factors are heartrate and body
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temperature, and because a considerable amount of data is
produced, they can be appropriately used as basic data for deep
neural networks in big data processing. In particular, a heartrate
sensor-based monitoring function measures heartrates and an-
alyzes the evaluated basic data while distinguishing between
an emergency situation and an exercise or usual stable heartrate
[10]. This study uses a heartrate sensor to obtain basic data for
qualitative and quantitative analysis to compare the data pro-
cessing models. The data collected for heartrate analysis in-
clude electric activity of the heart represented in a frequency
shape. There are various methods of determining normal or
abnormal heartrates by using the characteristics of frequency
waveforms, and the most common transform method analyzes
the waveforms using Fourier transform algorithm. The Fourier
transform is a typical application algorithm widely used in the
fields of signal processing, voice, video, and communication.
The Fourier transform is an operation that decomposes a do-
main function of time into frequency components and is used
to filter noises by controlling frequency bands.
In particular, in this study, heartrate data is collected using a
Zigbee biosensor. The biosensor includes an ECG module and
is connected to a Cortex-M4 MCU. The heartrate frequencies
are collected through a Zigbee protocol (2.4 GHz) and trans-
mitted using IEEE 101073 [20, 21, 26]. The transmitted data
is stored in a local database. Furthermore, the collected fre-
quency data is preprocessed using Fourier transform. For the
preprocessing data, a graph is generated using the appeared
waveforms. In this graph, noises are removed using a 35 Hz
low band-pass filter and a 2 Hz high band-pass filter. The final
remaining frequency wavelengths of 35 Hz and 2 Hz are clas-
sified into five bands and then stored. Data stored as the ap-
peared frequency of the respective five bands is used in a
separately constructed deep neural network. In a deep neural
network, five input layers are created and matched with the
frequency of each section.
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3.2 P2P-based deep neural network for distributed
processing
A neural network system is a useful method of determining
the changing time point of ECG, which changes sensitively
according to the situation. The core elements of a deep neural
network model include a training and inference process. The
training process begins with data input to the first input layer
of the neural network, and a feed forward process is performed
to calculate the weight between the respective nodes. Using
such a computation task, the hidden layers are passed through,
and the weights are calculated for up to the output layers [8,
21]. Following which, the task of adjusting the weight is per-
formed using the back propagation stage according to the
accuracy of the result. A deep learning system essentially uses
big data in a relatively simple manner compared to other nu-
merical analytical methods, and it has been used in systems
that classify specific shapes, including in image analysis and
handwriting recognition systems. On the other hand, the over-
fitting problem and the processing speed problem, which are
caused by a rapid increase in computational cost because of
the repetition of a feed forward process and a back propaga-
tion process, are the fundamental limitations of a neural net-
work model. To address these limitations, distributed process-
ing systems have been developed using high-performance
hardware. A distributed deep learning system that uses a com-
mon neural network model utilizes data parallelism or model
parallelism for distributed processing of big data. Data paral-
lelism includes a basic structure similar to the P2P network
and input data is distributed and processed in multiple sys-
tems. In every distributed system, the same neural network
model is constructed, and distributed processing is performed
for the collected data. In addition, the processed weights are
transmitted and exchanged with each other. Model parallelism
is a method of distributing a neural network model and pro-
cessing the data at multiple systems. The neural network mod-
el is distributed and deployed in modules, and the computation
of data is performed at each system where it is deployed. A
partially processed module’s weight is mutually exchanged
with other distributed computers.
It is useful when a neural network model is large. In general,
a large-sized deep learning model uses data parallelism or mod-
el parallelism, and sometimes uses both simultaneously. On the
other hand, because of the parallel processing problem related
to distributed data and models, problems associated with data
sharing, network load, and synchronization exist [19, 20]. In
this study, the parallel data processing method is implemented
by distributing the neural network model to edge nodes based
on an edge computing method, which can be used in a situation
where the network load and synchronization problems are min-
imized. Figure 3 presents a comparison of the data parallelism
system, model parallelism system, and edge computing health
model using a P2P-based deep neural network.
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
To apply the edge computing model, small scale data pro-
cessing systems separated from the server must be prepared,
and these systems must be located close to the data generating
locations on the network. Therefore, a data processing struc-
ture that considers the computing power of local node edge
systems is required. A more modularized and condensed sys-
tem is constructed rather than using a general model for big
data processing [20]. A deep neural network estimation model
is implemented by using a multi-layer perceptron structure,
which is a common model. In general, a deep neural network
system requires a weight that minimizes the error of the output
value compared to the actual value of the respective neural
network neurons, and to determine the accurate weight, a
method of finding the minimum value of errors in the neurons
is used. The most basic gradient descent method obtains the
minimum value of the errors using the slope of the function.
The error function is differentiated and using this, the error is
back propagated. Because this method recalculates all the data
and nodes, the computation cost is large. However, because
gradient descent method is simple to implement, it is advanta-
geous in the condensed model. The structure of the condensed
and modularized deep neural network consists of the input
layers, hidden layers, and output layers. The preprocessed data
that is inputted from a biosensor consist of five frequency
counts, and accordingly, the input layers of the neural network
are composed of five neurons [14]. The hidden layers consist
of two layers that have five hidden nodes, and the output layer
consists of one output neuron for normality and abnormality
evaluation. To train the neural network, heartrate data of a
basic tranquil state is required. The data collected after
relaxing in a usual stable state is used, and the waveforms that
have undergone preprocessing are sampled and learned.
Figure 4 presents the structure of a neural network system that
was condensed and modularized for use in edge nodes.
The constructed deep neural network undergoes a process
of data classification by transmitting classified data to the
distributed nodes and a process of training by computing the
received data. Moreover, information related to the data that
must be determined from the separated neural network nodes
can be used as feedback to the server by the finished system
and then collected and used. In this manner, the constructed
edge computing neural network system can determine the
result by inferring new input data.
3.3 Health big data processing model using edge
computing
Owing to the method of classifying various forms of collected
data, by processing some of the data locally and transmitting
the data, the edge computing model includes a function that
reduces the computational load of the cloud server or the cen-
tral data center. Therefore, there is no need to transmit the data
through the network as soon as it is created, and to retain the
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
Fig. 3 Comparison of parallel data/model parallelism system, edge computing health model using P2P-based deep neural network
processed data, a system must be constructed that transmits
the data to a server in stages. Such a type of system deploy-
ment can produce efficient operations in situations involving
frequent connection problems because of poor network envi-
ronments or situations in which the time delay is an important
factor. Above all, the edge computing system demonstrates an
advantage that guarantees the basic operation of node devices
even in a situation involving network disconnection. Such a
form of data processing can be very useful in autonomous
vehicle systems vulnerable to situations such as network
Fig. 4 Structure of neural network system in edge nodes
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delays and other errors. In addition, this type of data process-
ing can be used on a health platform that handles large
amounts of data obtained from various ambient sensors [5].
Therefore, edge computing system is useful in general neural
network models in which the computational cost rapidly in-
creases as the complexity of the model increases. However,
neural network using distributed through a P2P model, al-
though there is an advantage in which the computational cost
decreases in proportion to the distribution size, there is also a
problem in which the network cost and time increase [21]. In
an edge computing model, the data generated is processed at
the generating area, and the transmission of data to a server is
minimized. Consequently, an edge computing model exhibits
the advantages of minimized server computation and network
transmission cost [2, 3]. Such a model becomes an efficient
model in terms of processing IoT data.
In this paper, the edge computing health model that uses a
P2P-based deep neural network consists of a central server
and distributed nodes. Each node is connected to an ambient
sensor device. In the software structure, the central server
replaces the cloud server used in real work environments
and supports real-time message communication with edge
nodes. At an edge node, the stream data obtained in real time
from an IoT sensor is preprocessed and the data is extracted
using deep neural network processing [22, 23]. The process-
ing system that has gone through the learning stage stores the
result in its own database in real time immediately after com-
pletion and transmits it in real time. To maximize the
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advantages of an edge system in the transmission processing
operation, data communication between respective lower edge
systems is limited [24]. Therefore, each edge system is con-
nected to a single server, thereby maintaining minimal net-
work, and transmits the final results. The structure of a single
server model is presented in Fig. 5 for a performance compar-
ison of a distributed neural network model that applies edge
computing.
The single module of a constructed edge computing system
composes of a sensor data collection system, a preprocessing
system, DBMS(Database Management System), and a deep
neural network. These single module is installed on every
node in the same structure. The server includes a DBMS for
log data collection and a web view that displays the status. The
flow of data in the edge computing system begins with
heartrate data generated at an IoT node and the preprocessing
of collected data at respective nodes. The preprocessed data is
sent to the input layer of a modularized neural network system
model within the same system. After going through the hidden
layers and the output layer, the processed result is transmitted
to the server using a standardized XML-based transmission
protocol. The server stores the evaluation log composed in
XML. For performance comparison, a single neural network
model transmits the collected big data to a single server, and to
this end, single neural network model is constructed with mul-
tiple heartrate data, a collection of clients, and a single neural
network processing server. In particular, a client system con-
sists of an ambient sensor data collection system and a pre-
processing system, and the server consists of DBMS and mul-
tiple deep neural network systems. After preprocessing the
data generated from a sensor by using the Fourier transform
algorithm, a client converts the data to XML data and
Fig. 5 Distributed neural network model using edge computing
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
transmits the data directly to the server. At the server, the data
is inputted to the input layer of a deep neural network model in
charge of each client, and the training and evaluation are then
performed. In this manner, the computation cost of an edge
computing health model that uses a P2P-based deep neural
network is distributed, and the network cost is limited. In
contrast to the common parallel data processing methods, be-
cause mutual network connections are not required, the edge
computing nodes operate more efficiently than a single server
model.
4 Performance evaluation
For performance evaluation of an edge computing health
model using a P2P-based deep neural network in the health
platform [8, 20, 21], the edge computing type system is de-
ployed. The hardware of each edge node device consists of an
Intel(R) i5–6600 3.30 GHz CPU with 8 GB memory. The
software includes Java(TM) SE (build 1.8.0_111-b14) for op-
eration, Apache Tomcat 9.0 for XML communication, and
MySQL 5.7 for DBMS. The node systems consist of a total
of four units and another unit for final data management. A
comparison of the single server model and the evaluation are
performed using the same system configuration. For the net-
work, ipTIME N1e model and Realtek RTL8196C are used.
The maximum speed is 100 Mbps. The performance of the
deep neural networks at each edge node system varies depend-
ing on the configuration of the learning rate and the frequency
of learning. Therefore, using a single module, the evaluation is
performed for the learning rate and the learning frequency
required in the final system construction. To perform the
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
evaluation, data collected from wearable sensors [22, 25, 26]
in actual environments was required, and the data was collect-
ed while maintaining a peaceful condition for approximately
1 h. Figure 6 illustrates the performance evaluation results
according to the learning rates.
Through the evaluation process, it is found that the learning
is effective for more than 1000 times at a learning rate of
0.001. Therefore, each parallel processing system is config-
ured to collect the same heartrate data, and data learning is
configured to terminate identically after learning for 1000
times. The composed systems simultaneously commence
learning, and after the learning is complete, feedback for the
final status is provided. In addition, a separate standard system
is needed to make comparisons with usual health big data
processing models. The standard system consists of an iden-
tical type of hardware and software and a server-client model
is constructed. Using the same method of edge computing,
heartrate data is collected and stored on five separate clients,
but there is a difference in which the stored data is sent to the
server without a separate process. In a single big data process-
ing server, the received sensor data is collected and processed.
In this manner, performance evaluation comparison is facili-
tated between the edge computing health model that uses a
P2P-based deep neural network and a single server model.
The results of performance evaluation are presented in
Table 1.
Based on the experimental results, it was confirmed that the
response speed improved by approximately 19.4% in the edge
computing health model, which used a P2P-based deep neural
network for performance improvements in a deep neural net-
work, compared to the common server model. This result was
obtained because the response could be made immediately at
each edge computing node. The response speed did not de-
crease in proportion to the number of nodes because of the
effect of network delay that occurred because of XML data
communication. Using this base data, it was verified that an
efficient response speed can be facilitated without an
Fig. 6 Evaluation results according to learning rates
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Table 1 Results of performance evaluation
System Response time Performance
delay improvement
Server client model 1.17 s 19.4%
Edge computing health model 0.98 s
exponential increase in computing power in a conventional
server model.
5 Conclusions
The distributed deep learning processing technique that pro-
cesses big data in a single server model does not guarantee
performance that is proportional to computing power because
the cost of combining the distributed deep learning frame-
works. The communication overhead of sharing the distribut-
ed data is also unavoidable in the distributed deep learning
system, which is classified as parallel data processing and
parallel model processing methods. Fortunately, many IoT
services can be configured to process most data in environ-
ments close to the locations where data is produced and can
facilitate an edge computing structure that has no problem in
accomplishing the objective of the user. When data is pro-
duced, the edge computing does not need to send the data
immediately. Only the result of data processing is sent to the
server. In this study, the basic concepts of a P2P network and
an edge computing model were used to improve the response
speed of a deep learning framework. In the distributed edge
nodes, a deep neural network was distributed and installed,
and the installed neural network model was modularized so
that it can be easily transplanted while possessing the basic
composition of a deep neural network model. Using the eval-
uation model, the qualitative and quantitative analyses were
performed for the data processing characteristics of the model,
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and a risk estimation analysis was performed by using the data
from the sensors. Furthermore, in the experimental results, the
network cost of the installed system was considerably smaller
than that of a large server system, and a 32% improvement of
response speed was confirmed compared to a single server
model. The improved response speed lowers the waiting time
of the user, thereby facilitating a pleasant use of the environ-
ment. Therefore, wasteful increase of computing power in the
server model is prevented and a practical use is facilitated
owing to efficient network usage. In addition, edge computing
system can operate effectively with respect to the time delay
problem and connection problem in a poor network environ-
ment. The distribution size and basic data size of the edge
computing system used were relatively small compared to
those of the actual environment, but in the future, it is expected
to be developed for more practical applications as the system
expands and the data was collected while maintaining a peace-
ful condition for approximately 1h. Figure 6 illustrates the
performance evaluation results according to the learning
rates
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the MSIT(Ministry
of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC(Information Technology
Research Center) support program(IITP-2018-0-01405) supervised by
the IITP(Institute for Information & communications Technology
Promotion).
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Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2020) 13:694–703
Kyungyong Chung has received
B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
2000, 2002, and 2005, respectively,
all from the Department of Computer
Information Engineering, Inha
University, South Korea. He has
worked for Software Technology
Leading Department, South Korea
IT Industry Promotion Agency
(KIPA). From 2006 to 2016, he
was a professor in the School of
Computer Information Engineering,
Sangji University, South Korea.
Since 2017, he is currently a profes-
sor in the Division of Computer
Science and Engineering, Kyonggi University, South Korea. His research
interests include Data Mining, Artificial Intelligent, Healthcare,
Knowledge System, HCI, and Recommendation.
703
Hyun Yoo has received B.S. and
M.S. degrees from the School of
Computer Information Engineering,
Sangji University, South Korea in
1999 and 2011, respectively. He is
currently in the doctorate course of
the School of Computer Information
Engineering, Sangji University,
South Korea. He was worked
for Fujitsu and XCE (SK). He has
been a researcher at Data Mining
Lab., Kyonggi University. His
research interests include Data
Mining, Deep Learning, Artificial
Intelligent, Healthcare, Medical
Decision System, Recommendation, and HCI.